FM & HM Lab

FM & HM Lab

FLUID MECHANICS &HYDRAULIC MACHINES

BONAM VENKATA
CHALAMAYYA ENGG COLLEGE

LAB MANUAL

(Affiliated To JNTUK University)

FOR

FLUID MECHANICS &HYDRAULIC MACHINES

II B.Tech

LAB OBSERVATION

DEPARTMENT

Certificate

Of

Department of ..

MECHANICAL & CIVIL ENGINEERING

PREPAREDBY

This is to certify that the bonafide record of work done by

Y.S .G.GOVIND BABU M.Tech

Mr./Miss.

(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING)

Academic Year: 2015

Bearing Roll No..is a student of ..

Inbranch has completed ..
Experiments in laboratory during the

BONAM VENKATA CHALMAYYA ENGG COLLEGECOLLEGEODALA

ODALAREVU
REVU

Academic year.

(Affiliated To JNTUK University)

EAST GODAVARI DIATRICTDIATRICT-ANDHARA PRADESH

Signature of HOD

Signature of LAB-In-charge

FM & HM Lab

FM & HM Lab

CLOSED CIRCUIT ORIFECE METER TEST RIG &

INDEX

VENTURIMETER TEST RIG

Page.
S.No

Name of The Experiment

Calibration of Orifice meter

Calibration of Venturi meter

Determination of Friction factor

Date

No

Remarks

for a given pipeline

4

Performance test on
Recriprocation pump

Performance test on single stage

centrifugal pump

Performance test on Multi Stage

Centrifugal Pump

Impact of Jets on Vanes

Performance test on Pelton Wheel

Determination of Loss of Head

due to sudden contraction in a
Pipeline

10

Determination of Loss of Head

due to sudden contraction in a
Turbine Flow Meter

FM & HM Lab

FM & HM Lab

BEFORE COMMISSIONNING
Check whether all the joints are leak proof and water tight.
Fill the manometer to about half the height with mercury
Close all the cocks, pressure feed pipes and manometer to prevent damage and over loading of
the manometer.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertically.
Check proper electrical connections to the switch, which is internally connected to the motor.

CLOSED CIRCUIT ORIFICEMETER TEST RIG

INTRODUCTION
Closed Circuit self sufficient portable package system calibration test rig for Orificemeter is primarily
designed to study and calibrate the flow meter like orifice meter. This unit has several advantages like
this does not require any foundation, trench work etc. so that you can conduct the experiment keep the
unit anywhere in the laboratory.

EXPERIMENTS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
he apparatus consists of (1) Orifice meter (2) Piping system (3) supply pump set (4) Measuring tank (5)
Differential manometer (6) Sump

The apparatus is primarily designed for conducting experiments on the coefficient of discharge of flow
meters. Each flow meter can be connected to the manometer through the pressure feed opening and the
corresponding cocks.
While taking readings, close all the cocks in the pressure feed pipes except the two (Down-stream and
upstream) cocks which directly connect the manometer to the required flow meter, for which the
differential head is to be measured. (Make sure while taking reading that the manometer is properly
primed. Priming is the operation of filling the manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with
water and venting the air from the pipes).

CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
FLOW METERS
Consists of Orifice meter of size 25 mm provided for experiments. The meter has the adequate cocks
also with them.

First open the inlet gate valve of the apparatus. Adjust the control valve kept at the exit end of the
apparatus to a desired flow rate and maintain the flow steadily.

PIPING SYSTEM
Consists of a set of G.I. piping of size 25 mm with sufficient upstream and down stream lengths
provided with separate control valves and mounted on a suitable stand. Separate upstream and
downstream pressure feed pipes are provided for the measurement of pressure heads with control
valves situated on a common plate for easy operation.

The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank. The differential head produced
by the flow meter can be found from the manometer for any flow rate.

SUPPLY PUMP SET

Time for (10 cm)

Actual discharge Differential head in mm Theoretical
S. No. raise of water level
= Qa
of mercury
discharge = Qt
in sec.

TABULAR FORM

Is rigidly fixed on sump. The mono block pump with motor. Operating on single phase 220/240 volts
50 Hz AC supply.

h1

h2

cd = Qt/Qa

MEASURING TANK
Measuring tank with gauge glass and scale arrangement for quick and easy measurement.
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
Differential manometer with 1 mm scale graduations to measure the differential head produced by the
flow meter.
SUMP
Sump to store sufficient water for independent circulation through the unit for experimentation and
arranged within the floor space of the main unit.

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FM & HM Lab

R = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)

t = time taken for rise of water level to rise R int seconds.

CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE METER

Aim: - To calibrate a given Orifice meter and to study the variation of coefficient of

6. Using difference in mercury level hcalculate the theoretical discharge of

venturimeter by using following expression.

discharge of it with discharge.

a1xa 2 2gH

Qth =

a12 -a 22

Apparatus: -Orifice meter, manometer, stop watch, experimental set-up.

Where

Procedure:H= difference of head in meters = (h1 -h 2 ) x (

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.

2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting the appropriate

a1 = area of orifice at inlet =

ball valve.
3. By regulating the valve control the flow rate and select the corresponding pressure

a2 = area of orifice at inlet =

tapings (i.e. of orifice meter).

4. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly primed. Priming is

Sm
-1) = (h1 -h 2 ) x 12.6 m
Sw

d 12
4

d 22
4

g =Acceleration due to gravity

the operation of filling the manometers upper part and the connecting pipes with water

d1 =Inlet diameter in meters.

by venting the air from the pipes. Note down the difference of head h from the

d2 =Throat diameter in meters.

7. Calculate the coefficient of discharge of orifice meter (Cd):

manometer scale.

Cd=

5. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.01m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate actual discharge using below formula.

Qact
Q theo

8. Repeat the steps 3 to 7 for different sets of readings by regulating the discharge valve.

Discharge: - The time taken to collect some R cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.
S. No.

Ax R
Qact =
t

Orifice inlet
diameter
d1

1.

Where: A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.3m X 0.3m)

25mm

Orifice diameter
d2
13.0

FM & HM Lab

FM & HM Lab

Calculation:S. No.

Time for (10 cm)

raise of water
level in sec.

Actual
discharge =
Qa

Differential head in Theoretical

mm of mercury
discharge = Qt

h1

h2

cd = Qt/Qa

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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FM & HM Lab

CLOSED CIRCUIT VENTURIMETER

EXPERIMENTS

INTRODUCTION
The Closed Circuit self sufficient portable package system calibration test rig for Venturimeter is primarily
designed to study and calibrate the flow meter like orifice meter. This unit has several advantages like this does
not require any foundation, trench work etc. so that you can conduct the experiment keep the unit anywhere in
the laboratory.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of (1) Venturimeter (2) Piping system (3) supply pump set (4) Measuring tank (5)
Differential manometer (6) Sump
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

The apparatus is primarily designed for conducting experiments on the coefficient of discharge of flow meters.
Each flow meter can be connected to the manometer through the pressure feed opening and the corresponding
cocks.
While taking readings, close all the cocks in the pressure feed pipes except the two (Down-stream and upstream)
cocks which directly connect the manometer to the required flow meter, for which the differential head is to be
measured. (Make sure while taking reading that the manometer is properly primed. Priming is the operation of
filling the manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water and venting the air from the pipes).
First open the inlet gate valve of the apparatus. Adjust the control valve kept at the exit end of the apparatus to a
desired flow rate and maintain the flow steadily.
The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank. The differential head produced by the flow
meter can be found from the manometer for any flow rate.

FLOW METERS
Consists of Venturimeter of size 25 mm provided for experiments. The meter has the adequate cocks also with
them.
PIPING SYSTEM

and vertically.
Check proper electrical connections to the switch, which is internally connected to the motor.

TABULAR FORM

"

Consists of a set of G.I. piping of size 25 mm with sufficient upstream and down stream lengths provided
with separate control valves and mounted on a suitable stand. Separate upstream and down stream pressure feed
pipes are provided for the measurement of pressure heads with control valves situated on a common Pipe for
easy operation.

S. No.

Time for (10 cm)

raise of water
level in sec.

Actual
discharge

Differential head in
mm of mercury

Theoretical
discharge = Qt

Cd = Qt/Qa

Qa
h1

h2

SUPPLY PUMP SET

Is rigidly fixed on sump. The mono block pump with motor, operating on single phase 220/240 volts 50 Hz AC
supply.
MEASURING TANK
Measuring tank with gauge glass and scale arrangement for quick and easy measurement.
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
Differential manometer with 1 mm scale graduations to measure the differential head produced by the flow
meter.
SUMP
Sump to store sufficient water for independent circulation through the unit for experimentation and arranged
within the floor space of the main unit.
BEFORE COMMISSIONNING

Check whether all the joints are leak proof and water tight.
Fill the manometer to about half the height with mercury
Close all the cocks, pressure feed pipes and manometer to prevent damage and over loading of the
manometer.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed watetight
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FM & HM Lab

t = time taken for rise of water level to rise R int seconds.

6. Using difference in mercury level hcalculate the theoretical discharge of
venturimeter by using following expression.

CALIBRATION OF VENTURE METER

Aim: - To calibrate a given venture meter and to study the variation of coefficient of
Qth =

discharge of it with discharge.

Apparatus: - Venturimeter, manometer, stop watch, experimental set-up.

a1xa 2 2gH
a12 -a 22
Where

Procedure:-

H= difference of head in meters = (h1 -h 2 ) x (

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.

2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting the appropriate

a1 = area of venturi at inlet =

d 12

ball valve.
3. By regulating the valve control the flow rate and select the corresponding pressure

Sm
-1) = (h1 -h 2 ) x 12.6 m
Sw

a2 = area of venturi at throat =

tapings (i.e. of orifice meter).

d 22
4

g =Acceleration due to gravity

4. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly primed. Priming is
the operation of filling the manometers upper part and the connecting pipes with water
by venting the air from the pipes. Note down the difference of head h from the

d1 =Inlet diameter in meters.

d2 =Throat diameter in meters.
7. Calculate the coefficient of discharge of orifice meter (Cd):

manometer scale.

Cd=

5. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.01m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate actual discharge using below formula.

Qact
Q theo

8. Repeat the steps 3 to 7 for different sets of readings by regulating the discharge valve.

Discharge: - The time taken to collect some R cm of water in the collecting tank in
Venturi inlet diameter

m/sec.

Throat Diameter

S. No.
d1

Ax R
Qact =
t

1.

25mm

d2
13.5 mm

Where: A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.3m X 0.3m)

R = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
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Calculation:S. No.

Time for (10 cm)

raise of water
level in sec.

Actual
discharge =
Qa

Differential head in Theoretical

mm of mercury
discharge = Qt

h1

h2

cd = Qt/Qa

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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FM & HM Lab

A.C. MOTOR

CLOSED CIRCUIT SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

The electric motor suitable for operation on 50 cycles A.C. Supply is provided.
GAUGES
Suitable range of pressure and vacuum gauges to measure the total head on the pump with reasonable
accuracy.
SS MEASURING TANK
Is provided to measure the discharge of the pump with overflow arrangement. The tank is complete
with gauge glass and scale arrangement.
PIPING SYSTEM
Suitable piping system with pipes, bends and valves are provided. A Simple strainer valve is provided
on the suction side to prevent any foreign matter entering into the pump. The gate valve is provided in
the delivery side to control the head on the pump. While starting the motor always keep the valve in
close position.
PANEL BOARD
The Panel Board houses all the necessary electrical items, like switch, starter for the above pump set
and an energy meter to read the power input and it is fitted with the unit on a strong iron base with
sufficient height.

INPUT POWER MEASUREMENT

INTRODUCTION
Closed Circuit Self sufficient portable package system Experimental single stage Centrifugal pump
Test Rig is designed to study the performance of the single stage Centrifugal pump. In this equipment
one can study the relationship between
1. Discharge Vs Head
2. Discharge Vs Input power
3. Discharge Vs Efficiency
This unit has several advantages like does not require any foundation, trench keeping in the laboratory.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION

A Kilowatt-hour meter is provided to measure the power input to the motor. The energy meter constant
(The Number of Revolutions per minute of the energy meter Disc) is stamped on the meter from this
the input power can be easily calculated.
SS SUMP
Is provided to store sufficient water for independent circulation through the unit for experimentation
and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.
BEFORE COMMISSIONING

CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertically.
Check whether all the electric connection is correct.
See that the gauges are mounted on the correct position and their cocks closed.
STARTING

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSET

Before starting the required electrical connection should be done correctly.

The pump set is of special design, horizontal spindle, and vertical split case. The pump is of such a size,
type & design that 1) The total head 2) Discharge and 3) Power requirements at normal speed is well
suited for the experimental purposes in technical institutions.

EXPERIMENTS

The Test Rig mainly consists of (1) centrifugal pump set (2) Panel Board, (3) Pressure and vacuum
gauges to measure the head (4) SS Measuring Tank to measure the discharge (5) Energy meter to
measure the input to the motor and .(6) SS Sump.

17

The apparatus is designed to study the performance of a single stage Centrifugal Pump. The readings to
be taken on the single stage centrifugal pump are (1) Total Head (2) Discharge (3) Power input and (4)
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FM & HM Lab

Efficiency. Provision has been made to measure all these and hence the complete characteristics of the
single stage Centrifugal pump in question can be studied.
First prime the pump and start the motor. While starting closing and delivery valve and the gauge
cocks. Then slowly open the delivery valve and adjust to the required total head. The total head is
measured with the help of the pressure gauge. Total head is the sum of the pressure head, Velocity head
and the datum head.
Discharge is the amount of liquid the pump delivers over a definite period of time. It is usually
expressed in liter per minute. The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank.
In this case the power input into the pump cannot be measured directly. Hence the power input into the
AC motor is measured with the help of the energy meter connected in the line.

PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim: - To conduct a test at various heads of given centrifugal pump find its efficiency.
Apparatus: - centrifugal pump, stop watch, scale, collecting tank.
Procedure:1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading by adjusting the delivery
valve to require head say 0 meters. Now calculate the total head (H).

Efficiency is the relation between the power input into the pump and the power output from the pump.
The power output from the pump is directly proportional to the total head and discharge. As the power
input into the pump cannot be measured the power input into the motor only is taken into account and
the overall efficiency of the pump is calculated.
If the total head (H) is measured in meters and the discharge (0) in liter per minute. The kilowatt input
to the motor is measured with the help of the meter constant stamped on the energy meter. The
efficiency is calculated by dividing the output by input.
For a particular desired speed of the pump, the entire above variable can be studied individually, Thus
the complete characteristics can be studied.

Pressure Head = Kg/cm x 10 =

Vaccum Head=

meters.

mm of hg x 13.6
meters
1000

Datum head = Distance between pressure and vacuum gauge in meters

Total head ( H ) = Pressure Head + Vacuum Head + Datum Head
3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below formula.
Discharge:- The time taken to collect some X cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.
Q=

AxR
t

Where:
A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.35m X 0.35m)
h = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to height h in seconds.
4. Note down the time taken for x revolutions of energy meter disk and calculate
the Input power

Input power =

X x 3600 x 0.80
C xT

0.80 =Motor efficiency.

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FM & HM Lab

X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc

T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds
C = Energy meter constant

Graphs for :-

5. Now calculate the output power

Output power =

1. Discharge Vs Head
2. Discharge Vs Input power
3. Discharge Vs Efficiency

WxQxH
Kw
1000

Where:

Calculation:W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m)

Q = Discharge
H = Total Head
6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the delivery valve.
A Typical tabular form is given below for convenience during experiments.

TABULAR FORM

S. No.

Pressure
gauge
reading

Vacuume
gauge
reading

Time
taken
for 5rev
of
energy
Meter
disc

Time
taken for
collecting
10cm rise
of water
In
collecting
tank

Total
head
(P + V)
meters

Discharge
Q

Input
Power
Kw

Out put
Power
Kw

Efficiency

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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FM & HM Lab

CLOSED CIRCUIT MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

TEST RIG

INTRODUCTION
Closed Circuit Self sufficient portable package system Experimental Multi stage Centrifugal pump Test
Rig is designed to study the performance of the Multi stage Centrifugal pump. In this equipment one
can study the relationship between
1. Discharge Vs Head
2. Discharge Vs Input power
3. Discharge Vs Efficiency
This unit has several advantages like does not require any foundation, trench keeping in the laboratory.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Test Rig mainly consists of (1) Multi stage centrifugal pump set (2) Panel Board, (3) Pressure and
vacuum gauges to measure the head (4) SS Measuring Tank to measure the discharge (5) Energy meter
to measure the input to the motor and .(6) SS Sump.
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSET
The pump set is of special design, horizontal spindle, and vertical split case. The pump is of such a size,
type & design that 1) The total head 2) Discharge and 3) Power requirements at normal speed is well
suited for the experimental purposes in technical institutions.
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FM & HM Lab

A.C. MOTOR

EXPERIMENTS

The electric motor suitable for operation on 50 HZ A.C. Supply is provided.

The apparatus is designed to study the performance of a multi stage Centrifugal Pump. The readings to
be taken on the single stage centrifugal pump are (1) Total Head (2) Discharge (3) Power input and (4)
Efficiency. Provision has been made to measure all these and hence the complete characteristics of the
single stage Centrifugal pump in question can be studied.

GAUGES
Suitable range of pressure and vacuum gauges to measure the total head on the pump with reasonable
accuracy
SS MEASURING TANK
It is provided to measure the discharge of the pump. The tank is complete with piezo meter and scale
arrangement.
PIPING SYSTEM
Suitable piping system with pipes, bends and valves are provided. A Simple strainer valve is provided
on the suction side to prevent any foreign matter entering into the pump. The gate valve is provided in
the delivery side to control the head on the pump. While starting the motor always keep the valve in
close position.
PANEL BOARD
The Panel Board houses all the necessary electrical items, like switch for the above pump set and an
energy meter to read the power input and it is fitted with the unit on a strong iron base with sufficient
height and with provisions for foundation. .
INPUT POWER MEASUREMENT
A Kilowatt-hour meter is provided to measure the power input to the motor. The energy meter constant
(The Number of Revolutions per minute of the energy meter Disc) is stamped on the meter from this
the input power can be easily calculated.

First prime the pump and start the motor. While starting closing and delivery valve and the gauge
cocks. Then slowly open the delivery valve and adjust to the required total head. The total head is
measured with the help of the pressure gauge. Total head is the sum of the pressure head, Velocity head
and the datum head.
Discharge is the amount of liquid the pump delivers over a definite period of time. It is usually
expressed in liter per minute. The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank. In
this case the power input into the pump cannot be measured directly. Hence the power input into the
AC motor is measured with the help of the energy meter connected in the line.
Efficiency is the relation between the power input into the pump and the power output from the pump.
The power output from the pump is directly proportional to the total head and discharge. As the power
input into the pump cannot be measured the power input into the motor only is taken into account and
the overall efficiency of the pump is calculated.
If the total head (H) is measured in meters and the discharge (0) in liter per minute, the HO/6120 gives
the output in kW. The kilowatt input to the motor is measured with the help of the meter constant
stamped on the energy meter. The efficiency is calculated by dividing the output by input.
For a particular desired speed of the pump, the entire above variable can be studied individually, thus
the complete characteristics can be studied.

SS SUMP
Is provided to store sufficient water for independent circulation through the unit for experimentation
and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.
BEFORE COMMISSIONING
Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
Check the piezo meter assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed water tight and
vertically.
Check whether all the electric connection is correct.
See that the gauges are mounted on the correct position and their cocks closed.
STARTING

Before starting the required electrical connection should be done correctly.

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FM & HM Lab

PERFORMANCE TEST ON MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP

Input power =

X x 3600 x 0.60
C xT

0.6 = combined motor (0.75) and transmission losses (0.8).

Aim: - To conduct a test at various heads of given multistage centrifugal pump find its
efficiency.

X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 5 Rev.)

Apparatus: - multistage centrifugal pump, stop watch, collecting tank.

T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds

Procedure:-

C = Energy meter constant

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.

5. Now calculate the output power

2. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading by adjusting the delivery
valve to require head say 0 meters. Now calculate the total head (H).
Pressure Head = Kg/cm x 10 =

Vaccum Head=

Output power =

meters.

WxQxH
Kw
1000

W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m)

Q = Discharge

mm of hg x 13.6
meters
1000

H = Total Head

Datum head = Distance between pressure and vacuum gauge in meters

6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the delivery valve.

Total head ( H ) = Pressure Head + Vacuum Head + Datum Head

A Typical tabular form is given below for convenience during experiments.

3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below formula.

TABULAR FORM

Discharge:- The time taken to collect some X cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.
Q=

S. No.

AxR
t

Pressure
gauge
reading

Vacuum
gauge
reading

Time taken
for 5rev of
energy
Meter disc

Time taken
for
collecting
10 cm rise
of water In
collecting
tank

Total head
(P + V)
meters

Discharge
Q

Where:
A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.35m X 0.35m)
h = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to height h in seconds.
1. Note down the time taken for x revolutions of energy meter disk and calculate
the Input power
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
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FM & HM Lab

Graphs for :1. Discharge Vs Head

2. Discharge Vs Input power
3. Discharge Vs Efficiency
Calculation:-

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FM & HM Lab

CALIBRATION OF FLOW METER

INTRODUCTION

APPARATUS

The Closed Circuit Self- sufficient portable package system Apparatus for CALIBRATION OF FLOW
METER is primarily designed for conducting experiments to calibrate the flow meter This unit has
several advantages like, this does not require any foundation, trench work, etc, and so that you can
conduct the experiments keeping the unit anywhere in the laboratory soon after receiving the equipment
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The unit consists mainly of 1) Piping System 2) Measuring Tank 3) Supply pump set 4) Sump.
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
PIPING SYSTEM
Piping System of size 25 mm dia with a flow control valve.
MEASURING TANK
Measuring tank is provided to measure the discharge of water from the unit.
SUPPLY PUMP SET
Supply pump set is rigidly fixed on the sump. The pump set is mono block pump with 0.5 HP motor
operating on single phase 220 volts 50 Hz AC supply.
SUMP
Sump is provided to store sufficient waters for independent circulation through the unit for
experimentation and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.
BEFORE COMMISSIONING

31

Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
Close all the cocks on the pressure feed pipes and Manometer to prevent damage and
overloading of the manometer.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertical.
Check proper electrical connections to the switch, which is internally connected to

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FM & HM Lab

CALIBRATION OF FLOW METER

TABULAR FORM

Aim: - To calibrate a given turbine flow meter.

Apparatus: -Turbine flow meter, stop watch, experimental set-up.

A Typical tubular is given below for the convenience during experiments

Total
flow in
liters

Flow meter reading Collecting tank

Procedure:-

S. No.
In liters

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.

2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting the appropreate
ball valve.

F1

reading in liters

F2

h2
h1

3. Maintain certain level of water in collecting tank say some 5cm which is initial h
(H1).

h=h2-h1

F=F2-F1
Ltrs

Total water
collected in
liters
H=Axhx1000
Ltrs.

Correction
factor
C = H X100
F

1
2

4. Stop the pump and note down the reading of flow meter (F1).
5. Again start the pump allow to flow some liters (i.e 10) of water and stop the pump.

6. Take final reading of flow meter (F2) and water level in the tank (H2).

7. Calculate the correction factor for turbine flow meter.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Correction factor (C) =

Water flown through turbine flow meter

Actual flow
Actual flow = area of collecting tank X Water collected in collecting tank X 1000
liters

Calculation:-

H = 0.3m x 0.3m x h x 1000 Liters

F - Water flown through turbine flow meter. = F2 F1 liters
h - Water collected in collecting tank. =h2 h1 meteres
C Correction factor.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 7 for different valve openings (i.e discharge)

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LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION

APPARATUS

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EXPERIMENTS
INTRODUCTION
The Closed Circuit Self- sufficient portable package system Apparatus for loss of head due to sudden
contraction is primarily designed for conducting experiments on the loss of head due to sudden
contraction of pipeline. This unit has several advantages like, this does not require any foundation,
trench work, etc, and so that you can conduct the experiments keeping the unit anywhere in the
laboratory soon after receiving the equipment.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The unit consists mainly of 1) Piping System 2) Measuring Tank 3) Differential Manometer 4) Supply
pump set 5) Sump.
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

The apparatus is primarily designed for conducting experiments on the loss of head due to sudden
contraction of the pipeline. Pipeline can be connected to the Manometer through the pressure feed pipes
having individual quick operating cocks.
While taking reading close all the cocks in the pressure feed pipe except the two (upstream and
downstream) cocks, which directly connect the manometer to the required pipe for which the loss of
head has to be determined. (Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly primed.
Priming is the operating of filling the Manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water
venting the air from the pipes).
First open the inlet gate valve of the apparatus. Adjust the control valve kept at the exit end of the
apparatus to a desired flow rate and maintain the flow steadily.
The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank. For each size of the pipe the area
of cross section of flow can be calculated from the known diameter of the pipes. From these two valves
and the average velocity of stream through the pipe can be calculated.

PIPING SYSTEM
Piping System of size 25 mm dia and 12.5mm with a flow control valve.
MEASURING TANK
Measuring tank is provided to measure the discharge of water from the unit.
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
Differential manometer with 1 mm scale graduations to measure the loss of head due to sudden
contraction of the pipeline.

Loss of Head due to Sudden Contraction. Consider a liquid flowing in a pipe which has a sudden
contraction. Consider two sections 1-1 and 2-2 before and after, contraction. As the liquid flows from
the large pipe to smaller pipe, the area of flow goes on decreasing and becomes minimum at a section
C-C as shown in the below figure. The section C-C is called Vena-contraction. After section C-C a
sudden enlargement of the area takes place. The loss of head due to sudden contraction is actually due
to sudden enlargement from Vena-contracta to smaller pipe.
A

Area of flow at section

SUPPLY PUMP SET

Velocity of flow at section

Supply pump set is rigidly fixed on the sump. The pump set is mono block pump with 0.5 HP
motor operating on single-phase 220 volts 50 Hz AC supply.

hc

Factor of coefficient.

SUMP
Sump is provided to store sufficient waters for independent circulation through the unit for
experimentation and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.

Velocity = V = discharge =Q/a

Area

BEFORE COMMISSIONING

Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
Close all the cocks on the pressure feed pipes and Manometer to prevent damage and
overloading of the manometer.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertical.
Check proper electrical connections to the switch, which is internally connected to the motor.

Discharge (Q) = collecting tank area X rise of water level taken

m/sec

Time taken for rise of water in collecting tank

hc =

manometer head X12.6

1000

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LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION

V2

Aim: - To determine the coefficient of loss in sudden contraction.

hc = ---------- [ ---- -1 ]
2g

Apparatus: - experimental set-up, stop watch.

Cc

Procedure:H=

(h1-h2)(Sn/So 1) =(h1-h2)12.6

V2 =

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close. Make sure that ball valve is fully
open which is at the collecting tank.

Dia. Meter of the pipe (12.5mm)

Sn

specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

So

specific gravity of water = 1.0

2. Slowly open the cocks which are fitted at sudden contraction end and make sure
that manometer is free from air bubbles.
3. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly primed. Priming
is the operating of filling the Manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water
venting the air from the pipes. Note down the loss of head hc from the manometer
scale.

Cc is between 0.4 to 0.7

4. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.01m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below formula.
Discharge: - The time taken to collect some x cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.
Q=

AxR
t

A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.3m X 0.3m)

R = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to rise r int seconds.
5. Calculate the velocity of the jet by following formula
V=

Discharge

. = Q/A

m/sec

Area of the pipe

A = cross sectional area of the pipe= d /4
d =diameter of the pipe

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6. Calculate the coefficient of contraction for the given pipe by

V2

hc = ---------- [ ---- -1 ]
2g

Calculation:-

Cc

Where:hc - Loss of head due to sudden contraction. = (h1-h2)(Sn /So 1) = (h1-h2)

12.6/1000 m
Sn - Specific gravity of mercury 12.6
So - specific gravity of water
Cc- Coefficient of contraction.
V - Average velocity of flow in m/sec
7. Repeat the steps 2 to 6 for different sets of readings by regulating the discharge valve.
A Typical tubular is given below for the convenience during experiments.

TABULAR FORM
Diameter Area
S. No. of pipe
m

Time for
rise Of Discharge Velocity Manometric head
10 cm
Q
V2
in mm of hg h
water

hc

Coefficient
of
contraction

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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SUPPLY PUMP SET

Supply pump set is rigidly fixed on the sump. The pump set is mono block pump with 0.5 HP motor
operating on single phase 220 volts 50 Hz AC supply.

CLOSED CIRCUIT PIPE FRICTION APPARATUS

SUMP
Sump is provided to store sufficient waters for independent circulation through the unit for
experimentation and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.
BEFORE COMMISSIONING

Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
Close all the cocks on the pressure feed pipes and Manometer to prevent damage and
overloading of the manometer.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertical.
Check proper electrical connections to the switch, which is internally connected to the motor.

EXPERIMENTS
The apparatus is primarily designed for conducting experiments on the frictional losses in pipes of
different sizes. Three different sizes of pipes are provided for wide range of experiments. Each
individual pipe can be connected to the Manometer through the pressure feed pipes having individual
quick operating cocks.
INTRODUCTION
The Closed Circuit Self- sufficient portable package system Apparatus for frictional losses in pipes is
primarily designed for conducting experiments on the frictional losses in pipes of different sizes. This
unit has several advantages like, this does not require any foundation, trench work, etc, and so that you
can conduct the experiments keeping the unit anywhere in the laboratory soon after receiving the
equipment.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The unit consists mainly of 1) Piping System 2) Measuring Tank 3) Differential Manometer 4) Supply
pump set 5) Sump.
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

While taking reading close all the cocks in the pressure feed pipe except the two ( upstream and
downstream) cocks, which directly connect the manometer to the required pipe for which the loss in
head has to be determined. (Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly primed.
Priming is the operating of filling the Manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water
venting the air from the pipes).
First open the inlet gate valve of the apparatus. Adjust the control valve kept at the exit end of the
apparatus to a desired flow rate and maintain the flow steadily.
The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank. For each size of the pipe the area
of cross section of flow can be calculated from the known diameter of the pipes. From these two valves
and the average velocity of stream through the pipe can be calculated.

PIPING SYSTEM

The actual loss of head is determined from the Manometer readings. The frictional loss of head in pipes
is given by the Darcy's formula

Piping System of size 12.7 mm, 20 mm and 20 mm (S.S.) dia. With tapings at 1 meter distance and a
flow control valve.

The friction coefficient indicates 'f '.

MEASURING TANK
Measuring tank is provided to measure the discharge of water from the unit.
DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
Differential manometer with 1 mm scale graduations to measure the loss of head in the pipe line.

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TABULAR FORM

S. No.

of
pipe

Area
(a)

Time for
rise of 10 Discharge
cm water

Loss of Co-efficient
Velocity

Head

FRICTION FACTOR FOR A GIVEN PIPE LINE

of friction

Aim: - To calculate the friction factor for a given pipe line.

hf

Apparatus: - experimental set-up, stop watch.

1.

Procedure:2.

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.

3.

2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting the appropriate
ball valve.

4.

3. By regulating the valve control the flow rate and select the corresponding pressure
tapings.

5.

4. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly primed. Priming is
the operating of filling the Manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water
venting the air from the pipes. Note down the loss of head hf from the manometer
scale.
5. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below formula.
Discharge: - The time taken to collect some x cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.
Q=

AxR
t

A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.3m X 0.3m)

R = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to rise r in t seconds.
6. Calculate the velocity of the jet by following formula
V=

Discharge

. = Q/A

m/sec

Area of the pipe

A = cross sectional area of the pipe= d /4
d = pipe diameter
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7. Calculate the coefficient of friction for the given pipe by

.

4fLv
TABULAR FORM (2)

hf = --------2gd

Area

Where,

S. No. of pipe
(a)

hf - Loss of head of water = (h1-h2)(Sn /So 1) = (h1-h2) 12.6/1000 m

f - Co-efficient of friction for the pipe

Time for
rise of 10
cm water

Discharge

Velocity

Loss of

Co-efficient

Head

of friction

hf

1.

L - Discharge between sections for which loss of head is measured (1 meter)

v - Average velocity of flow in m/sec

2.

g-

3.

Acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/sec

d - Pipe diameter in meters

4.

8. Repeat the steps 2 to 7 for different sets of readings by regulating the discharge valve.

5.

TABULAR FORM (1)

Area
S. No. of pipe
(a)

Time for
rise of 10
cm water

Discharge

Velocity

Loss of

Co-efficient

Head

of friction

hf

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

TABULAR FORM (3)

1.

Area
S. No. of pipe

2.

(a)

Time for
rise of 10
cm water

Discharge

Velocity

Loss of

Co-efficient

Head

of friction

hf

3.
1.
4.
2.

5.

3.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

4.
5.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Calculation:47

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MEASURING FORCE DUE TO IMPACT OF JET OF WATER ON

VANE

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INTRODUCTION

Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the Measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertical.

EXPERIMENTS

This apparatus is specially designed for conducting experiments on the impact of jet of water on
fixed vane. The dynamic force in the direction of the jet can be practically determined and could be
verified with the theoretically force gives the co-efficient of the impact of jet on the vanes. Nozzles
of 8 mm and flow control valve for varying the velocity of jet are provided for carrying out the tests
extensively.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The jet of water impinging on vane exerts force on it. The force exerted on it is derived by applying
impulse momentum equation to control volume of water. The force exerted by a jet of fluid on
symmetric vane is given by
F th =aV

It is of M.S rigidly fixed to the bottom of the tank having transparent tube and suitable to accommodate
nozzle.

The apparatus is primarily designed for measuring the force on vane due to the impact of jet of water.
Aluminum Vane is supplied to study the effect of the deflection of the impinging jet on the vane. The
actual discharge is measured by using the measuring tank, by noting the time for a definite rise of water
level when the water is collected in the tank. One gunmetal Nozzle of diameter 8 mm is provided. The
Co-efficient of contraction of the nozzle can be taken as 0.67. The actual impinging jet velocity (V) in
meters per second be calculated from the above flow rate and the area of the nozzle (a) in square mm..
The theoretical force (F1 in Kg) on the vane in the direction of the jet is equal to the change of
momentum per second.

NOZZLE:

A Typical tabular form for use during experiments is attached herewith.

The apparatus consists of mainly (1) Nozzle housing, (2) Nozzle, (3) Vane, (4) Transparent Tank
(5) Measuring Tank and (6) Sump.
NOZZLE HOUSING:

It is of Gun Metal machined and polished nozzle of 8 mm is supplied.

VANE:

S.

Fact

No.

Newton

Time taken
for 10cm rise
of water

It is of Gun Metal machined all over and interchangeable.

Velocity

F th

Vane coeff.

Q/Cc x A

aVNewton

Fact/Fth

m/sec

(1) Flat vane with normal input.

(2) Hemi Spherical vane with normal input.
TRANSPARENT TANK:
To observe the flow and jet deflection the tank is fitted with transparent tube.
MEASURING TANK:
It is of suitable size and provided with gauge glass, scale arrangement for quick and easy
measurements. A Ball valve is provided to empty the tank.
SUMP:
It is of suitable size with a supply pump set of 1 HP operating on single phase 220-240V 50Hz AC
Supply, and a drain plug to drain the water when the unit is not in use.
INSTALLATION
For flat vane

F th =aV

Fix the transparent tube on the measuring tank with the help of four bolts and nuts provided. Make sure
that the discharge spout is exactly center of the vane and connect the necessary piping to the apparatus.

For hemispherical vane

BEFORE COMMISSIONING

Fact = (observed reading in gm+ 250 gm) x 9.81 Newton

F th =2aV

Check whether the nozzle housing, discharge pipe flange etc are fitted with gaskets to prevent
water leakage.

MEASURING FORCE DUE TO IMPACT OF JET OF WATER ON

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F th =aV

VANE

= Density of water =1000 kg/m

= angle made by the velocity of the jet with outlet tangent of the vane which is zero
in our case.

Aim: - To find the coefficient of impact of jet on flat circular and hemispherical vanes.
Apparatus: - experimental set-up, stop watch.
Procedure:1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.

For flat vane

F th =aV.

For hemispherical vane

F th =2aV.

Fact = (observed reading in gm+ 250 gm) x 9.81 Newton

2. The water is allowed to flow through the pipe by regulating the flow control valve up
to some extent of actual force say 100gm. Convert the 100gm into Newtons and note
down as actual force.

6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the delivery valve.
A Typical tabular form for use during experiments is attached herewith.
S.
No.

3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below formula.

Fact
Newton

Discharge:- The time taken to collect some x cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.

Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water

Q
m/sec

Velocity
Q/Cc x A

Fact

F th
aVNewton

Vane
coeff.
Fact/Fth

Q=AxR
t
Where:
A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.3m X 0.3m)
R = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

t = time taken for rise of water level to rise r intseconds.

4. Calculate the velocity of the jet by following formula
V=

Discharge

. = Q/Cc x A m/sec

Calculation:-

Co.eff. Of contraction X Area of the jet

a

= cross sectional area of the jet = d /4

Cc =coefficient of contraction=0.67
d =diameter of the nozzle =8mm= 0.008m
5. Calculate the theoretical force by the momentum equation
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CLOSED CIRCUIT RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG

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INTRODUCTION
The Closed Circuit self sufficient portable package system Experimental Reciprocating Pump Test Rig
is designed to study the performance of the Reciprocating pump at different heads. This unit has
several advantages like does not require any foundation, trench keeping in the laboratory.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION

SS SUMP
A Sump is provided compactly with in the (Floor space of the main unit to store adequate water for
circulation through the unit for experimentation)
BEFORE COMMISSIONING

The Reciprocating Pump Test Rig mainly consists of

1) A Reciprocating Pump
2) A Single phase 2.0 HP 1440 RPM AC Motor
3) Piping system & Collecting tank
4) Input power Measuring arrangement and
5) SS Sump tank
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is fixed
water tight and vertically.
Check whether all the electric connection are correct.
See that the gauges are mounted on the correct position and their cocks closed.
Delivery valve should be in fully open condition.

STARTING

RECIPROCATING PUMP
The Reciprocating pump is of single acting type. The suction & delivery size are 1" x 3/2" respectively.
Bore: 38 mm, Stroke: 48 mm.
MOTOR
The Motor supplied is of 2 HP 1440 RPM. It can be operated on AC 50 cycles 220 / 230 V, through
mains. A smaller HP motor can be used for normal working conditions, a higher power motor is
selected to test the pump at higher speed, high pressure combinations, without over loading it.
PIPING SYSTEM

Pour the lubricating oil SAE 40 in the crankcase of the reciprocating pump to the required level once in
a year . This will require about 250 cc of oil prime the pump before starting see that the V belt are in
proper tension. Start the Motor keeping the delivery valve in fully open position. Open the gauge
cocks, and see the pressure developed by the pump. Delivery control valve may be closed up to about
30 meters of the water head on the delivery side. Under any circumstances the valve should not be
closed beyond 40 meters head on the delivery side. If the pressure exceeds this valve (40 Kg/sq.cm) the
cylinder head gasket joints, piston, pressure gauge etc. would be damaged. To stop the pump set, first
close the gauge cocks. Do not close the delivery valve on the other hand it may open fully. Then switch
off the motor.
EXPERIMENTS

Suitable piping system with pipes, bends valves etc. Arrangement with cocks is , also provided for
connecting pressure and vacuum gauges to the delivery and suction pipes.
A simple strainer valve is provided on the suction side to prevent any foreign matter from entering into
the pump. The gate valve is provided on the delivery side to control the Head of the pump. Note that
the delivery valve should never be closed when the pump is working. While starting the motor
always keep the valve in open position. Otherwise the pump parts will be damaged.

Start the pump and run it at a constant speed and the hand head may be tried, say from 10 meters to 30
meters. The discharge will be more or less thank same depending upon the leakage past the piston,
which is dependent this on the total on the pump 6 to 8 readings can be taken within this head range.
The above procedure can be repeated and the pump tested the different heads.
MAINTENANCE
As these units are built very sturdily, they do not require any routine or regular maintenance; however
we recommend the following to be checked then and there to increase the life of the elements.

SS COLLECTING TANK
A Collecting tank is provided to measure the discharge water through pizeo meter arrangement.
INPUT POWER MEASUREMENT
A Kilowatt-hour meter is provided to measure the power input to the motor. The energy meter constant
(The Number of Revolutions per minute of the energy meter Disc) is stamped on the meter. From this
the input power can be easily calculated.

57

Lubricate all the working parts where provision for lubrication is made Grease cups are provided for
lubricating ball bearings. Remove the grease drain plugs where fitted, and inject fresh grease through
grease cups until waste grease along with a portion of fresh grease is ejected out through the grease
drain hole.
Then run the machine for a few minutes to eject the excess grease in the bearing housings. Then fix the
grease drain plug. Over greasing results in excessive heat due to a pumping action of the bearings, and

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it is as harmful as under greasing. Suitable grease should contain no mineral acid, free alkali or foreign
matter. Suitability is of the at most importance and the grease should show no tendency to run, thin out
or separate into its constituents on standing or in of such substances as graphite, talcum etc., even in an
extremely finely divided state will give rise to lapping of the bearing parts. For normal condition of
operation soda soap grease of softer consistency for working temperature up to 75 C having a melting
point of about 150 / 175C shall be used.

Aim: - To conduct a test at various heads of given reciprocating pump find its
efficiency.

Never run the pump without water in it, as this would cause damage to stuffing box, bush bearings etc.
Never try to throttle the suction side of the pump to control discharge, as it would seriously affect the
performance of the pump.

1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve fully open.

Apparatus: - Reciprocating pump , stop watch , scale , collecting tank.

Procedure:-

2. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading by adjusting the delivery
valve to require head say 0 meters. Now calculate the total head (H).
Pressure Head = Kg/cm x 10 = meters.
Vacuum Head = mm of hg X 13.6

meters

1000
Datum head = Distance between pressure and vacuum gauge in meters
Total head (H) = Pressure Head + Vacuum Head + Datum Head
3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in the collecting
tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below formula.
Discharge:- The time taken to collect some x cm of water in the collecting tank in
m/sec.
Q=Axh
t
A = area of the collecting tank in m (0.3m X 0.3m)
h = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to height h in seconds.
4. Note down the time taken for x revolutions of energy meter disk and calculate the
Input power
Input power = X x 3600 x 0.70 x0.80

Kw

CxT

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

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Where,

Time
taken for Time taken
No. of
Total
for
Discharge
Input
Vacuum rev of collecting head
energy 10cm rise
S. No. gauge
Q
(P + V)
Power
gauge
of water In
reading
Meter
collecting meters
reading
Kw
disc
tank ( T )
(t)
Pressur
e

0.70= Combined motor losses.

0.80 = Belt (or) transmission losses.
X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 5 Rev.)
T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds
C = Energy meter constant

Output Efficienc
y
Power
Kw

5. Now calculate the output power

Output power = Wx Q x H

Kw

1000
Where:
W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m)
Q = Discharge
H = Total Head

SHUT DOWN

6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the delivery valve.

Before switching off the pump, open the discharge valve; close the pressure & vacuum
gauge cocks fully.

Note: -- Maximum head should not exceed 2.5m (i.e. 2.5kg/sq. cm)
Check the lubricating oil SAE 40 in the crankcase of the reciprocating pump to the
required level i.e 400ml.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A Typical tabular form is given below for convenience during experiments.

Calculation:-

TABULAR FORM

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CLOSED CIRCUIT PELTON WHEEL TURBINE TEST RIG

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CLOSED CIRCUIT PELTON WHEEL TURBINE TEST RIG

INTRODUCTION

SUPPLY PUMPSET

The Closed circuit self-sufficient portal package system Pelton Turbine is of improved version. This
system has several advantages, like does not require foundation; trench work etc. so that the
experiments can be conducted with the unit soon after arrival of the equipment and it can be placed
anywhere in the laboratory.

Capacity

5 HP

Type

Centrifugal

The Pelton wheel Turbine Test Rig is supplied as a complete set to conduct experiments on model
Pelton Turbine Test Rig in Engineering Colleges and Technical Institutions. I t has been specially
designed to conduct experiments in S.I units. The test rig mainly consists of 1) A Pelton Turbine, 2) A
Supply pump unit to supply water to the above Pelton Turbine, 3) Flow Measuring unit consisting of a
Venturimeter and Pressure Gauges, 4) Piping system and (5) Sump.

1. Size of Venturi meter

50 mm.

2. Diameter of inlet

50 mm

3. Diameter of throat

25 mm.

FLOW MEASURING UNIT

BEFORE COMMISSIONING

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The unit essentially consists of casing, with a circular transparent window kept at the front for the
visual inspection of the impact of the Jet on buckets. a bearing pedestal, a rotor assembly of shaft,
Runner & brake drum, all mounted on a suitable sturdy iron base plate, A rope brake arrangement is
provided to load the turbine. The input to the turbine can be controlled by adjusting the spear position
by means of a hand wheel fitted. The water inlet pressure is measured by a pressure gauge and for the
measurement of speed a digital tachometer is used.
An Optimum size sump is provided to store sufficient water from independent circulation through the
unit for experimentation.
CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS
CASING: of a iron having a large circular transparent Window.
RUNNERS: of electroplated MS disc fitted with accurately finished electroplated buckets.

BALL BEARINGS: of double row deep groove rigid type in the casing and double row self aligning
type in the pedestal both of liberal size.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
PELTON TURBINE

2. No. of Buckets

17Nos.

STARTING UP
Pour adequate water in the sump. Make sure before starting that the pipe lines are free from foreign
matter. Also note whether all the joints are water tight and perfectly matched. Prime the pump and start
it with closed gate valve. Then slowly open the gate valve situated above the turbine and open the cock
fitted to the pressure gauge and so that the pump develops the rated head. If the pump develops the
required head, slowly open the turbine spear by rotating the hand wheel until the turbine attains the
normal rated speed (1000 RPM). Run the turbine at the normal speed for about 10 minutes and
carefully note the following:

3. Steady constant speed and speed fluctuations if any.

SPEAR: of stainless steel designed for efficient operation.

1 K Watt

3. See that the gauges are mounted on the correct position and their cocks are closed.

2. Vibration of the unit.

NOZZLE: designed for smooth flow and efficient operation.

2. Check whether all the electric connection is correct.

1. Operation of the bearings, temperature rise, noise etc.,

SHAFT: of Stainless steel for rust free operation and for high strength.

1. Power output

1. Check whether all the joints are perfectly matched.

In addition to this, on the sump side note the operation of the stuffing box. (The stuffing box should
show an occasional drip of water. If the gland is over tightened, the leakage stops but the packing will
heat up burn and damage the shaft.) .If the operation of the above parts is normal, load the turbine
slowly and take readings. Open the water inlet valve and allow some cooling water through the brake
drum when the turbine runs under load, so that the heat generated by the brake drum is carried away by
the cooling water.Do not suddenly load the turbine, load the turbine gradually and at the same time
open the spear to run the turbine at normal speed.

EXPERIMENTS
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FM & HM Lab

Water turbines are tested in the hydraulic laboratory to demonstrate the principles of water turbines, to
study their construction, and to give the students a clear knowledge about the different types of turbines
and their characteristics. Turbines shall be first tested at constant net supply head by varying the load,
speed and spear setting. However the net supply head on the turbines tested in which case the power
developed by the turbine and the best efficiently speed will also be reduced. The output power from the
turbine is calculated from the readings taken on the brake and the speed of the shaft. The input power
supplied to the turbine is calculated from the net supply head on the turbine and discharge through the
turbine. Efficiency of the turbine being the ratio between the output and input and can be determined
from these two readings. The discharge is measured by the 50mm Venturi meter and with the Pressure
Gauges. Supply Head is measured with the help of the pressure gauge. The speed of the turbine is
measured with digital tachometer fitted to the turbine. After starting and running the turbine at normal
speed for the some time, load the turbine and take readings.
Note the following:

Input Power X frictional efficiency

Input Power = 9810 x Supply head in meters (H) x Discharge(Q) = W x Q x H kw;
1000
Frictional efficiency =85%= 0.85
Discharge = Kh m/sec
Where,
h = (P1 - P2) x 10 m
a1 a2 2g
K=

1. Net supply head (pressure gauge reading + height of the gauge center above the center line of
the jet).
2. Discharge (Pressure Gauges readings)
3. Turbine shaft speed.
4. Alternator readings
For any particular setting of the spear first run the turbine at light load and then gradually load it. The
net supply head on the turbine shall be maintained constant at the rated value and this can be done by
adjusting the gate valve fitted just above the turbine. A typical tabular form is given below for the
convenience during experiment.

----------------------- (a1 - a2)

Where, a1= Diameter of the venturimeter inlet = 50 mm/0.05m

a2= Diameter of the Venturimeter throat = 25 mm /0.025m
P1 = Inlet pressure, P2 = Throat pressure
Output Power =

2NT

Kw.

60000
TABULAR FORM
N = RPM of the turbine shaft
S.
N
o.

speed

Suppl
y
head

Pressure Gauges
Readings
P1

P2

P1 - P2

Dischar
ge
m/sec

Break
wt
W1-W2

Input
Powe
r

Outpu Efficie
ncy
t
Power

T= Torque of the turbine shaft

T= (W1-W2) x R x 9.81

1.

W = Load applied on the turbine.

2.

R = Radius of the brake drum with rope in meters = 0.12 meters

3.

SHUT DOWN

4.

Before switching off the supply pump set, first remove the load on the brake down. Close the cooling
inlet water Jet valve. Slowly close the spear to its full closed position. Then close the gate valve just
above the turbine. Pressure Gauge cocks and Venturimeter cocks should be closed in order to isolate
the pump set when the turbine is working under load. If the electric line trips off when the turbine is
working first unload the turbine, close all the valves and cocks. Start the electric motor against, when
the line gets the power and then operate the turbine by opening the valve in the order said above.

5.

IMPORTANT FORMULA
Efficiency =

Output power

PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

X 100
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FM & HM Lab

S.
N
o.

AIM: To conduct performance test on the given Pelton wheel turbine

APPARATUS:Pelton wheel turbine test rig.

speed

head

SPECIFICATIONS:

1.

PELTON TURBINE

2.

1. Power output

1 K Watt

2. No. of Buckets

17Nos.

Suppl
y

Pressure Gauges
Readings
P1

P2

P1 - P2

Dischar
ge
m/sec

Break
wt
W1-W2

Input
Powe
r

Outpu Efficie
ncy
t
Power

3.
4.
5.

SUPPLY PUMPSET
Capacity

5 HP

Type

Centrifugal

IMPORTANT FORMULA
Efficiency =

FLOW MEASURING UNIT

X 100

Input Power X frictional efficiency

1. Size of Venturi meter

50 mm.

2. Diameter of inlet

50 mm

25 mm.

3. Diameter of throat

Output power

Input Power = 9810 x Supply head in meters (H) x Discharge(Q) = W x Q x H kw;

1000
Frictional efficiency =85%= 0.85

PROCEDURE:

Discharge = Kh m/sec

1) Connect the supply water pump-water unit to 3 ph, 440V, 30A, electrical supply,
with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of the

Where,

pump motor unit.

h = (P1 - P2) x 10 m

2) Keep the Gate Valve and Sphere valve closed.

a1 a2 2g

3) Keep the Brake Drum loading at zero.

K=

4) Press the green button of the supply pump starter. Now the pump picks-

------------------------

(a1 - a2)

up the full speed and becomes operational.

5) Slowly open the Sphere Valve so that the turbine rotor picks the speed and conduct
experiment on constant speed.
6) Note down the speed, load, and pressure gauge readings.

Where, a1= Diameter of the venturimeter inlet = 50 mm/0.05m

a2= Diameter of the Venturimeter throat = 25 mm /0.025m

Tabulate the readings.

P1 = Inlet pressure, P2 = Throat pressure

Output Power =

TABULAR FORM

2NT

Kw.

60000
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FM & HM Lab

N = RPM of the turbine shaft

T= Torque of the turbine shaft
T= (W1-W2) x R x 9.81
W = Load applied on the turbine.
R = Radius of the brake drum with rope in meters = 0.12 meters
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Calculation:-

ROUGH WORK

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FM & HM Lab

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