T10KT

PROJECT

Workshop on Engineering Physics

Electromagnetism -1
Dipan K. Ghosh

Na.onal Mission on Educa.on Through ICT MHRD Govt. of India

COURSE PLAN

The concept of Field

Vector Field and its mathematical representation
A crash course on Vector calculus in half hour
Electric Field and Potential
Electric Flux and Gausss Law
Properties of Conductors
Dielectric

9/11/15

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

COURSE PLAN

Magnetic Field
Charged Particle in Magnetic field
Force on current carrying conductor
Potential Energy of a magnetic dipole
Amperes and Biot Savarts Law
Electromagnetic Induction
Displacement current
Vector Potential
Electromagnetic Waves

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

WHAT IS A FIELD?
Field is a scalar or a vector quantity
whose value is defined at every point in a
region of space.
A room is a seat of temperature field,
which is a scalar defined at every point in
the room. This is an example of scalar
field.

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

CONCEPT OF A FIELD
In a vector field we assign to each point a
vector quantity
!
!
F(x, y) in two dimensions and F(x, y, z) in 3 dimensions.

Examples : Gravitational Field, Electric Field

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

Sketching a vector field

Consider a vector field in 2 dim. Given by

yi 2xj

i
(0, 1) i
(0,1)
(1, 0)
(1, 2)
(1, 2)
(1, 0)
(1, 2)
(1, 2)

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(0, 2)
(0, 2)

(2, 0) 4 j
(2, 2) 2i 4 j

2i
- 2i

i 4 j
(2, 1) i 4 j

(2,1)

(2, 2) 2i 4 j
(2, 0) 4 j
(2,1)

2 j
(1,1) i 2 j
2i 2 j (1, -1)
-i 2 j
2i 2 j
2 j
(-1,1) i + 2 j
2i + 2 j (1, -1)
i + 2 j

(2, 2) 2i + 4 j
(2, 2) 2i + 4 j

i + 4 j
(2, 1) i + 4 j

2i + 2 j

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

Sketching a vector field

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

Sketching a vector field

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

Line, surface and volume integrals

Since a vector field is defined at every point in a
region of space, like a scalar function, it can be
integrated and differentiated.
As the vector field has both magnitude and
direction at every point, these aspects have to be
taken care of in the above operations.
!
If a vector field !F is known in certain region of
space, the line integral is

! !
C F idl
!

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

Line, surface and volume integrals

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

10

Line, surface and volume integrals

! !
= F i dS
!

Surface element can be regarded as vector; the concept of surface integral

is related to ow through a surface

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

11

Surface Integral of a vector field

The surface must be two sided, not one sided like
a Mobius strip

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

12

Gradient of a scalar field

Directional Derivative of a scalar function

If x x + x
df
f (x + x) =
x
dx

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

13

Gradient of a scalar field

d / ds along a specific direction

!
s = (x, y, z)

d dx dy dz
=
+
+
ds x ds y ds z ds
Example : Find directional derivative of
f(x,y)=x2+y2 at the point (1,2) along direction

(i) i + 2 j
(ii) i + j, where is a constant.
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

14

Gradient of a scalar field

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15

Gradient of a scalar field

df
dx
dy
= 2x + 2y
ds
ds
ds
dy

(i) Along i + 2 j, y = 2x;

=2
dx
2

ds
dy
ds = (dx) + (dy)
= 1+ = 5
dx
dx
2

ds
5
=
;
dy
2
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df
At (1,2)
=2 5
ds
DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

16

Gradient of a scalar field

(ii) i + j, where is a constant.

df
1 + 2
=
2
ds
1+
df
In this case
is maximum when =2,i.e. along
ds
i+2j dirrection, which is the radial direction at (1,2)

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

17

Gradient of a scalar field

= grad = i
+j
+k
x
y
z
!

Let u = (ai + bj + ck) be a unit vector s = us,

x = x0 + as, y = y0 + bs, z = z0 + cs
d

=
a+
b+
c = u
ds x
y
z

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

18

Gradient of a scalar field

u = cos
1.The magnitude of gradient is the
maximum magnitude of directional
derivative.
2. The direction of gradient is along
the direction in which directional
derivative is maximum.

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

19

Gradient of a scalar field

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

20

Gradient of a scalar field

3. The magnitude of gradient is

directed along the normal to the Level
Surface (Equipotential surface)
=constant.
For the curve (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 , level
surfaces are circles.

!
The gradient = 2xi + 2yj = 2 r ,
which is the radial direction, normal to
level curve.
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

21

Divergence of a vector field

!
div F = lim

V 0

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F i ndS

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

22

Divergence of a vector field

How much does a vector field
spread out? The field to the left has
positive divergence, the one to the
right has negative divergence.

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

23

Divergence of a vector field

Mass of fluid flowing in through face n = j
=( v y )dxdz = Vy dxdz
Mass of fluid flowing out through face n = j
Vy

= Vy +
dy dxdz
y

Net increase in mass of fluid =

Vy
y

dxdydz

Vy

V y + dy
y

x
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

24

Divergence of a vector field

From the six faces, the net increase in mass
! !
Vx V y Vz
=
+
+
dxdydz = Vdxdydz

x y z
AlternaPvely, since the volume is xed, the rate of increase in mass is
due to change in density, i.e.

t
EquaPon of conPnuity

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dxdydz

! !
V +
=0
t

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

25

Divergence of a vector field

!
2
2
F = x yi + xy j
!
div
F
=
4xy
!

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!
F = xi yj
!divF = 0

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

26

Divergence of a vector field

!
div F = lim

V 0

!
!
1
= F i ndS
= lim
S F i ndS
V 0 V
S
!

F i ndS

V
F i ndS

V 0

!
!
= div Fd
"S F i ndS
!

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

27

Curl (circulation) of a vector field

Stokes Theorem

! !
" F i dl

!
curl F = lim l
S0
S
!
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! !
! !
"C F i dl = S curl F i dS
!
DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

28

Curl (circulaPon) of a vector eld

Cartesian Expression of Curl
!
!
curl F = F =
!

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Fx

Fy

Fz

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

29

Curl of a vector field

V y
Vx
<0
y

>0

Constant curl in z-direcPon

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

30

Curl of a vector field

If a vector !eld is expressible as the curl of another eld,
!
!
i.e. if, ! F = A the eld is divergenceless, i.e. div F=0.
Such a eld is called Solenoidal.
If the eld is expressible as a gradient of a scalar eld, its
curl is zero. Such a eld is called IrrotaPonal.
A fundamental theorem of vector calculus states that :
Any vector eld can be expressed as a sum of two vector
elds, one solenoidal part and another irrotaPonal part.

9/11/15

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

31

Electric Field and Potential

Coulombs Law

!
F12 =

1 q1q2
1 q1q2 !

r
2
3
4 0 r
4 0 r
!
!
F12 = F21

!
r1

q1

!
r2

!
r
q2
y

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

32

Electric Field and Potential

! ! !
!F = A

0
!

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33

! ! !
!F = A

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34

! ! !
!F = A

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35

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36

!
E

!
r1
!
E(P) =

!
(r )

! !
r r1
1
q1 ! ! 3
4 0 r r
1

!
r1

!
E(P) =

q1

r
r

!
qE

! !
r ri
1
qi ! ! 3

4 0 i
r ri

x
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

37

! !
= E dS
S

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38

dS dS cos
d = 2 =
2
r
r
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39

qd
d =
40
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

40

qenclosed
=
0
! !
!
1
"S E dS = V div E dV = 0 V dV
! !
E =
0
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

41

! ! !
E(r) =

! !
!
1
! r - r'
(r') ! ! 3 d 3 r'
4 0 V
r - r'

1
! !
= (r')'

4 0 V

! !
r - r'
3

d
! ! 3 r'
r - r'

1
1 3
! ! !
= (r')' ' ! ! d r'

4 0 V
r - r'

1
! 2 1
3
=
(
r')
'
d
r'
!
!

4 0 V
r - r'

!
1
(r)
!
! ! 3
= (r')(-4 ) (r - r')d r' =

4 0 V
0
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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

42

q
Flux from the shaded side=
24 0

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

43

!
!
Q r
!
Field due to Filled sphere =E1 =
=
r
4 0 R3 3 0
!
! !
Field due to smaller sphere =E 2 =
(r d )
3 0
!
Net field =
d = constant
3 0

9/11/15

DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

44

Q 1 !!!" !!!!"
Field at P =
OP O ' P
3
4 0 R

Ey = 0
Q 1 !!!!"
Ex =
OO '
3
4 0 R

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

45

1. Coulomb force is central

2. It is conservaPve, which means a scalar potenPa
exists.

! r!
F= 3
r
! !
1 ! 1 ! !
F = 3 r + 3 r
r
r
!
r !
= 3 5 r + 0
r
=0

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

46

! !
1
r r'
! ! = ! ! 3
r r'
r r'
!
!
!
1
( r ')
1
( r ')
E=
dV ' =
! ! dV '

3
!
!
4 0 V r r '
4 0 V r r '
!
1
( r ')
(r) =
! ! dV '

4 0 V r r '

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

47

For ElectrostaPc eld

! !
E =
0
! !
E =0
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48

Work done (by an external agency) in bringing a charge q from

a point where !
= 0 to a point P is negaPve of the work done
by the force, which is
r

Ref

r !
! !
!
!
E( r ') dr ' = dr '
Ref
r

!
d = ( r )

Ref

The work done by the external agency in bringing a

charge q to P is q (P)
which is stored as potenPal
energy of the system. PotenPal, thus, is the potenPal
Energy associated with a unit charge.

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

49

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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! !
l
S E dS = E 2 rl = 0
!
1
E=
2 0 r

=
ln r + constant
2 0
Reference point cannot be chosen at innity, we
can choose it at any arbitrary point. Choosing it
at r=1 gives

=
ln r
2 0
DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

50

d
+q

!
p = qd p

-q

1 q
q
(r) =

4 0 R+ R

q
d
d
1
cos

1+
cos

4 0 r 2r
2r
!
qd cos pcos
p r
=
=
=
4 0 r 2 4 0 r 2 4 0 r 2

!
R+
!
r !
R

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

51

!
E=

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

!
!
r p
1 3( p r)
4 0
r3

52

! ! Qenclosed A
" E dS = 0 = 0

Eabove
s

Ebelow

above

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

above

=
0

53

! !
" E dl = 0
above
#

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DIPAN GHOSH, IIT Bombay

=E

below
#

54