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Recurrence Relations

The document describes several recurrence relations involving sequences of real numbers. It provides examples of recurrence relations of the form xn+1 = f(xn) and asks the reader to determine properties of the sequences, including determining their limits, comparing adjacent terms, and analyzing their behavior as n approaches infinity. It also asks the reader to solve related problems algebraically and use calculators in some cases.

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515 views5 pages

Recurrence Relations

The document describes several recurrence relations involving sequences of real numbers. It provides examples of recurrence relations of the form xn+1 = f(xn) and asks the reader to determine properties of the sequences, including determining their limits, comparing adjacent terms, and analyzing their behavior as n approaches infinity. It also asks the reader to solve related problems algebraically and use calculators in some cases.

Uploaded by

Png Poh Sheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Recurrence Relation

Finding general term of Recurrence Relation

Samuel owes the bank $15000 for his university fees which he intends to pay by monthly instalments.
He intends to pay $300 in the middle of every month. Interest is added to the amount owed at the
end of every month at a fixed rate of 0.5% of the outstanding amount, after making the payment
in the middle of every month.
1. Show that the amount he owes at the end of the second month after the interest has been
added is: $14545.8675.
2. Show that, at the end of the nth month, after the interest has been added, he will still owe
the bank $(60300 45300(1.005)n ).
3. Calculate how many more months he will take to repay his debt, compared to the case when
no interest is imposed.

Standard Questions
1. A sequence of real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ... satisfies the recurrence relation:
p
1
xn+1 = (3xn + 5x2n 4), x1 = k
2
for all integers n 1 and where k R.
(a) When k = 1, evaluate x9 .
(b) When k = 1597, describe the behaviour of the sequence.
(c) If the sequence converges, determine algebraically the limit of the sequence.
(RJC09 JC1 Promo)
2. A sequence of positive real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ... is such that x1 = 4 and xn+1 = 4
As n , xn .
(a) Find the exact value of .
(b) Show algebraically that if xn > , then xn > xn+1
(HCI12 JC2 Block Test 1)

5
.
xn + 2

3. A sequence of real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ... satisfies the recurrence relation xn+1 =


n 1.

4xn
for
3 + x2n

(a) Prove algebraically that, if the sequence converges, then it converges to either 1, 0 or
1.
(b) Use a calculator to describe the behaviour of the sequence for the case x1 = 0.5.
P (xn )
, where P (x) is a polynomial. Show that P (x) < 0
3 + x2n
if 1 < x < 0 or x > 1. Hence or otherwise deduce that:

(c) Express xn+1 xn in the form

xn+1 < xn
xn+1 > xn

if 1 < xn < 0 or xn > 1


if 0 < xn < 1 or xn < 1

(d) Explain briefly how this fact and the results in part (iii) relate to the behaviour determined in part (ii).
(TPJC08 JC2 Prelim)
1

4. The positive numbers xn satisfy the relation xn+1 = (2 + 3xn ) 2 for n = 1, 2, 3, .... and as
n , xn a,
(a) Find, in any order, the value of a correct to 3 decimal places and the exact value of a.
(b) Show that (xn+1 )2 a2 = 3(xn a).
(c) Hence, show that if xn > a, then xn > xn+1 > a.
(Specimen Paper 1)
5. A sequence of real positive numbers is given to be:
r
1
1
1
+4+4
+ 1, n Z+ and v1 =
vn+1 =
vn
vn
15
As n , vn .
(a) Find the value of , correct to 3 decimal places.
(b) Show by a graphical argument, that if vn > , then vn > vn+1 .
(VJC10 JC2 Prelim(part))

6. The diagram below shows part of the graph y = x3 2x2 5x + 6. The 3 real roots of the
equation x3 2x2 5x + 6 = 0 are denoted by , and where < < .
y

(a) Find the values of , , .


A sequence of real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , ... satisfies the recurrence relation:
p
xn+1 = 1 + 3 5x2n + 8xn 5 for n Z+ .
(b) Prove algebraically that if the sequence converges to L, then L is equal to either ,
or .
(c) Show that, if xn+1 < xn , then < xn < or xn > .
(SAJC10 JC2 Prelim)
7. (a) The positive numbers xn satisfy the recurrence relation:

xn+1 = xn + 3, for n = 1, 2, 3, ...


As n , x .
(b) Find the exact value of .
(c) Prove that (xn+1 )2 2 = xn .
(d) Hence, show that if xn > for a certain value of n, then xn+2 > .
(VJC07 JC2 Prelim)

More Challenging Questions

8. The xcoordinate of the stationary point on the curve y = ln x ex is denoted by .


Find the vaue of correct to 4 decimal places.
1
A sequence of positive real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ... satisfies the recurrence relation xn+1 = xn
e
for n 1.
(a) Prove algebraically that if the sequence converges, then it converges to .
N

N 1 X
(b) Given that 0 < x1 < 1, show that:
<
xn < N where N is a constant.
e
n=1
(AJC08 JC2 Prelim(Modified))
9. A sequence of positive real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ... satisfies the recurrence relation:
xn+1 =

k + 2xn
, n Z+ , where k is a positive constant
2 + xn

(a) Given that the sequence converges to , find in terms of k.

(b) By considering xn+1 xn , show that if: xn < k, then xn+1 > xn .
(c) Prove that:
xn+1

k=

(xn

k)(2
2 + xn

Hence find the range of values of k for which xn+1 <


n Z+

k)

k whenever xn <

k for all

(d) If k = 1 and x1 = 0.9, find x2 and x3 correct to 3 decimal places.


(e) Describe the behaviour of the sequence obtained in part (iv)
(AJC09 JC2 Prelim)
10. A sequence of numbers, xn satisfy the relation:
xn+1 =

1 xn
, for n Z+
xn 4

(a) If the sequence converges to a number L, show that L satisfies the equation: L2 3L1 =
0.
(b) Obtain the exact value of the roots and of the equation x2 3x 1 = 0, where
< .
(c) If x1 < 0, find the value of L.
1
(L + 1)(L xn )
(d) Show that: xn+1 L =
. Deduce that: |xn+1 L| < |xn L| if xn < L.
xn 4
5
20
(e) Find a value of N such that |xn L| < 10
for all n N where x1 = 1.
(NYJC08 JC2 Prelim)
4

11. The positive number xn satisfy the relation:


a
1
xn+1 = (xn + ), n = 1, 2, 3, ... and x1 = a > 0
2
xn
(a) Given that: lim xn = l, find l in terms of a.
n

(b) Show that: xn a for n 2.


(c) Show that: xn xn+1 for n 2.
(YJC08 JC2 Prelim)

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