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Harvard Style of Referencing

Harvard Style of Referencing

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Mofi Islam
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981 views7 pages

Harvard Style of Referencing

Harvard Style of Referencing

Uploaded by

Mofi Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Reference with confidence

The
Harvard style
As used in:
Archaeology
Biochemistry (as well as Vancouver)
Biology (as well as Vancouver)
Economics
Environment
Hull York Medical School (as well as Vancouver)
Management
Philosophy
Politics
Sociology
Social Policy and Social Work
Theatre, Film and Television

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Contents

Why reference?
You will probably be aware that plagiarism is an important issue and you must avoid it
at all costs, but do you know why referencing is so crucial to your essay writing?

Why reference?_________________________________________ 2

Examples of the Harvard style______________________________ 3

References to other sources are useful and beneficial to presenting your argument;
dont be scared of using them. However, be selective. Dont just cram your work full
of citations in a bid to impress the marker that youve read a massive amount. Your
references should be relevant and provide evidence for and against your argument.

Harvard Frequently Asked Questions_________________________ 6


For example, you can include a citation to
Further information_ ____________________________________ 8

give a source of information (eg tables, statistics, diagrams etc)


describe or discuss a theory, model or practice from a particular writer.

Paraphrasing: some examples_ _____________________________ 9

give weight and/or credibility to your argument.


provide a counter-argument.
provide quotations or definitions in your essay.
paraphrase another persons work, which is not common knowledge.
Additionally, the in-text citation included in the body of your text is there to
DIRECTLY show the reader where the idea and/or quotation is from. Therefore, where
you are indicating the source as a chapter in a book, you include the citation to the
author of the chapter. Within the bibliography you would put the full citation to the
book with details of the editors.
Do be careful and check your Departments specific regulations as there are a number of
intepretations of this style.

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Examples of the Harvard style

Basic common elements in a bibliography citation:

BOOKS:

Book (one author):

Clarke, A. (2008). E-Learning skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

In-text:

(Neville, 2007)

Name of
Publisher

Place of
Publication

Title of
Book

Date of
Publication

Authors
name

Bibliography: Neville, C. (2007). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding


plagiarism. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Book (two or more authors):


In-text:

(Peck & Coyle, 2005)

Bibliography: Peck, J. & Coyle, M. (2005). The students guide to writing.


Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Book (three or more authors):

Shaw, P. (1982). Plagiary. American Scholar, 51 (Summer), 325-337

In-text:

(Dolowitz et al., 2008)

Volume
number and
page numbers

Name of the
Journal

Title of
Article

Date of
Publication

Authors
name

Bibliography: Dolowitz, D., Buckler, S. and Sweeney, F. (2008). Researching


on-line. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chapter in an edited book:


In-text:

(White, 1999)

Bibliography: White, E. (1999). Student plagiarism as an institutional and social


issue. In L. Buranen & A. Roy, eds. Perspectives on plagiarism
and intellectual property in a postmodern world, New York: State
University of New York Press, pp.205-210.

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Journal article

Newspaper article (with no author):

In-text:

In-text:

(Ashworth, Bannister and Thorne, 1997)

Bibliography: Ashworth, P., Bannister, P. and Thorne, P. (1997). Guilty in whose


eyes? University students perceptions of cheating and plagiarism in
academic work and assessment. Studies in Higher Education, 22(2),
187-203.

(Daily Telegraph, 2008)

Bibliography: Daily Telegraph. Half of Cambridge students admit cheating,


31 October 2008, p. 14.

Website with author:


In-text:

(Swain, 2008)

Journal article (electronic):


In-text:

(Liddell and Fong, 2008)

Bibliography: Liddell, J. and Fong, V. (2008). Honesty, integrity and plagiarism:


therole of student values in prevention. Plagiary [on-line]. 3, pp.15. Available at www.plagiary.org/papers_and_perspectives.htm
[Accessed 5 November 2008].

Bibliography:  Swain, H. The art of avoiding plagiarism. The Guardian. 7 October


2008. Available at www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/oct/07/
students.highereducation [Accessed 5 November 2008].

Website with no author:


In-text:

Newspaper article (with author):


In-text:

(Swain, 2008)

(Acknowledging your Sources, n.d.)

Bibliography: Princeton University (n.d.). Acknowledging your sources. Available


at www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/pages/acknowledge.html
[Accessed 5 November 2008].

Bibliography: Swain, H. The art of doing an assessed assignment. The Guardian:


Education supplement, 23 September 2008, p.11.

Secondary referencing
In-text:

Carroll argued that(as cited in Sutherland-Smith, 2008, p.23

Bibliography: Sutherland-Smith, W. (2008). Plagiarism, the internet and student


learning: improving academic integrity. Abingdon: Routledge

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Harvard Frequently Asked Questions


How do I use quotations?
Use double quotation marks to enclose
the direct text. For short quotations (of
less than 40 words), use a brief phrase to
introduce the quotation. For example:
As Neville (2007) emphasises, you
should cite all sources and present
full details of these in your list of
references (p.36).
For longer quotations (of 40 words
or more) you use a block quotation,
without quotation marks, but clearly
indented to indicate these words are not
your own. For example:
Neville (2007) comments that:
It can sometimes be difficult, if not
impossible, to avoid using some
of the authors original words,
particularly those that describe or
label phenomena. However, you need
to avoid copying out what the author
said, word for word. Choose words
that you feel give a true impression of
the authors original ideas or action.
(p.36)
For a summary or paraphrase, you must
include an in-text citation to the author
and year of publication. For example:
According to Neville (2007), sometimes
it is unavoidable you will use a few
words that the author used.

When do I use page numbers in my


in-text citations?

Are in-text citations included in my


word count?

For general reference to a sources


ideas, you do not need to include a page
number. The exceptions are: when you
include a quotation or when you are
referring to a specific part of the source
which is, for example, a detail difficult
to find.

Yes this does not mean you should leave


out citations where they are appropriate.

What if an author I am referencing


has published two or more works
in one year?
In this case you can simply use lowercase letters: a, b, c etc. to differentiate
between different works within one
given year. For example:
In-text: (Carroll, 2007a)
Bibliography:
 arroll, J. (2007a). A handbook
C
for deterring plagiarism in higher
education. Oxford Centre for Staff
and Learning Development: Oxford
Brookes University.
 arroll, J. (2007b). Do national
C
statistics about plagiarism tell
you about your students? LINK
newsletter on academic integrity, The
Hospitality, Sport and Leisure Subject
Centre, 18, 3-9.

They should appear alphabetically,


matching the order in which they will
appear in your bibliography.

What abbreviations can I use?


Should I put a web address in an intext citation?

Abbreviation

Meaning

ch. or chap.

chapter

ed.

edition

Ed. Or Eds.

Editor (s)

et al.

and others

n.d.

no date

p.

Page (single)

p.p.

Pages (page range)

What is the Harvard convention for


using capital letters?

ser.

series

suppl.

supplement

You should only capitalise the first


letter of the first word of a book, journal
article etc. The exception is the names of
organisations.

tab.

table

vol.

volume

No! If the website has an author, cite


the source as you would anything else
(Swain, 2008). If there is no author or
date given, give the title of the page and
add the abbreviation n.d. For example:
(Acknowledging your sources, n.d.)

What if I want to use a number of


sources in one in-text citation?
If, for example, you are pulling together
a number of sources to support your
argument you may want to use a number
of sources in one in-text citation. For
example:
As is widely stated in the literature.
(Carroll, 2002; Mallon, 1991; Neville,
2007)

Further information:
www.york.ac.uk/library/subjects/
referencing.htm
Neville, C. (2007). The complete guide to
referencing and plagiarism. Maidenhead:
Open University Press
Pears, R. and Shields, R. (2004). Cite
them right: the essential guide to
referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle
Upon Tyne: Pear Tree

Reference with confidence: The Harvard style

Paraphrasing: some examples


The following is taken from The Guardian
newspaper:
Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words,
or a man so plagued by self-doubt that
he doesnt obey the rules of academia
because he doesnt think he belongs in
it? He claims to have been so busy he
became confused.
Williams, Z. (2008). Persauds disorder.
The Guardian, 20 June 2008, p.37
An example of incorrect paraphrasing of
this passage could be as follows:
It could be questioned whether Raj
Persaud was either a narcissist or full of
self-doubt. Could it be he felt he didnt
belong to the world of academia, so
didnt have to obey the rules? Could
he really have been so busy that he got
confused?
This is incorrect paraphrasing because:
Only a few phrases have been changed;
this is not sufficient as it is too close to
the original.
The writer does not even give a citation,
eg (Williams, 2008), to the author of the
article.

Correct paraphrasing could be as follows:


Williams, (2008) argues that Persaud
could be viewed as a man consumed
by ego, or alternatively, a writer that
felt he didnt belong to the academic
community, so there was no need to
abide by their conventions. Within the
comment piece it is questioned whether
overwork could be seen as a defence.
This is correct paraphrasing because:
Proper citation of the author and her
ideas have been provided by the in-text
citation.
The writer of the paraphrased passage
has written the argument in their own
words.

3879/Design by Campus Copy Print: www.york.ac.uk/designcopyandprint

www.york.ac.uk/k-roy

Clare Wiggins 2009

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