Scribd
Upload
296 views6 pages

MATB42 s1

This document contains solutions to problems involving Fourier series. The high-level summaries are: 1) The Fourier coefficients for the integral of two sine functions are derived. 2) Fourier series representations are found for two piecewise defined functions. 3) The Fourier series for a third piecewise defined function is derived. 4) Fourier coefficients and series are determined for a fourth piecewise function. 5) Properties including the energy distribution of a constant function are examined. 6) It is shown that shifting a function horizontally does not change its energy. 7) Fourier coefficients are calculated for a periodic function on a finite interval.

Uploaded by

jenny
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
296 views6 pages

MATB42 s1

This document contains solutions to problems involving Fourier series. The high-level summaries are: 1) The Fourier coefficients for the integral of two sine functions are derived. 2) Fourier series representations are found for two piecewise defined functions. 3) The Fourier series for a third piecewise defined function is derived. 4) Fourier coefficients and series are determined for a fourth piecewise function. 5) Properties including the energy distribution of a constant function are examined. 6) It is shown that shifting a function horizontally does not change its energy. 7) Fourier coefficients are calculated for a periodic function on a finite interval.

Uploaded by

jenny
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

University of Toronto Scarborough

Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences


MAT B42H

2014/2015
Solutions #1



1
1. Recalling that sin A sin B =
cos(A B) cos(A + B) we have

Z
Z2 


1
sin(k x) sin(n x) dx =
cos (k n) x cos (k + n) x dx =
2 Z

Z


1
1
cos (k n) x dx
cos (k + n) x dx =
2
2


 
 

sin
(k

n)x
sin
(k
+
n)x
1
1

, k n 6= 0
, k + n 6= 0
2
2
kn
k+n

 
 

1
1

, kn=0
, k+n=0
x
x

2
2

0 , k 6= n

, k = n 6= 0
=

, k = n 6= 0

0 ,k=n=0
2. (a) f (x) = 3 x, x < .

Since f (x) is an odd Zfunction, ak = 0,


1
k = 0, 1, 2, . bk =
3x sin kx dx even
=


Z
6
1
6
x sin kx dx parts

x cos kx +

=
0 




1
6
k 6
sin
kx
cos
k
=

1
. The
=
k2
k
k
0
N th Fourier polynomial is FN (x) = 0
3
6 sin x + 3 sin 2x 2 sin 3x + sin 4x + +
2
N
X
N 6
(1)k
sin Nx = 6
sin kx.
1
N
k
k=1

F0
F2

F1

-2

F3

fHxL = -3x

MATB42H

Solutions # 1


page 2

2 x , < x 0
1 , 0 < x .
Z 0
Z
1
1
a0 =
f (x) dx =
2x dx +







Z

0
1
2
=
x
x
(1) dx =

0
0


1
-

2 = 1.
-1

Z
1
F0
f (x) cos kx dx
=
ak
=

Z 0

Z
1
-
F1
(2 x) cos kx dx+
(1) cos kx dx =

0
 
0
=0
*

x
1
1

 kx
2
sin
+
cos kx

k
k2


F2
=0




*



fHxL
2
1 1

-2
=
1 cos kx =
sinkx

2
k
k
0

0
, k = 2, 4,
.
4

,
k
=
1,
3,

k2
Z 0

Z
Z
1
1
bk =
f (x) sin kx dx =
(2 x) sin kx dx +
(1) sin kx dx =


0

 

* = 00


1
x
2 cos k 1
1
1

 kx
cos kx+ 2sin
cos kx =
+
((1)k 1) =
2
+

k
k
k
k
k


0

, k even

 k 
.
1
2

1
, k odd



1
1+ 4
+ cos x + 2 1
Hence the Fourier polynomial is FN (x) =
sin x
2



4
2
1
1
sin 2x +
cos 3x +
1
sin 3x
sin 4x +

+
9
3

2


4 cos Nx + 2 1 1 sin Nx , N odd

N2
N

sin Nx
, N even
N

(b) f (x) =

MATB42H

page 3

Solutions # 1

1
x

, x < 0

2 2
3. f (x) =
.

1 x ,
0x<
2 2
Since f (x) is an odd function, ak = 0, k
0, 1, 2, .Z
Z 0
1
1
f (x) sin kx dx =
1
bk =



Z 
x
x
1
1
sin kx dx +
sin kx dx

2 0

= 00

>
1 ( + x) cos kx
sin kx

2
+

2
k
 k2

= 0

>
sin kx
1 (x ) cos kx



2 2
k
 k2
0
1
1
1
+
=
.
2k 2k
k
1
sin x
Hence the Fourier series is

1 X sin kx
1
sin 2x + =
.
2

=
+
=

F4
-

fHxL

=
1
-
2

k=1

Z
Z 2 
Z
1 2
1
x , x [0, )
. a0 =
x dx + 2
4. f (x) =
dx =
f (x) dx =
2 , x [, 2)
0
0

 2   2 
Z
Z
1
1 2
x
1

f (x) cos kx dx =
x cos kx dx +
+ 2x
= + 2. ak =

2 0
2
0
0




2



Z 2
1
1 x sin kx
cos kx
2 sin kx
=
2
cos kx dx =
+
+
cos k 1 =

k
k2 0

k
k 2

Z
Z
0
, k = 2, 4, 6,
1 2
1
.
bk =
f (x) sin kx dx =
x sin kx dx
2

0
0
, k = 1, 3, 5,
2


2
 
Zk
2
1
x cos kx sin kx
2 cos kx
sin kx dx =
=
+2

k
k2
k

0
4
cos k 2 cos 2k cos k)
(1)k
, k = 1, 3, 5,

=
k
0 , k = 2, 4, 6,
k
k
k


4
1

1
, k = 1, 3, 5,
k

, k = 2, 4, 6,
k


MATB42H

page 4

Solutions # 1


a0 X
2
Hence the Fourier series is F (x) = +
ak cos kx+ bk sin kx = 1 + cos x+
2
4
k=1 



1
4
1
2
1
2
4
sin x sin 2x
1
sin 3x sin 4x
cos 3x +
cos 5x +
1
2
9
3

4
25
 
4
1
1
sin 5x .
5

/2
 
Z
Z
1 /2
1
1 2
1
2
(f (x)) dx =
dx = (x)
=
= 1.
5. (a) The energy of f is E =

/2

2
/2
Z
Z
1 /2
1
f (x)dx =
dx = 1, so the energy of the constant term is
Now a0 =

/2
 
1
1
1 2
A2
1
1
2
A0 = a0 =
(1) = , giving 0 = 2 = . The constant term contains 50 %
2
2
2
E
1
2
of the energy.

/2
Z
Z
1
1 /2
2
1
k
(b) ak =
f (x) cos kx dx =
cos kx dx =
=
sin kx
sin
,

/2
k
k
2
/2
Z
1
k 1 and, since f (x) is an even function, bk =
f (x) sin kx dx = 0, k 1.

4 sin 2 k
2
The energy of the k th harmonic is given by A2k = a2k + b2k =
, k > 0. The
k2 2
4
energy of the 1st harmonic is 2 0.405285, the energy of the 2nd harmonic is 0

A2 + A21 + A22 + A23


4

and the energy of the 3rd harmonic is 2 0.045032. Now 0


9
E
0.5 + 0.405285 + 0 + 0.045032
0.950317. About 95 % of the total energy is
1
contained in the constant term and the first 3 harmonics.
n
X
1
th
(ak cos kx + bk sin kx) =
(c) The n Fourier polynomial is Fn (x) = a0 +
2
k=1


n 
k
1 2
cos 3x cos 5x cos 7x
1 X 2
+
sin
cos kx = +
cos x
+

+ +
2 k=1 k
2
2
3
5
7
 n  cos nx i
sin
.
2
n
Please note that F4 (x) is the same as F3 (x).

F4

-3

fHxL

MATB42H

page 5

Solutions # 1

6. Since g(x) = f (x + a), we have (g(x))2 = (f (x + a))2 , so g 2 is f 2 shifted horizontally


by a. Since f has period 2, so does f 2 and g 2 . Thinking of the definite integral as
2
area, periodicity implies
that integrals
Z
Z of f over any interval of length 2 have the

+a

same value giving

(f (x))2 dx.

(f (x)) dx =

+a

Z
1
1
2
(g(x)) dx =
(f (x + a))2 dx
The energy of g is

Z
1
f rom
=
(f (t))2 dt = the energy of f .
above

Z

substitute

t = x+a

+a

(f (t))2 dt

+a

7. f (x) = 16 x2 restricted to [4, 4] and extended to all of R with period 8.

-4

Since the periodic extension of f (x) is even, bk = 0, k = 1, 2, .



4


Z
Z
2 4
1 4
1
x3
64
1
even
2
2
Now a0 =
=
(16 x ) dx =
(16 x ) dx = 16 x
= 64
8 4
2 0
2
3 0 2
3
64
.
3




Z
Z
1 4
2kx
kx
2 4
even
2
2
dx
=
dx =
(16 x ) cos
(16 x ) cos
ak =
8 4
8
2 0
4

4

4
Z 4
2(16 x2 ) sin kx
4
kx
16
kx
4
+
+
x sin
dx
=
0 2 2 x cos
k
k 0
4
k
4 0
0
Z 4
: =0

16
kx


k+1 64

cos
dx
=
(1)
, k = 1, 2, .

2
k 2

4
k2 2

0



kx
32 64 X (1)k+1
The Fourier series is
+ 2
cos
.
3
k=1
k2
4
y = 16 - x2

F2

-4

MATB42H

Solutions # 1

page 6

8. To do this question we need to regard sin x, x [0, ], as the restriction of an even


function and as the restriction of an odd function.
To obtain an even function we simply extend
sin x over
bk = 0,
Z R with period . Thus

2
4
2
1
sin x dx = cos x =
and
a0 =
Z 0

0
2
ak =
sin x cos(2kx) dx =
Z 0
1
-

2
(sin((2k + 1)x) + sin((1 2k)x)) dx =
0

1
cos((2k + 1)x) cos((1 2k)x)
=


2k + 1
1 2k
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
 2k + 1 1 2k  2k + 1 1 2k
1
4
2
1
=
+
. The
2
2k + 1 2k 1
(4k 1)
-

2
4 X cos 2kx
Fourier series is F (x) =
.

4k 2 1
k=1
-1
To obtain an odd function we need only use
sin x itself with period 2. The Fourier series
is F (x) = sin x.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy