Module2/Lesson3

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
Example 2.1
When the stress tensor at a point with reference to axes (x, y, z) is given by the array,

4 1 2
1 6 0

MPa

2 0 8
show that the stress invariants remain unchanged by transformation of the axes by 450
about the z-axis,
Solution: The stress invariants are

I1 = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 MPa
I2 = 4 6+6 8+4 8-1 1-2 2-0 = 99 MPa
I3 = 4 48-1 8+2 (-12) = 160 MPa
The direction cosines for the transformation are given by
x

2
1

2
1

Using Equations (2.21a), (2.21b), (2.21c), (2.21d), (2.21e), (2.21f), we get

x

1
6
2
6 MPa
1
4
6
2
4 MPa
0 0 8
4

1
2

0 2 1

1
2

0 0

1
2

0 2 1

1
2

0 0

1 0 0 0

8 MPa

1
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

1
1
6
2
2
1 MPa
4

xy

1
2

0 1

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2

yz

1
2

2 MPa
0 0 0 0 0 2

xz

1
2

2 MPa
Hence the new stress tensor becomes

2
2
2

MPa

Now, the new invariants are

I1
I2
I3

6 4 8 18 MPa
6 4 4 8 6 8 1 2 2 99 MPa
5
6 30 1 10
2
160 MPa
2

which remains unchanged. Hence proved.

Example 2.2
The state-of-stress at a point is given by the following array of terms
9 6 3
6 5 2 MPa
3 2 4
Determine the principal stresses and principal directions.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation
3

I1

Here I1

I2
I3

+ I2

- I3 = 0

9 5 4 18 MPa
2

9 5 5 4 9 4 6
2
3
52 MPa
9 5 4 9 4 5 9 4 36 2 6 2 3 27 MPa

The cubic equation becomes

2
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3
3

- 18

+ 52 - 27 = 0

The roots of the cubic equation are the principal stresses. Hence the three principal
stresses are
1

= 14.554 MPa;

= 2.776 MPa and

= 0.669 MPa

Now to find principal directions for major principal stress

(9 14.554 )
6
6
(5 14.554 )
3

B=

10.554

10.554
9.554
2

B2

96 .83

10.554

9.554

A2

3
2

C=

( 4 14.554 )

6
9.554

3
A=

3
2

5.554
6

=100.83 - 4 = 96.83

= -(-63.324 - 6) = 69.324

= 12 + 28.662 = 40.662

C2
2

69 .324

40 .662

= 125.83
l1 =
m1 =
n1 =

A
A2

B2

C2

B
A2

B2

C2

C
A

96 .53
= 0.769
125 .83

69 .324
= 0.550
125 .83

40 .662
= 0.325
125 .84

Similarly, the principal stress directions for

stress and

stress are calculated.

3
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

Therefore, l2 =

0.596
m2 = - 0.800
n2 = 0.057

l3 = - 0.226
m3 = - 0.177
n3 = 0.944

Example 2.3
At a point in the structural member, the stresses (in MPa) are represented as in Figure
2.18. Employ Mohrs circle to determine:
(a) the magnitude and orientation of the principal stresses
(b) the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shearing stresses and associated
normal stresses.
In each case show the results on a properly oriented
Y y 27.6
element.
Solution: Centre of the Mohrs circle = OC
xy

27 .6 55 .2
=
= 41.4 MPa
2
(a) Principal stresses are represented by points A1 and B1.
Hence the maximum and minimum principal stresses,
referring to the circle are

1
2
55.2 27.6
20.7
4
1 =66.3 MPa and 2 =16.5 MPa
1,2

=41.4

20.7
x 55.2
X

Figure 2.18

The planes on which the principal stresses act are given by

=tan-1

and 2

Hence,

20.7
56 .30 0
13 .8
56.30 180 236 .30 0

28.15 0 and

118 .15 0

Mohrs circle clearly indicates that

locates the

plane.

(b) The maximum shearing stresses are given by points D and E. Thus
max

=
=

1
55.2 27.6
4
24.9 MPa

20.7

The planes on which these stresses act are represented by

28.15 0

and

45 0

73.15 0

163 .15 0

4
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

y
y

x
0
28.15

66.3

24.9

max
2

73.15

41.4

16.5

Y
B(27.6, 20.7)

.
.

D
2

O B1

..
.
F

A1

.E

A(55.2, 20.7)

Figure 2.19 Mohrs stress circle

Example 2.4
The stress (in N/m2) acting on an element of a loaded body is shown in Figure 2.20.
Apply Mohrs circle to determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane
0
defined by = 30 .

Solution: The Mohrs

circle drawn below
describes the state of
stress for the given
element. Points A1 and
B1
represent
the
stress components on the
x
and
y
faces, respectively.
The radius of the circle

14 10

30

28 10

Figure 2.20

5
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

10 6
is 14 28
2

21 10 6 . Corresponding to the 300 plane within the element, it is

necessary to rotate through 600 counterclockwise on the circle to locate point A . A 2400
counterclockwise rotation locates point B .

x
A

. .. .
.

Y
6
10 ,0)

B1( 14

60

X
6
A1(28 10 ,0)

(a)

60

30

x
A

. .
C

x
6

xy

18.186 10

X
6
A1(28 10 ,0)

17.5 10

3.5 10

(b)
Figure 2.21 Mohrs stress circle

From the above Mohrs circle,

x

7 21 cos 60 0 10 6

17.5 10 6 N / m 2

6
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

17.5 10

Module2/Lesson3
y

3.5 10 6 N / m 2

xy

21 10 6 sin 60 0

18.86 10 6 N / m 2

Example 2.5
A rectangular bar of metal of cross-section 30mm 25mm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 180KN. Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose
normal has the following direction cosines:
(i) l

1
and n 0
2
1
n
3

(ii) l

Solution: Let normal stress acting on the cross-section is given by

Axial load
cross sectional area

180 10 3
30 25
240 N / mm2
Now, By Cauchys formula, the stress components along x, y and z co-ordinates are

Tx

xy

xz

Ty

xy

yz

Tz

xz

yz

(a)

And the normal stress acting on the plane whose normal has the direction cosines l, m and n
is,
T x l T y m Tz n
(b)
Case (i) For l
Here
xz

0,

0,

yz

1
and n 0
2
0, y 240 N / mm 2

m
xy

0,

Substituting the above in (a), we get

Tx

0, T y

240
2

, Tz

Substituting in (b), we get

7
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

240

0 120 N / mm 2

Resultant Stress on the plane is

Tx

Ty

Tz

240

169.706 N / mm2

But shear stress

T2

or

T2

can be determined from the relation

169 .706

120

120 N / mm2
Case (ii) For l

Again from (a),

Tx

0, T y

240

Normal Stress =

, Tz 0
3
240 1

80.00 N / mm 2

Resultant Stress on the plane is

T
T

Tx
0

Ty

240

Tz

113.13 N / mm2
Shear Stress =

138 .56

80

113.13 N / mm2

8
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

Example 2.6
A body is subjected to three-dimensional forces and the state of stress at a point in it is
represented as

200
200

200
100

200

200

200
200

MPa

100

Determine the normal stress, shearing stress and resultant stress on the octahedral
plane.
Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are

3
200 MPa
x
100 MPa

100 MPa

Here

xy

yz

200 MPa

zx

Substituting the above in Cauchys formula, we get

Tx

200

1
3

200

1
3

200

1
3

346 .41 MPa

Ty

200

1
3

100

1
3

200

1
3

173 .20 MPa

Tz

200

1
3

200

1
3

100

1
3

173 .20 MPa

Normal stress on the plane is given by

Tx .l Ty .m Tz n

346 .41

173 .20

173 .20

400 MPa
Resultant Stress = T

Tx

Ty

346 .41
T

Tz
2

173 .20

173 .20

424 .26 MPa

Also, Tangential Stress =

424 .26
400
141 .41 MPa

9
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

Example 2.7
The state of stress at a point is given as follows:
x
xy

800 kPa,

400 kPa,

1200 kPa,

600 kPa,

zx

yz

400 kPa
500 kPa

Determine (a) the stresses on a plane whose normal has direction cosines l

1
,m
4

and (b) the normal and shearing stresses on that plane.

Solution: We have the relation,

l2
1
4

m2

n2

1
2

n2

11
4

(a) Using Cauchys formula,

Tx

800

1
4

1
2

400

Ty

400

1
4

1200

Tz

500

1
4

600

1
2

500

600

1
2

400

11
4

414 .60 kPa

11
4

202 .51 kPa

11
4

506 .66 kPa

(b) Normal stress,

Tx l T y m Tz n
= 414 .60

1
4

202 .51

1
2

11
4

506 .66

215 .20 kPa

Resultant Stress on the Plane = T

414 .60

202 .51

215 .20

506 .66

= 685.28 MPa
Shear Stress on the plane =

685 .28

10
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

1
2

Module2/Lesson3

= 650.61 kPa
Example 2.8
Given the state of stress at a point as below

100

80 0

90

60 0

kPa

0 40

Considering another set of coordinate axes, x y z in which z coincides with z and x

is rotated by 300 anticlockwise from x-axis, determine the stress components in the new
co-ordinates system.
Solution: The direction cosines for the transformation are given by

x
y
z

X
0.866
-0.5
0

y
0.5
0.866
0

z
0
0
1

Zz

y
0

30

X 30
x

Figure 2.22 Co-ordinate system

Now using equations 2.21(a), 2.21(b), 2.21(c), 2.21(d), 2.21(e) and 2.21(f), we get
x1

100 0.866

60 0.5

0 2 80 0.866 0.5 0 0

129.3 kPa

11
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

100 0.5
89.3 kPa

60 0.866

0 2 80

0.5 0.866

0 0

0 0 40 1
20 0 0
40 kPa
100 0.866 0.5 60 0.5 0.866

xy

0 80 0.866 0.866

0.5 0.5

0 0

29.3 kPa

xy

0 and

yz

zx

Therefore the state of stress in new co-ordinate system is

129 .3
29.3

29.3
89.3

0
0 (kPa)
40

Example 2.9
The stress tensor at a point is given by the following array

50

20 40

20
40

20

10 ( kPa )

10

30

Determine the stress-vectors on the plane whose unit normal has direction cosines

1
2

1 1
,
2 2

Solution: The stress vectors are given by

Tx

xy

xz

Ty

xy

Tz

xz

yz

yz

(a)

(b)

(c)

Substituting the stress components in (a), (b) and (c) we get

Tx
Ty
Tz

50

1
2
1
2

20
40

1
2

20

1
2
1
2

20
10

40

1
2

1
= 45 .35 kPa
2
1
= 0.858 kPa
2

10
30

1
= 48 .28 kPa
2

Now, Resultant Stress is given by

12
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

45.35 i 0.858 j 48.28k kPa

Example 2.10
The Stress tensor at a point is given by the following array

40 20 30
20 30 40 ( kPa )
30 40 20
Calculate the deviator and spherical stress tensors.
Solution: Mean Stress =

1
3

1
40 30 20
3
30 kPa
x

Deviator stress tensor =

xy

xy

xz

m
yz

yz
z

40 30

20

30

20

30 30

40

30

40

20 30

10 20
= 20 0
30 40
m

Spherical Stress tensor =

xz

0
0

30
40

kPa

10

0
m

0
0
m

30 0 0
= 0 30 0 kPa
0 0 30

13
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

Example 2.11
The Stress components at a point in a body are given by
x

3xy 2 z 2 x,

xy

5 xyz

3y

yz

x2 y

y2z

0
xz

3xy 2 z 2 xy

Determine whether these components of stress satisfy the equilibrium equations or not
as the point (1, -1, 2). If not then determine the suitable body force required at this
point so that these stress components are under equilibrium.
Solution: The equations of equilibrium are given by
xy

xy

xz

z
yz

yz

xz

(a)

(b)

(c)

Differentiating the stress components with respective axes, we get

x

3y 2 z

2,

xy

0,

xz

3xy 2

Substituting in (a), 3 y 2 z

2 0 3xy 2
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 11 which is not equal to zero
Similarly,
y

5xz

3,

yz

3xy 2

z
(ii) becomes 0 5xz 3 3xy 2

At point (1, -1, 2), we get 5 1 2 3 3 1 1 16 which is not equal to zero

And

y2,

yz

6 xyz

2 x,

y
Therefore (iii) becomes 3 y 2 z 2 y 6 xyz

xz

x
2x y 2

3y 2 z 2 y

14
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

At the point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 1 2

is not equal to zero.

6 1

2 2 1

1 = -5 which

Hence the given stress components does not satisfy the equilibrium equations.
Recalling (a), (b) and (c) with body forces, the equations can be modified as below.
xy

xy

z
y

xz

yz

yz

xz

Fx

(d)

Fy

(e)

Fz

(f)

Where Fx, Fy and Fz are the body forces.

Substituting the values in (d), (e) and (f), we get body forces so that the stress components
become under equilibrium.
Therefore,

3 1 2 2 3 1 1 Fx

Fx
11
Also, 5 1 2 3 3 1 1 Fy
Fy

16

and 3 1 2

Fz

2 ( 1) 6 1 ( 1) 2 2 1 ( 1) 2

Fz

The body force vector is given by

11i 16 j 5k

Example 2.12
The rectangular stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system
are as follows.
x

20 N / mm 2

xy

40 N / mm 2

y
yz

40 N / mm 2
60 N / mm 2

80 N / mm 2

zx

20 N / mm 2

Determine the principal stresses at the given point.

Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation

15
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3
3

I1

I2

I3

The three dimensional stresses can be expressed in the matrix form as below.
x

xy

xz

xy

yz

xz

yz

Here I1

20
40
20

= (20

40
40
60

20
60 N / mm 2
80

40 80)

= 60
2

I2

= 20( 40)
= -8000

xy

yz

zx

( 40)(80) 80(20) (40) 2

2

I3

yz

zx

xy

( 60) 2
xy

yz

(20) 2

xz

= 20(-40)(80)-(20)(-60) -(-40)(20) -80(40) +2(40)(-60)(20)

= -344000
Therefore Cubic equation becomes
3

60

8000

4 cos3

Now cos 3

3
cos
4

Or cos3

r cos

i.e.,

r cos

(a)

(b)

3 cos

1
cos 3
4

I1
3
60
3

r cos

Put

344000

20

Substituting in (a), we get

r cos

20

r cos

20

r 2 cos2

60 r cos
r cos

20

400 40 r cos

20

8000 r cos

60 r cos

r cos

20

20

20

344000

8000 r cos

60 r 2 cos2

0
20

344000

400 40 r cos

8000 r cos
160000 344000 0
3
r cos
9200 r cos
168000 0
3

16
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

1
9200 cos
r2

i.e., cos3

168000
r3

(c)

Hence equations (b) and (c) are identical if

9200
r2

3
4
9200 4
r
3
110 .755

cos 3
4

and

168000
r3
168000 4
= 0.495
3
110.755

cos 3
or

cos 3
3

0.495

119.65 or
2

80.10 and
r1 cos

39.90

1
3

159 .90

I1
3

110 .755 cos(39.9)

60
3

104.96 N / mm2
2

r2 cos

I1
3

110 .755 cos(80.1)

2
3

39.04 N / mm2
I1
r3 cos 3
3
110 .755 cos(159 .9)

60
3

60
3

84 N / mm 2

Example 2.13
At a point in a given material, the three dimensional state of stress is given by

17
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3
x

10 N / mm2 ,

20 N / mm2 and

xy

yz

zx

10 N / mm 2

Compute the principal planes if the corresponding principal stresses are

1

37.3N / mm 2 ,

10 N / mm 2 ,

2.7 N / mm 2

Solution: The principal planes can be obtained by their direction Cosines l, m and n
associated with each of the three principal stresses, 1 , 2 and 3 .
(a) To find Principal plane for Stress

10 37.3
20

20
(10 37.3)

10
10

10

10

(10 37.3)

Now,

27 .3

10

10

27.3

27.3
20

20
27.3

10
10

10

10

27.3

= 745.29-100

A = 645.29

20

10

10

27.3

( 546 100 )
B

646

20

27.3

10

10

= 200 + 270.3

C = 470.3
A2

B2

C2

645 .29

(646 ) 2

( 470 .3) 2

1027 .08

l1

m1

A
A

B
A2

B2

C2

645 .29
1027 .08

0.628

646
1027 .08

0.628

18
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

n1

A2

B2

470 .3
1027 .08

C2

0.458

(b) To find principal plane for Stress

10 10
20

20
(10 10)

10
10

10

10

(10 10)

20 10

10

20

400 100

20 10

10

20 20

10 10

A2

B2

l2
m2
n2

( 200

C2

10 10

20

300
300

200 ) 0
300

A
A2

B2
B

C2

A2

B2

C2

C
A2

20 20 10
20 20 10

(400 100 )

20

B2

C2

( 300 ) 2 (0) 2 424 .26

300
0.707
424 .26
300
0.707
424 .26

(c) To find principal plane for Stress

10 2.7
20

20
(10 2.7)

10
10

10

10

(10 2.7)

7.3 20 10
20 7.3 10
10

10

7.3

19
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module2/Lesson3

7.3 10

10

7.3

53.29 100

20 10
10 7.3

20 7.3

10
A2

l3

m3
n3

(146 100 )

C2

46.71

A
A2

B2

C2

B
A

C
A

46

(200 73) 127

10
B2

46.71

(46) 2

46.71
142 .92

46
142 .92
127
142 .92

(127 ) 2

142 .92

0.326

0.322
0.888

20
Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju