2017

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Power Electronics

Power Semiconductor Devices

T1 : Solution
The voltage equation for RL load is

E = Ri + L

di
dt

SCR

20

0.2 H

200 V

i=
0.1 =

E
R

t
1 e L

200
1 e 100t
20

e 100t = 0.99
t = 100.5 s
T2 : Solution

(c)
The equation of the straight line
y = mx + c
m = 83.33;
C = 66.64

VT = 0.8 + 0.12 ia
the load condition is a constant current of 80 A for one half cycle.
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ia

80 A
0

T
2

Voltage drop across thyristor is VT = 0.8 + (0.012 80) = 1.76 V

VT

1.76 V
0

T
2

t
T

Average on state powerloss in thyristor is

1 T/2
1.76 80 T
1 T/2
VT iadt = 0 1.76 80 dt =

0
T
2T
T
= 70.4 W
rms current rating of thyristor is,

Pav =

ITh,rms =

(80)2 T
= 56.57 A
2T

T3 : Solution
(d)
di
Vsmax

dt max = L

2 230
15 106

= 21.685 A/s

dv
di
= Rs
= 10 21.685

dt max
dt max

= 216.85 V/ sec

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Electrical Engineering Power Electronics

T4 : Solution
(d)
KVL in the loop is,
V + L

di
=0
dt

V= L
dt =

di
dt

L
di
V

Integrating on both sides,

dt

V di

0.1
4 103
100
t min = 4 s
The minimum width of the gating pulse required to properly turn on the SCR is 4 s.

t min =

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Controlled and
Uncontrolled Rectifiers

T1 : Solution
(b)
Average current rating of SCR,
0 36
=
= 12 A
3
3
Average power dissipated in each SCR
= ITA VT
= 12 1.4 = 16.8 W

I TA =

T2 : Solution
(b)
Average output voltage

V0 =

2Vm

cos =

2 2 230

cos 45 = 146.42 V

V0 146.42
=
= 14.642 A
R
10
reactive power input to the converter is

I0 =

Qi =

2Vm
0 sin

2 2 230

14.642 sin 45

Qi = 2143.92 VAr
=

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Electrical Engineering Power Electronics

T3 : Solution
VO
Vm
t

trr

trr

If reverse recovery time is taken into consideration, the diodes D1 and D2 will not be off at t = , but will
continue to conduct until

+ t rr

the reduction in output voltage is given by cross hatched area.

Average value of this reduction in output voltage is given by

t=

1 rr
Vm sin t d (t )
0

Vr =

Vm
(1 cos trr )

with zero reverse recovery time, average output voltage

Vr =

2Vm

2 2 230
=
= 207.07 V

for f = 2500 Hz, the reduction in the average output voltage,

V0 =

Vr =

Vm
(1 cos trr )

2 230
180
6
1 cos 2 2500 40 10
= 19.77 V

percentage reduction in average output voltage =

19.77
100 = 9.55%
207.07

T4 : Solution
(a)
+

io
Va
Vc

ia

T1

T5
L
o
a
d

ib

Vb

T4
ic

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T3

T6

V0

T2

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vs
vb

va

vc

va

Vm
0

60

90

180

120

360

VA = Vm sint
Phase A will get maximum voltage at t = 90. At this instant
V0 = VA VB
V0 = Vm sint Vm sin(t 120)
= Vm Vm sin(30)
[ t = 90]
V0 = 1.5 Vm
T5 : Solution
(a)
The average output voltage for continuous ripple free output current is,

V0(av) =

3 3 Vm
cos
2

Here Vm is peak value of supply phase voltage. We have

Vline(rms) = 440 V

Vph(rms) =

Vm =
=

V0(av) =

Vline 440
=
= 254.03 V
3
3
2 Vph (rms)

2 254 = 359.21V
3 3 359.21
cos30 = 257.26 V
2

Average output current,

I0(av) =

V0(av)
R

257.26
= 12.86 A
20

T6 : Solution
The half-wave diode rectifier uses a step-up transformer therefore, ac voltage applied to rectifier
= 230 460 V = Vs
Average value of load voltage

V0 =

Output dc power,

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Pdc =

Vm

2 460

= 207.04 V

Vo2 207.042
=
= 714.43 W
60
R
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Electrical Engineering Power Electronics

It is seen from the table that TUF for 1-phase half-wave diode rectifier is 0.2865.

VA rating of transformer =

Pdc
714.43
=
= 2493.65 VA
TUF 0.2865

So choose a transformer with 2.5 kVA (next round figure) rating.

T7 : Solution
(b)
Y
+
R

The currents are divided into R and YB winding.

Current through,

R=

Current through,

BY =

Current through primary,

I0 2 R

3R

I0 R

3R

2 I0
3

I0

Ip = KIs
IR
2K/3
K/3
0

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Inverters

T1 : Solution
[Ans. : (a)]
T2 : Solution
The rms value of load current,
I 01 =

230
[22 + (8 6)2 ]

= 81.31 A

phase angle,
X XC
1 = tan1 L
= 45

for R = 2 , XL = 8 and XC = 6 , the fundamental component of load current lags the output voltage by
45,
i0
1

T1 =

3
4 (I
m
0

sin t )2 d (t )

1
3 2
4

Im
sin 2t
t

2 0
2

= 0.47675 Im
= 0.47675 2 81.317
= 54.82 A
=

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iD

iT1
0

4
D1,
D2

t
D3,
D4

T1,T2
Im

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Electrical Engineering Power Electronics

10

T3 : Solution
(d)

V03 =

4 Vs
4 230
sin3(t ) =
sin3(t ) = 97.6150 sin (942.47t)
3
3

Z3 = R + j 3 L

3 C
1

= 4 + j 3 2 50 35 103

3 2 50 155 10

= 4 + j(32.986 6.8453)
=

42 + (26.1407)2

Z3 = 26.44
I0 =

97.6150
1

= 2.61 A
26.44
2

T4 : Solution
(a)

The load voltage waveform 0 and its fundamental component 01.

Rms value of load voltage,

Rms value of current,

V01 =

4Vs 4 230
=
= 207.1 V
2
2

I 01 =

V01
Z1

V01

2 1/ 2

2
1
R + L

207.1
2 1/ 2

12 + (1)

207.1
2

= 146.46 A

XL XC
= tan1(1) = 45
R
The fundamental component of current i 01 as a function of time is
1
1 = tan

i 01 =
=

2 I01 sin(t 1)
2

207.1
sin(t 45) = 207.1sin(t + 45)
2

Load current i 01 and source current is and the conducting components are also indicated.

(b)

Power delivered to load =

2
I 01
R

207.1
=
1 = 21.445 kW
2

This must be equal to the power Ps delivered by the source

Ps = Vs Is watts
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11

Workbook
where Is = average value of the fundamental component of source current
=

(c)

2 I 01 sin(t + 45) d (t )

207.1

207.1
cos(t + 45) = [2cos45] = 93.23 A

Ps = 230 93.23 = 21.443 kW

Figure reveals that T 1 is negative for some time before T 3, T 4 are triggered. Thus circuit turn-off time can
be obtained from
or

tc =

tc =

4
1 T
= 0.125 ms = 125 s
4 2

As voltage drop in diodes D1, D2 reverse biases T1, T2 for 125 s, which is more than the thyristor turn-off
time of 100 s, no forced commutation is required.
T5 : Solution
(a)

Here Vs = 220 V, f = 50 Hz; R = 6 , L = 30 mH and C = 180 F

XL = 2 50 30 103 = 9.425 and X C =

106
= 17.684
2 50 180

17.684

Z n = 62 + 9.425 n

1/ 2

and n = tan

9.425n

17.684
n

(a) Rms value of output voltage, Vor = Vs = 220 V

Rms value of fundamental component of output voltage,

V01 =

4 + 220
= 198.07 V
2

Rms value of all harmonic voltages, Voh =

THD =

Distortion factor,
(b)

2
Vor2 V01
=

2202 198.072 = 95.751 V

Voh
95.751
=
= 0.4834 or 48.34%
V01 198.07
V01 198.07
=
= 0.9
Vor
220

Fundamental component of load current,

I01 =

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V01
Z1

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Electrical Engineering Power Electronics

12

and

I01 =

198.07
2

[6 + (9.425 17.684)2 ]1/ 2

9.425 17.684
1 = tan1
= 54
6

I03 =

V03
4 220
1
=

= 2.849 A
Z3
2 1/ 2
3 2
17.684

2
6 + 9.425 3

and

3 = tan

I05 =

9.425 3
6

17.684
3 = 75

V05
4 220
1
=

= 0.9 A
2 1/ 2
Z5
5 2
17.684

2
6 + 9.425 5

and

= 19.403 A

5 = tan

9.425 5
6

17.684
5 = 82.16

Similarly,
I07 = 0.444 A and 7 = 84.6
Therefore, load current expression in Fourier series is
i 0(t) =

2[19.403 sin(t + 54 )] + 2.849 sin(3t 75)

+ 0.9 sin(t 82.16 + 0.444 sin(7t 84.6) + ...]

= 27.44sin(t + 54) + 4.03sin(3t 75)

+ 1.273 sin(5t 82.16) + 0.628 sin(7t 84.6) + ....

(c)

Fundamental rms load current, I01 = 19.403 A

Peak load current,
Im = [27.442 + 4.032 + 1.2732 + 0.6282] 1/2
= 27.77 A
Rms value of harmonic load current,
1/ 2

Ioh

Im2 + Im2
1
=

THD =

Rms load current,

Distortion factor,

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Ior =

1/ 2

27.772 27.442
=

= 3.0182 A

Ioh
3.0182
=
= 0.1555 or 15.55%
I 01 19.403

Im

27.77
= 19.64 A
2

I 01 19.403
=
= 0.988
Ior
19.64
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(d)

Load power,

2
P0 = Ior
R = 19.642 6 = 2314.4 W

Average value of source current =

(e)

Po
2314.4
=
= 10.52 A
220
Vs

Expression for fundamental component of load current, i01 = 27.44 sin(t + 54). It shows that current leads
the voltage by 54.
Conduction time of each transistor = (180 54)

Conduction time of each diode =

(f)

13

= 7.0 ms
180 2 50

1
1
7.0 103 =
7 103 = 3 ms
2f
100

Peak transistor current, Ip = I01m = 27.44 A

Since each transistor conducts for 126 for every 360 or output cycle, rms value of transistor current,
IT 1 =

I01m
sin252

126 180
= 0.46135 I 01m
2
2

= 0.46135 27.44 = 12.66 A

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Choppers

T1 : Solution
(a)
Given chopper is a buck chopper so,

V0 = Vs

VT
I = 0 OFF
L
I = 2IL = 2 I0
This is applicable only at boundary of continuous and
discontinuous condition

I0

IL

Imax
I

Imin
t

Vs (1 )
LC =
2 0f

T2 : Solution
1 + 2 12 + 16
=
= 14 A
2
2

Average load current,

I0 =

Average load voltage,

V0 = I 0R = 14 10 = 140 V
V0 = Vs
TON
V
140
= 0 =
= 0.7
= T +T
Vs
200
ON
OFF

Duty cycle,

0.3 TON = 0.7 TOFF

0.7
TON
= 2.33
=
0.3
TOFF

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15

T3 : Solution
Circuit turnoff time,

tc =

CVs
0

8 10 6 250
= 1 10 4 s
20

Maximum value of duty cycle,

max = (1 2ft c )
= (1 2 250 1 104)
max = 0.95
maximum load or output voltage,
V0, max = Vs[max + 2ft c ]
4
= 250 0.95 + (2 250 1 10 )

V0, max = 250 V

T4 : Solution
(a)
The circuit shown in the figure is a step down chopper therefore, average output voltage, V0 = Vs

V0 = 0.8 100 = 80 V
I0 =

V0 80
=
= 10 A
R
8

(output current is ripple free)

At t = 0, capacitor is charged upto Vs with right plate positive. Now, TA is turned on immediately after TA is
on, capacitor voltage Vs applies a reverse voltage across Tm and Tm is turned off.
VTm = Vc Capacitor voltage

So

Maximum allowable reapplied dV/dT on Tm is 50 V/s

dVTm
dVc
= 50 V/s
=
dt
dt
dV
C c = I0
dt

(i)

From equation (i),

V
C 50 = 10 C = 0.2 s
s

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Resonant Converters and

Power Electronics Applications
(Drives & SMPS)

5
T1 : Solution

(c)
The fundamental rms value of output voltage is

V0, rms = Vph sin = 200 sin = 165.4 V

3

m
option c is,

300 3
V = 165.4 V

T2 : Solution
(b)
Peak value of output voltage for a 6 pulse converter is
m

2 Vl sin =

m

Vd0 =

6

2 400 sin

6

Reduction in voltage due to source inductance, for a 6 pulse converter is

Peak value of output voltage,

3 Ls
I0

3 2 50 1.2 10
40
V0, max = 2 400 sin30

V0, max = 525.789 V

Rms value of voltage =

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525.789
= 371.788 V
2

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17

T3 : Solution
(b)
n
=
n+m

k =

Input p.f. =

Im =

8
= 0.75 lagging
8+6

230 2
= 21.68 A
15

Average value of thyristor current,

ITA =

k Im
0.57 21.68
=
= 3.93 A

T4 : Solution
(a)
Minimum braking speed is
min =

Ia ra 300 0.2
=
= 50 rad/s or 477.46 rpm
Km
1.2

Maximum braking speed is

max =

Vs + Ia ra 400 + 300 0.2

= 383.33 rad/s or 3660.56 rpm
=
Km
1.2

T5 : Solution
At t = 0, steady state exists and therefore, generated torque = load torque
Te = TL
In general, the dynamic equation for the motor load combination is
generated torque = inertia torque + friction torque + load torque

Te = J

d m
+ D m + TL
dt

As friction torque is zero,

D m = 0
The differential equation, governing the speed of the drive at t > 0,
d m
+ TL
dt
d m
+ 40
100 = 0.01
dt
d m
= 6000
dt
d m
dt =
6000

Te = J

Its integration gives,

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t=

m
+A
6000

...(i)

...(ii)

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Electrical Engineering Power Electronics

18

Initial speed at t = 0+ remains 500 rpm. Therefore,

2 500 100
rad/sec
=
60
6
Substituting this value in equation (ii),

m0 =

0=

1
100

+ A or A =
360
6000
6

t=

6000 360

m =

Final speed,

2 1000 200
=
rad/sec
60
6

200

=
sec = 0.0873 sec
6000 6 360 360
Time taken for the speed to reach 1000 rpm = 0.0873 sec.

t=

T6 : Solution
under rated operating conditions of the separately excited dc motor,

Vt = E a + ara = km m + Ia ra
220 = km
motor constant,

km =

2 1500
+ 10 1 = 50 km + 10
60

220 10
= 1.337 V-s/rad
50

for a torque of 5 Nm, motor armature current,

5
= 3.74 A
1.337
The equation giving the operation of converter motor is
V0 = Vt = Ea + Ia ra

Ia =

2 Vm
cos = km m + Ia ra

2 2 230

cos 30 = 1.337 m + 3.74 1

m = 131.33 rad/sec
2 N
= 131.33 rad/sec
60
N = 1254 rpm

T6 : Solution
[Ans. : (a)]
T6 : Solution
[Ans. : (c)]

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