REFERENCE MANUAL

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

The temperature of a substance or medium is a phenomenon expressing its

degree of hotness or coldness, and is related with reference to its power of communicat-

ing heat to the surroundings. It is one of the fundamental parameters, denoting a

physical condition of matter, similar to mass, length, and time.However, temperature

denotes basically an intensive property of the matter. It is a measure of the mean kinetic

energy of the molecules of the substance and represents the potential of heat flow.This

phenomenon is not measurable by use of the basic standards for direct comparision

purposes.

When a body is heated or cooled, various primary effects can result,and one of

these effects can be employed for measurement purposes.

These include:(a) change in the physical or chemical state

(b) change in physical dimensions

(c) variations in electri cal properties

(d) generation of an emf at the junction of two dissimilar metals, and

(e) change in the intensity of the total radiation emitted.

Measurement of temperature by measuring variation in electrical properties

(electrical methods ) is the most accurate & convenient way.

Electrical methods include

1) Change in Resistance

a) RTD Sensor
b) Thermistors

2) Generation of thrmo emf. (Thermocouple)

3) Measuring energy radiation from a hot body by optical method.

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 REFERENCE MANUAL

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING RTD

Metalic materials are basically structured molecules having free electrons.

These free electrons in metal gives rise to conductivity to metals. When heated these

free electrons collide with each other & lattice structure creating resistance to free

motion of electrons & hence resistance of metal increases with increrase in temp.

The range of temp over which this phenomenom occurs depends on temp.

coefficient of resistance,chemical innertness & its crystal structure. In general the resis-

tivity of materail increases with increase in temp (positive coefficient of temp).

Where as in other type of material (some seconducting materials) resistance decrease

with increase in temp.

Temeperature measurement using resistance thermometry is most accurate having

good repeatability & hence reliable. We can achive an accuracy of 0.0001k. Where as at

high temp. accuracy is about 0.01K & In the range of 1200 K accuracy is 0.1K.

Major disadvantage is its large size requirement of sophisticated instrumentation.

Within small range of temp , temp-coefficient is constant & resistance at temp. T is

given by
Rt = Ro [1 + (T -To) ]

= Ro (1 + t)

Where Ro = Resistance at temp To

= Temp coefficient of material

t = Temp differance (T - To )

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R2 - R1
Temp. Coefficient , = ---------------------
R1 T2 - R2 T1

Where R1 & R2 are resistance at temp. T1 & T2 respectively , depends on

material, its purity & heat treatment.

Among the base material, copper has highest temp. Coefficient & good linearity

& its resistivity is low & hence rarely used for this purpose .Temp. sensors made from

Nickel are good for temp range 1000 to 4500 K. Platinum resistance element is the best

element as it gives very good accuracy and reproducibility. It is used as international

standard for temp. measurement.

For pure, strain free annealed platinum , equation for temp is given by

callenders equation.

1 Rt t
t = ------ [ ------- - 1 ] + [ --------- - 1]
Ro R100

Where t is temp in oC , Ro , Rt and R100 are resistance values at respective

temperature for platinum.

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 REFERENCE MANUAL

CALLIBRATION :

1. Make power on to the unit.

2. Connect 100 ohm resistance at point A (Junction of resistance R1 and R2 ).

3. Adjust zero adjust potmeter to read 0 on DPM.

4. Connect 138.5 ohm resistance at point A (Junction of resistance R1 and R2 ).

5. Adjust gain adjust pot meter to read 100 on DPM.

6. Repeat step 2 to 5 till we get optimum settings of zero adjust and gain adjust
potmeter.

MESUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING RTD :

1. Plug in RTD pin ,in RTD socket.

Connect RTD at point A (Junction of resistance R1 and R2 ).

2. Put the RTD sensor & mercury themometer in water bath.

3. Connect water heater power cord (A.C.mains power for heater) to the output

socket of control realy circult . (provided on right side of the trainer unit.)

4. Fill the water bath 3/4th by water ( Water must be above heater coil).

5. Make power on to the unit.

6. Place TEMP / SP selector swith on set point position (S P)and adjust set point to

400 C by adjusting set point potmeter.

7. Change the selector switch to TEMP position.

8. Note the temp.of mercury thermometer and that read by DPM.

Also note the output voltage at the output of opamp A2 (Vout).

(Set point must be above the actual temp. of water to observe control action.)

Tabulate the result.

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 REFERENCE MANUAL

S. No. Temperature DPM Reading Vout

( 0C ) ( Volt)

Plot the graph of temp. against DPM reading and Vout.

Vout

Temp 0C

9. Note that heater supply remains on till temp. of water is lower than the set point

temp. The moment water temp . crosses the set point (higher side) heater

supply is switched OFF. (Heater supply is indicated by LED on the panel).

Although heater supply is switched off , still water temp will rise above set point

due to stored heat energy of heater. Then slowly water cools down & moment it

crosses the set point (lower side) heater supply will again switched ON.

R1= 6.8K R2= 8.2K R3= 10K R4= 10K R5= 22K
R6= 10K R7= 10K R8= 47K
P1 = 5k P2= 500 OHM P3= 1K
C1=0.1 uF C2= 0.1 uF C3= 10 uF C4= 10 uF
A1,A2,A3, A4 = Quad OPAmp LM324
V+ = + 5V V- = -5 V

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RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OF RTD :

1. Put the RTD and thermometer in water bath.

2. Make water heater ON.

3. Note the temp. of water bath by mercury thermometer and resistance of RTD

between upper tip and middle contact of jack pin of RTD.

Measure resistance at different temperature at an interval of 50 C and tabulate

the result.

Plot the graph of temperature against resistance of RTD.

S.No. Temperature Resistance

Resistance
(ohm)

Temp 0C
Graph of resistance of RTD against temp. in degree C. is straight line .

From the slope of the graph calculate the value of Resistance temp. Coefficient

for a given RTD.

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 REFERENCE MANUAL

TWO POSITION CONTROLLER MODE

( ON-OFF CONTROL )
The most elementary controller mode is the ON - OFF or two position mode.

This is an example of a discontinuous mode. It is the simplest and the cheapest, and

often suffices when its disadvantages are tolerable. Although an analytic equation

cannot be written , we can , in general, write

P= 0% e< 0
P= 100% e > 0

This relation show that when the measured value is less than the setpoint, full controller

output results. When it is morer than the setpoint, the controller output is zero. A space

heater is a common example. If the temperature drops below a setpoint, the heater is

turned ON. If above the setpoint, it turns OFF.

NEUTRAL ZONE :

In virtually any practical implementation of the two-position controller, there is an

overlap as e increases through zero or decreases through zero. In this span, no

change in controller output occurs. This is best shown in figure, which plots P versus e

for a two position controller. We see that until an increasing error changes by e

above zero, the controller output will not change state . In decreasing , it must fall e

below zero before the controller changes to the 0% rating. The range 2 e , which

is reffered to as the neutral zone or differential gap, is often purposely designed above

a certain minimum quantity to prevent excessive cycling. The existence of such a

neutral zone is an example of desirable hysteresis in a system.

P (%)
Controller output

100
Neutral
zone
0

e 0 + e error %

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 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING RTD
C5

+ 5V
R5

R1
V+
R2 V+ _ V OUT
A
_ R3 A2
R4
A1 +

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C1 + V-
V- C3 C4

V+ C2
RTD 230 V AC
TEMP
q

q
P1 R6 V+ q
P2 SP _
POWER
V+ R8 R7 A3 CONTROL
+ RELAY
ZERO GAIN SP V-
ADJUST ADJUST ADJUST
q
q

P3
POWER OUTPUT TO
REFERENCE MANUAL

HEATER

INSTRUMENTATION TUTO R
SIGNAL CONDITIONER AND AMPLIFIER
CONTROLLER