H.

B *$ B ffi*ift Lesson

Organs of Speech -. Aif Conversation

l. ttr upper lip

2. iffi upper teeth
3. *ffi teethridge
4. fFHhard palate
5.WE? soft palate
6. zJrfr uvula
7. ltr lower lip A: Ni hlo!
_n.&
B. lower teeth
e. *+ tip of tongue th, *T t
10.f;ffi blade of tongue Ni hlo!
Il.*fR back of tongue tR +Tt
12. Fffi vocal cords
13. g& nasal cavity
:. tiil&;L+ New Words and Chinese Characters

l. ni (K) lh you (s.)

2" hio (M>' *t good, well

3. vi (ffi) 4 one

4. wi (tr) L five

5. ba (&) z\ eight
18
 (r ri he, she When a syllable is pronounced in different tones, it has dif-
bir not, no ferent meanings, e.g.
,llr ma mA
big m6 mir
9 yu fish da d6 dn de

=. H}
-.:
I'lnals ttffi Notes
^,
aoe iuii 1." F&fi#e Initials and finals
ai ei ao ou &iF FrEist & s#a'mFtffi " *fi ;r * H!
w.EfrF effi gg

f,fi FftFe, SA*[i'&E" #r19fr ni, Htr n EF&, i E

rs. Fq ln!tials l,!9"
bp mf rl,ftxig 21+F&, s8+g8. FEfftft H *+ffi fr
fi!. Bl$'fiiE$7rg, F'iFBbE, in i; fi'HlEAztr, Fq =
dt nl
gk h
F-{-tE, fr.,aor 'ffi-gr[tr"ffig, Fqe*5, ft] an"
According to traditional Chinese phonology, a syliable
in Chinese is generally made up of an initial and a final. The ini-
i[. F-iFil Tones
tial the consonantal beginning of a syllable, and the final is
is"

' ()r ri- the part of the syllable excluding the initial. For example, in
IEJ
ni. n ig the initial, and I is the final.
4+H 1st tone There are 2l initials and 38 finals in Chinese. All the ini-
2nd tone fials are consonants except for the zero initial(i.e. no initial)
t{r e"g. ctn, and all the finals consist of a vowel (either siraple or
3
ird tone
compound) vowel, or a vowel plus a nasal consonant. The
2 '1lift 4th tone simple vowel is called a simple final, e.g. i; the compound vowel
is called a compound final, e.g. ao; and the vowel plus a nasal
I lre consonant is called a nasal final, e.g. an.
2. -BHe a o e i u ii Simple finals a, o, e, i,u, i) ...
,l;iltJi;i,H:13 Figure showing the four toncs
a fiatr&.)<, {il&iR, E4El"
i;t6t4,["1, .tiX4la] " ffill1 a is produced by lowering the tongue, with the mouth wide-
2
 (r ri he, she When a syllable is pronounced in different tones, it has dif-
bir not, no ferent meanings, e.g.
,llr ma mA
big m6 mir
9 yu fish da d6 dn de

=. H}
-.:
I'lnals ttffi Notes
^,
aoe iuii 1." F&fi#e Initials and finals
ai ei ao ou &iF FrEist & s#a'mFtffi " *fi ;r * H!
w.EfrF effi gg

f,fi FftFe, SA*[i'&E" #r19fr ni, Htr n EF&, i E

rs. Fq ln!tials l,!9"
bp mf rl,ftxig 21+F&, s8+g8. FEfftft H *+ffi fr
fi!. Bl$'fiiE$7rg, F'iFBbE, in i; fi'HlEAztr, Fq =
dt nl
gk h
F-{-tE, fr.,aor 'ffi-gr[tr"ffig, Fqe*5, ft] an"
According to traditional Chinese phonology, a syliable
in Chinese is generally made up of an initial and a final. The ini-
i[. F-iFil Tones
tial the consonantal beginning of a syllable, and the final is
is"

' ()r ri- the part of the syllable excluding the initial. For example, in
IEJ
ni. n ig the initial, and I is the final.
4+H 1st tone There are 2l initials and 38 finals in Chinese. All the ini-
2nd tone fials are consonants except for the zero initial(i.e. no initial)
t{r e"g. ctn, and all the finals consist of a vowel (either siraple or
3
ird tone
compound) vowel, or a vowel plus a nasal consonant. The
2 '1lift 4th tone simple vowel is called a simple final, e.g. i; the compound vowel
is called a compound final, e.g. ao; and the vowel plus a nasal
I lre consonant is called a nasal final, e.g. an.
2. -BHe a o e i u ii Simple finals a, o, e, i,u, i) ...
,l;iltJi;i,H:13 Figure showing the four toncs
a fiatr&.)<, {il&iR, E4El"
i;t6t4,["1, .tiX4la] " ffill1 a is produced by lowering the tongue, with the mouth wide-
2
open ancl the lips unrounded. tongue towards the hard palate with the lips rounded. tt is
o 1T-Wl'+,$f, Gf')_.y6_ {H,E, EE" the corresponding lip-rounded sound to i [i].
o is produced by keeping the tongue in a half raised posi- 3. H.*re ai ei ao ou Compound finals ai, ei , ao, ott
tion with thc back of the tongue towards the soft palate. The
ai F.F_#IE ai r,i, *tI,!\. a f,i i iBA, il,rFiri! a gPAi+
mouth is half-open. and the lips are rounded
c {n,&4'S, fifn-$6. ,fJ'i,tr, Fr:*48n.
liilurt4.H, iFffih! i ,FA1+Erfnffi"
c is produced by keeping the tonglle in a half raised posi- ai is produced by starting from a and then gliding towards
tion with thc back of the tongue towards the soft palatc. The i. c is pronounced longer, louder ancl clearer, and i shorter and
mouth is half-open, and the lips arc unrounded. weaker.
i tFnJtfi,l', 44hl,F, '6,fiE. .tFidf. ei ao ou EE'{frfR ai *f$, fr'l--tng-4Ai:i iisiirjrt61
I is produced by raising the front blade o1'the tongue to- .jT, tr--fng*a?+Kmffi.
wards the hard palate, witir the mouth a little open and the lips
Similarly, the first constituent of ei, ao and ou is also pro-
flat.
nouncecl longer, louder and clearer tltan thc second one.
u fl-nliFzj., ,triftW, -F.[ifr, ,ffi,tr.
u is produced by keeping the back of the tongue towards 4. XF1i5-{[;6fiaiE- Aspirated and unaspirated con-
the soft palate with the mouth slightly open, and the lips as sonants.

rounded as possible. ii"iil b p fn a t Emt[fEx,I]tuffi 4iriri*fnil;r1;5""

ii E{nE. .l;iij, ft5 itil fFx,fF(1trtr9". qrtjl fi! i4.tfi$ E-ti B*iJ tnfi+-t+, Rft#.'k p r ht=tutr,*
rJ is produced by raising the fiont of rhe blade of the b,pXi*frHK
rilyl
itil

ulul
oloj

(i)dt?; (2)HE (3)HF

OIAI
Lip-position Holding brcath Relcasing breath
open ancl the lips unrounded. tongue towards the hard palate with the lips rounded. tt is
o 1T-Wl'+,$f, Gf')_.y6_ {H,E, EE" the corresponding lip-rounded sound to i [i].
o is produced by keeping the tongue in a half raised posi- 3. H.*re ai ei ao ou Compound finals ai, ei , ao, ott
tion with thc back of the tongue towards the soft palate. The
ai F.F_#IE ai r,i, *tI,!\. a f,i i iBA, il,rFiri! a gPAi+
mouth is half-open. and the lips are rounded
c {n,&4'S, fifn-$6. ,fJ'i,tr, Fr:*48n.
liilurt4.H, iFffih! i ,FA1+Erfnffi"
c is produced by keeping the tonglle in a half raised posi- ai is produced by starting from a and then gliding towards
tion with thc back of the tongue towards the soft palatc. The i. c is pronounced longer, louder ancl clearer, and i shorter and
mouth is half-open, and the lips arc unrounded. weaker.
i tFnJtfi,l', 44hl,F, '6,fiE. .tFidf. ei ao ou EE'{frfR ai *f$, fr'l--tng-4Ai:i iisiirjrt61
I is produced by raising the front blade o1'the tongue to- .jT, tr--fng*a?+Kmffi.
wards the hard palate, witir the mouth a little open and the lips
Similarly, the first constituent of ei, ao and ou is also pro-
flat.
nouncecl longer, louder and clearer tltan thc second one.
u fl-nliFzj., ,triftW, -F.[ifr, ,ffi,tr.
u is produced by keeping the back of the tongue towards 4. XF1i5-{[;6fiaiE- Aspirated and unaspirated con-
the soft palate with the mouth slightly open, and the lips as sonants.

rounded as possible. ii"iil b p fn a t Emt[fEx,I]tuffi 4iriri*fnil;r1;5""

ii E{nE. .l;iij, ft5 itil fFx,fF(1trtr9". qrtjl fi! i4.tfi$ E-ti B*iJ tnfi+-t+, Rft#.'k p r ht=tutr,*
rJ is produced by raising the fiont of rhe blade of the b,pXi*frHK
rilyl
itil

ulul
oloj

(i)dt?; (2)HE (3)HF

OIAI
Lip-position Holding brcath Relcasing breath
*-...:
\

d.tE*frH-Kl

( 1) /&a (2)# (3)Htr g"k tr-ErrHfl

Lip-position Holding breate Releasing breath

jllJ:rritH, {,stJt "&E1o=-o " fr. b d B'}, EffiffiFfrx#" 6

i( r.i, tt, )t " 4#.q-i+", tr6 4+.rlrHEBfil-Tiff'ft B"
p,{

The initials b p are a pair of bilabial voiceless plosives

and
which have the sarne place of articulation. The only difference
is that 1., is unaspirated while pr is aspirated. d and / areanother
pair of bilabial voiceless plosives in which the first isunaspirated
while the latter is aspirated. We shall later study several pairs ( 1) tE& (2)#,i (3) iiH
of initials af this kind. l-ip-position Holding bteath Relcasing breath
h
*-...:
\

d.tE*frH-Kl

( 1) /&a (2)# (3)Htr g"k tr-ErrHfl

Lip-position Holding breate Releasing breath

jllJ:rritH, {,stJt "&E1o=-o " fr. b d B'}, EffiffiFfrx#" 6

i( r.i, tt, )t " 4#.q-i+", tr6 4+.rlrHEBfil-Tiff'ft B"
p,{

The initials b p are a pair of bilabial voiceless plosives

and
which have the sarne place of articulation. The only difference
is that 1., is unaspirated while pr is aspirated. d and / areanother
pair of bilabial voiceless plosives in which the first isunaspirated
while the latter is aspirated. We shall later study several pairs ( 1) tE& (2)#,i (3) iiH
of initials af this kind. l-ip-position Holding bteath Relcasing breath
h
 5. fi'la rones Standing alone as a syllable, i is written as yi, u as pu and
fr as yu.
JLHi-s*',zq+lsaFiE, t f|jffi F tffitri-+ " " ( H-
F). 4,72 (H_--F). 4'" (F,=F). o."(ffi[\j?)
7. /ir,fr

Xfr z\ F iE 4i Inl, * iri Fr! FX4 ld&Jin, yi ( * ), yi ( lL ) " "ffFft" EIXiEtrHH 6!l'l,f4iF, Ft . ++. BA,*L' i[,EHn
" "
tffiEUffi. trltBqE#&i.H, "VF*T-' "
* -+915R.-tzc?" B.f , iF tn?tE trEtcgt. 7r g'
6*T is a common greeting in Chinese used upon meeting
l'1fih't, 4',F1S i-Lfi!.F.. {ijin, ni. *+g15in.Ete[
somebody in the morning, in the afternoon or i'n the evening.
ffi+DJt ffi ti r'j, F Vtlfl?Wti&f n,q& rj! lt g t. &jj
The answer expected is also .f,fiff .
!9, h6o. ^
8. t(+ Chinese characters
Beijing dialect has four basic tones, usually numbered as
tR+EeiEfiq+f+ +" -.+fii'Ft-+in +. /x+ft H
lst,2nd,3rd and 4th tones. representcd rcspectively by -, , s
I*4 trltEFlH!, ,r+ filEA lel]+4'& " # +E rqi rnfi ,* {+
'and When a syllable is pronounced in different tones, it
has different meanings, e.g. yi (-- one), y\ (L, hundred mil- Fi*,t,
lion).
fl t-vfn E f{i4. fflZ i&S q " q}I+ FtrH mE6ft ,
+,ffi'R&EJ8,
When a syllable contains only a.single vowel, the tone-graph The Chinese characters are the written symbols of the Chi-
is placed above it" When a tone-graph is placed above the nese language. Usually, one character stands for one syllable, and
vowel l. the dot over it is omitted, e.g. ni + - ni. When the it is composed of several basic strokes. The number of possible
final is a compound vowel (a diphthong or a triphthong), the tone- basic strokes is in fact quite small. The basic characters, i.e.
graph is placed above the main element of the compound vowcl characters that cannot be broken down, are made up of basic
(namely the one pronounced loud with the mouth wide open), strokes, and the compound characters are made up of basic
e.g. hio. characters or fixed contponents. All characters should be
6. #5flflil Spelling rules written so as to fit into equal-sized squares no matter how
i Hfi"s15n'.tqFt yi" many strokes they have. The characters should be written in
u HF[1tF.t5fi wu. the proper stroke order, and their structure should be compact
ii HFlgitn'.itrL yu. and well-balanced.

B
 5. fi'la rones Standing alone as a syllable, i is written as yi, u as pu and
fr as yu.
JLHi-s*',zq+lsaFiE, t f|jffi F tffitri-+ " " ( H-
F). 4,72 (H_--F). 4'" (F,=F). o."(ffi[\j?)
7. /ir,fr

Xfr z\ F iE 4i Inl, * iri Fr! FX4 ld&Jin, yi ( * ), yi ( lL ) " "ffFft" EIXiEtrHH 6!l'l,f4iF, Ft . ++. BA,*L' i[,EHn
" "
tffiEUffi. trltBqE#&i.H, "VF*T-' "
* -+915R.-tzc?" B.f , iF tn?tE trEtcgt. 7r g'
6*T is a common greeting in Chinese used upon meeting
l'1fih't, 4',F1S i-Lfi!.F.. {ijin, ni. *+g15in.Ete[
somebody in the morning, in the afternoon or i'n the evening.
ffi+DJt ffi ti r'j, F Vtlfl?Wti&f n,q& rj! lt g t. &jj
The answer expected is also .f,fiff .
!9, h6o. ^
8. t(+ Chinese characters
Beijing dialect has four basic tones, usually numbered as
tR+EeiEfiq+f+ +" -.+fii'Ft-+in +. /x+ft H
lst,2nd,3rd and 4th tones. representcd rcspectively by -, , s
I*4 trltEFlH!, ,r+ filEA lel]+4'& " # +E rqi rnfi ,* {+
'and When a syllable is pronounced in different tones, it
has different meanings, e.g. yi (-- one), y\ (L, hundred mil- Fi*,t,
lion).
fl t-vfn E f{i4. fflZ i&S q " q}I+ FtrH mE6ft ,
+,ffi'R&EJ8,
When a syllable contains only a.single vowel, the tone-graph The Chinese characters are the written symbols of the Chi-
is placed above it" When a tone-graph is placed above the nese language. Usually, one character stands for one syllable, and
vowel l. the dot over it is omitted, e.g. ni + - ni. When the it is composed of several basic strokes. The number of possible
final is a compound vowel (a diphthong or a triphthong), the tone- basic strokes is in fact quite small. The basic characters, i.e.
graph is placed above the main element of the compound vowcl characters that cannot be broken down, are made up of basic
(namely the one pronounced loud with the mouth wide open), strokes, and the compound characters are made up of basic
e.g. hio. characters or fixed contponents. All characters should be
6. #5flflil Spelling rules written so as to fit into equal-sized squares no matter how
i Hfi"s15n'.tqFt yi" many strokes they have. The characters should be written in
u HF[1tF.t5fi wu. the proper stroke order, and their structure should be compact
ii HFlgitn'.itrL yu. and well-balanced.

B
 !(+$SzFSq Basic Strokes of
Chinese Characters
n+mi[{tJ Rules of Stroke-order of
Chinese Characters

sm &fr trtrrtu 6t+

Directions of
Strokes Na.me Examples
strokes

d
diln
\ K {n tr ftffitrs
& --)
h6ng
t[*
r'
sht
I
^fr&
T" 4# $i
"h6ng" precedes "sbt)"

ttr, lft E W

)
#oiE
) ,\frfr "pi6." precedes "nll"

,^. -L^ FJ T
J*
ni
r'\ *. t+ ootlom
1TlT,t"
/
J9
,aDq-

ti
/ rK&# A[ EgJfr
4 lx+h
h&rgg6u
'-'it
MM+ from left to right

F+4 l/. ,F 4)J ft

I shtg6u I ffi *f alo
from outside to inside
*t+q \ d.&K
\ xi&ou itE:ktrffEr
-l fftrrr -l &[?q inside precedes the sealing stroke
hnszh6
FJf- fitrIH]8ffiil
L shtzh6
L ft- -u ffi I ,l ,J' middle precedes the two sides

l0
 !(+$SzFSq Basic Strokes of
Chinese Characters
n+mi[{tJ Rules of Stroke-order of
Chinese Characters

sm &fr trtrrtu 6t+

Directions of
Strokes Na.me Examples
strokes

d
diln
\ K {n tr ftffitrs
& --)
h6ng
t[*
r'
sht
I
^fr&
T" 4# $i
"h6ng" precedes "sbt)"

ttr, lft E W

)
#oiE
) ,\frfr "pi6." precedes "nll"

,^. -L^ FJ T
J*
ni
r'\ *. t+ ootlom
1TlT,t"
/
J9
,aDq-

ti
/ rK&# A[ EgJfr
4 lx+h
h&rgg6u
'-'it
MM+ from left to right

F+4 l/. ,F 4)J ft

I shtg6u I ffi *f alo
from outside to inside
*t+q \ d.&K
\ xi&ou itE:ktrffEr
-l fftrrr -l &[?q inside precedes the sealing stroke
hnszh6
FJf- fitrIH]8ffiil
L shtzh6
L ft- -u ffi I ,l ,J' middle precedes the two sides

l0
 t, #5J Exercises

l. E+FUI Four
n+* Table of Chinese Characters
tones
ni ni ni ni ni
hdo h6o hIo hlo hio
yi yI yl yl yl ,+(/ u)
wii wu wu wit wu
ba b6 bh be DA ,.|.( l,J,l.)
te t6
bt
ta tA te
((AJc)
da
yu
bfl
d6
yri
bu
de
yI
bit
dA
yi
bit
de
yf
+ (''1+)
2. t$g Sound discrimination
bO po be pn
de te di d
m6 fO m0 f6
ne le nll lil
eb ke gai kei
ddu tdu
g6u gAo kii gli
gio ktro yr yu
3. m+t$t* Two syllables pronounced in succession
ni hio td hio
bit h6o dn y0
4. e.+i|i* Get to know Chinese characters
A: tk*tt
B: tf*t
T2
13
 t, #5J Exercises

l. E+FUI Four
n+* Table of Chinese Characters
tones
ni ni ni ni ni
hdo h6o hIo hlo hio
yi yI yl yl yl ,+(/ u)
wii wu wu wit wu
ba b6 bh be DA ,.|.( l,J,l.)
te t6
bt
ta tA te
((AJc)
da
yu
bfl
d6
yri
bu
de
yI
bit
dA
yi
bit
de
yf
+ (''1+)
2. t$g Sound discrimination
bO po be pn
de te di d
m6 fO m0 f6
ne le nll lil
eb ke gai kei
ddu tdu
g6u gAo kii gli
gio ktro yr yu
3. m+t$t* Two syllables pronounced in succession
ni hio td hio
bit h6o dn y0
4. e.+i|i* Get to know Chinese characters
A: tk*tt
B: tf*t
T2
13