Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Maths
Class -XII

Poonam Fatehpuria
Varsha
Information Technology
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti
Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition : 2009

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or
omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the
publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to
anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by :

Biyani College Printing Department

Maths 3

Preface
I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of
the students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness
in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-
explanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-
answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based
on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay
Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and
main concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation
throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various
stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of
the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.
Author

Unit 1
Chapter 1
Relations and functions

Q.1 Let A be set of first ten natural numbers. If R be a relation on A defined

by xRy x + 2y = 10 then

i. Express R and R-1 as set of ordered pairs

ii. Find domain of R and R-1
iii. Find range of R and R-1
Ans. Here
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
Relation R is defined as
xRy x + 2y = 10
10 - x
y=
2
10 -1 9
Now for x = 1, y = = A
2 2
Hence 1 is not related to any element of A.
Similarly use can observe that 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are also not related to any
element of A.
Again use observe that
10 - 2
When x = 2,y = =4 A 2R4
2

Maths 5

10- 4
When x = 4, y = =3 A 4R3
2
10-6
When x = 6, y = =2 A 6R2
2
10-8
When x = 8, y = =1 A 8R1
2
Hence
i. R = {(2,4), (4,3), (6,2), (8,1) }
and R-1 = (4,2),(3,4),(2,6),(1,8)
ii. Domain of R = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Domain of R-1 = 4,3,2,1
iii. Range of R = {4, 3, 2, 1}
Range of R-1 = 2,4,6,8

Q.2 Prove that the relation R on the set N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) a+d =b+
c for all (a, b), (c, d) N x N is an equivalence relation.
Ans. To prove that the given relation is an equivalence relation we have relation to
show that it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
1) Reflexive Let (a, b) be an arbitary element of N x N. Then,
( a, b) N x N a+ b = b+ a [by commutativity of
addition on N]
(a, b) R (a, b)
Thus (a, b) R (a, b) for all (a, b) NxN
Hence the given relation R is reflexive relation on N x N.
2) Symmetric Let (a. b), (c, d) N x N, Such that (a, b) R (c, d)
Since (a, b) R (c, d) a+d=b+c
c+b=d+a [by commutativity of
addition on N]
(c, d) R (a, b)
Thus (a, b) R (c, d) (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d) NxN.

So R is symmetric relation on N x N
3) Transitive Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) N x N.
Such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)
Since (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c (1)
And (c, d) R (e, f) c + f = d + e (2)
Adding equation (1) & (2), we get

a+ d + c +f = b+ c + d +e
a + f = b+ e
(a, b) R (e, f)
Thus (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) (a, b) R (e, f) for all (a, b), (c d), (e, f)
N x N.
So, R is transitive relation on N x N
Hence R being reflexive, symmetric and transitivite is an equivalence relation
on N x N.
Hence proved.

Q. 3 On the set N of natural numbers a relation R is defined as

aRb a2-4ab+3b2=0 v (a, b N) . Prove that R is reflexive but not
symmetric not transitivity.
Ans. Given set is N = {1, 2, 3,..}
Relation defined on N is
aRb a2-4ab+3b2=0 v a, b N.
1) Reflexivity Let a N

a 2 - 4a.a + 3a 2
= a 2 - 4a 2 + 3a 2
= 4a2 - 4a 2
=0
(a, a) R v a N.
R is reflexive

Maths 7

2) Symmetry - Let a, b N such that (a, b) R

( a, b) R a 2 4ab 3b 2 0
b 2 4ba 3a 2 0
(b, a ) R

Hence (a, b) R but (b, a) R

R is not symmetric relation
Ex. (3, 1) R because 32 4 3 1 3(1) 2 = 9-12+3 =12-12 = 0

But (1, 3) R because = (1)2 4(1)(3) 3(3)2 1 12 27 0

3) Transitivity Let a, b, c N such that
(a, b) R and (b, c) R

(a, b) R a2 4ab 3b2 0

and (b, c) R b2-4bc+3c2

Then it is not necessary true that a2-4ac+3c2=0
Ex. (9, 3) because 92 4(9)(3) 3(3)2 = 81 108 + 27 = 0
and (3, 1) R because 32 4(3)(1) 3(1) 2 = 9-12+3 = 0

but (9, 1) R because 92 4(9)(1) 3(1) 2 = 81-36+3 0

R is not transitivity. Hence from (1), (2) & (3) it is clear that R is reflexive but not
symmetric and transitivity.

Q. 4 Let A = {1,2,3} then give examples of relations which are

1) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
2) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
3) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
4) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
Ans. 1) R1 {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3)} is reflexive, symmetric and transitive

2) R2 {(1,1), (2, 2)} is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive

3) R3 {(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (2, 2), (2,3), (3,3)} is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric
4) R4 {(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2), (2,3), (3, 2), (3,3)} is reflexive and symmetric but
not transitive

Q. 5 If a, b, {1, 2, 3, 4}, then check whether the following is function or not

f = {(a, b):b=a+1} also find its range.
Ans. Here f = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}. Here we observe that an element 4 of the given set
is not related to any element of the given set. So f is not a function.

x 3
Q. 6 If f (x) = then find f [ f { f ( x)}]
x 1
x 3
Ans. f (x) =
x 1
x 3
3
f ( x) 3 x 1 x 3 3x 3 2x 6 x 3
Now f f x =
f ( x) 1 x 3 x 3 x 1 2x 2 1 x
1
x 1
Again
x 3
3
x 3 1 x
f [f {f(x)}] = f =
1 x x 3
1
1 x
x 3 3 3x 4x
x
x 3 1 x 4
f [ f { f ( x)}] x

Maths 9

Q. 7 Prove that the function f: R R, f(x) = cos x is many one function?

Ans. Given f: R R such that f (x) = cos x
many one function: -
Let a, b R such that f (a) = f (b)

cos a cos b
a 2n b, n I
f is many one function
Into function Let y R (Co domain)
If it is possible let f (x) =y
cos x y
x cos 1 y
x will exist if 1 y 1
When y R [ 1,1] then pre image of y does not exist in R (Domain)

Hence f is not on to function

f is in to function
Hence f is many one in to function.
x 3
Q. 8 If f: R R, f (x) = 2x 3 and g: R R, g(x) = then prove that fog =
2
gof = I
R

Ans. Given functions f :R R , f (x) = 2x-3

x 3
g:R R, g ( x)
2
gof : R R , so
(2 x 3) 3 2 x
(gof) (x) = g [f(x)] = g (2x-3) = x
2 2
gof (x) = x .. (1)
Again

10

fog (x) = f [g(x)] =

x+3 x+3
=f =2 -3
2 2
= x+ 3 - 3 = x
fog (x) = x (2)
and I : R
R
R such that IR ( x ) = x , v x R .(3)

from (1), (2) & (3) we get,

fog = gof = IR
Hence proved

Q. 9 Let f: R R be defined by f (x) = 3x 7. Show that f is invertible and hence

find f 1

Ans. A function f is invertible if f is a bijection

1) Injectivity Let x, y R then
f(x) = f (y)
3x 7 3 y 7
x y
Thus f (x) = f(y) x=y for all x, y R. So, f is an injection
2) Surjectivity Let y be an arbitary element of R, then f (x) = y
3x 7 y
y 7
x
3
y 7
Clearly R for all y R
3
y 7
Thus for all y R, there exists x R such that
3

Maths 11

y 7
f ( x) f
3
y 7
3 7
3
f ( x) y

f is surjection. Hence f :R R is bijection. Consequently it is invertible

Let f(x) = y
3x 7 y
y 7
x
3
y 7
f 1 ( y)
3
Therefore, f 1:R R is given by

x 7
f 1
( x)
3

12

Chapter 2
Binary Operation

Q. 1. Discuss the commutativity and associativity of the binary operation on R

defined by

a * b = ab for all a, b R.
4
Ans. Commutativity

a * b = ab and b*a = ba
4 4
We know that multiplication on R is commutative
ab ba for all a, b R
4 4
a *b b * a for all a, b R
So * is commutative on R.
Associatively
Let a, b, c R then
ab
c
(a * b) * c
4 abc .............................................(1)
4 16

a bc
bc 4 abc
and a * (b * c) = a * ..(2)
4 4 16
From (1) & (2), we observe that a * (b*c) = (a*b) *c
Hence * is associative.

Maths 13

Q. 2. Let * be a binary operation on set Q {1} defined by a*b = a+ b a b , a, b

Q - {1}
Find the identity element with respect to * on Q. Also prove that every
element of Q {1} is invertible.
Ans. Let the identity element e exist in Q {1} w.r.t * on Q - {1}, then
a *e = a = e*a for all a Q - {1}
a*e = a for all a Q - {1}
a+ e ae =a
e (1-a) = 0
e=0
Thus o, is the identity element for * on Q {1}. Let a be an arbitary element of
Q {1} and
let b be inverse of a, then.
a * b = 0 = b *a [0 is identity element]
a*b=0
a + b ab = 0
b (1 a) = - a
a Q {1}
a
b=
a 1 a 1 0

a
Since a Q {1} , therefore b= Q {1}
a 1
Thus every element of Q {1} is invertible and the inverse of an element a is
a
a 1
Q. 3 Let * be an associative binary operation on a set S and a be an invertible
element of
S then (a 1 ) 1 a
Ans. Let e be the identity element in S for the binary operation * on S, then

14

a*a 1 e a 1 *a
a 1 *a e a *a 1

a is inverse of a1
a = (a 1 ) 1
Hence proved

Maths 15

Chapter 3
Inverse trigonometric functions

Q. 1 Find the principal values of the followings: -

-1 -1
1) cos-1 (2) sec -
2
2
-1
3) cosec-1 1 (4) cot -1
3
-1
Ans. (1) Let cos-1 =
2
cos = -1/2

cos = -cos
3

cos = cos -
3
2
cos = cos
3
2
=
3
-1 2
cos-1 =
2 3
-1 2
Hence principal value of cos-1 is
2 3

16

(2) Let sec-1 - 2 =

sec = - 2

sec = -sec
4

sec = sec -
4
3
sec = sec
4
3
=
4
3
sec-1 - 2 =
4
3
Hence principal value of sec-1(-2) is
4
3) Let cosec -1(+1) =

cosec = +1
cosec = cosec/2
= /2
cosec-1 (1) = /2
Hence principal value of cosec-1 (1) is 2

-1
4) Let cot-1 =
3

Maths 17

1
cot = -
3

cot = -cot
3
cot = cot - /3
2
cot = cot
3
2
=
3
-1 2
cot -1 =
3 3

1 2
Hence principal value of cot 1 is .
3 3

1 a 1 a 2b
Q. 2 Prove that tan cos 1 tan 1 cos 1
4 2 b 4 2 b a
1 1 a
cos
Ans. Let 2 b

a
cos 2
b

LHS = tan tan

4 4

18

tan + tan tan - tan
=
4 +
4

1 - tan tan 1 + tan tan
4 4

1 + tan 1 - tan
= + tan = 1
1 - tan 1 + tan 4
(1 + tan)2 + (1 - tan)2
=
1 - tan 1 + tan
1 + tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 + tan 2 - 2 tan
=
(1 - tan 2 )
1 + tan 2
=2
1 - tan 2
2 2
= =
1 - tan 2
cos2
1 + tan 2

2b
= = RHS
a
tanA + tanB
tan(A + B) =
1- tanAtanB
tanA - tanB
tan(A - B) =
1+ tanAtanB
Hence proved.

1 5 1 12
Q. 3 If sin sin 90 then find the value of x
x x

1 5 1 12
Ans. sin sin 90
x x

Maths 19

5 12
sin -1 = 90 - sin -1
x x
5 12
sin -1 = cos -1
x x
sin -1x + cos -1x = 90

25 12
cos -1 1- 2
= cos -1
x x
25 12
1- =
x2 x
Squaring both sides, we get
25 144
1- = 2
x2 x
2
x - 25 144
= 2
x2 x
2
x - 25 = 144
x 2 = 169
x = 13

Since x = - 13 does not satisfy given equation . So x = 13 is correct solution.

Q. 4 Prove that

x2 1
cos tan 1{sin(cot 1 x)}
x2 2
Ans. We have

20

1
sin(cot 1 ( x)) sin sin 1

1 x2
1
1 x2
1 1 1 1 x2
cos tan cos cos
1 x2 2 x2
1 x2 1 x2
2 x2 2 x2
Hence proved

1 x 1 y
Q. 5 If cos cos then prove that
a b

x2 2 xy y2
cos sin 2
a2 ab b2
1 x 1 y
Ans. Given cos cos
a b

x y x2 y2
= cos-1 - 1- 2 1- =
a b a b2

cos-1x + cos-1y = cos-1 xy + 1- x2 1- y 2

xy x2 y2
- 1- 2 1- 2 = cos
ab a b
2
xy x2 y2
- cos = 1- 1-
ab a2 b2
x2 y 2 2xy x2 y 2 x2y 2
- cos + cos 2
= 1- - +
a2b 2 ab a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
x2 2xy y2
- cos + = 1- cos 2
a2 ab b2
x2 2xy y2
2
- cos + 2 = sin 2
a ab b

Maths 21

Hence proved

Q. 6 Solve the following equation

1 1 2
tan-1 + tan-1 = tan-1 2
1+ 2x 4x +1 x
1 1 2
Ans. Given tan-1 + tan-1 = tan-1 2
1+ 2x 4x +1 x

1 1
+ 2
tan -1 1 + 2x 1 + 4x = tan-2
1 1 x2
1-
1 + 2x 1 + 4x
x+y
tan -1x + tan -1y = tan -1
1- xy
4x +1 +1 + 2x 2
= 2
1 + 2x 4x +1 -1 x
6x + 2 2
2
= 2
1 + 4x + 8x + 2x - 1 x
2 3x +1 2
=
2 4x + 3x2 x2
3x 3 + x 2 = 8x 2 + 6x
3x 3 - 7x 2 - 6x = 0
x 3x 2 - 7x - 6 = 0
x 3x 2 - 9x + 2x - 6 = 0
x 3x x - 3 + 2 x - 3 = 0
x 3x + 2 x - 3 = 0
-2
x = 0, 3,
3

22

Practice Problems
1) Find principal values of the followings

1 1 1
i) sin ii) tan 3
2
2) Solve the following equation
x x
sec-1 - sec-1 = sec-1 b - sec-1 a
a b

1 1
3) If tan 3x tan 2x then find value of x.
4
1
4) Solve the following - tan x 1 tan 1 ( x) tan 1
x 1 tan 1
3x .

Maths 23

UNIT II
Chapter 1
Matrices

4 -2 1 3
Q. 1 If A = 5 7 9 6 Write the order of A and find the
21 15 18 - 25
elements a24 and a34 .
Ans. Since the given matrix has 3 rows and 4 columns. Therefore its
order is 34.
a24 is the element of second row and fourth column. So a24 = 6 .
Similarly
a34 is the element of third row and fourth column. So a34 = -25

Q. 2 Construct a 2 3 matrix whose element aij are given by:

aij = 2i j.
Ans. A 2 3 matrix will be of the from
a a a13
[aij] = 11 12
a a a
21 22 23
So
a = 211 = 1
11
a = 212 = 0
12

24

a = 21 - 3 = -1
13
a = 2 2 - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3
21
a = 2 2 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2
22
a = 2 2 - 3 = 1
23
The required matrix is
1 0 -1
[aij] =
3 2 1

a b 5 -1
Q. 3 If the matrix c d is equal to 1 0 then find a, b, c, d, e, f
e f 3 4
.
a b 5 -1
Ans. Given c d = 1 0 So by the definition of equality of two
e f 3 4
matrices
a = 5, b = -1, c =1, d = 0, e = 3, f = 4.

1 3
Q. 4 Find the transpose of the matrix A = 2 6 and verify that
5 -3
T
AT =A
Ans. From the definition of transpose of a matrix, AT is obtained by
interchanging the rows and
Columns of the matrix A. Thus
1 2 5
AT =
3 6 -3
Further taking the transpose of the matrix AT we have

Maths 25

1 3
(A T )
T
= 2 6 =A
5 -3
T
Hence AT =A
3 2 3
Q. 5 Express the matrix A = 4 5 3 as the sum of symmetric
2 4 5
and skew symmetric matrix
3 2 3
Ans. We have A = 4 5 3
2 4 5
3 4 2
T
A = 2 5 4
3 3 5
3 2 3 3 4 2 6 6 5
T
So A + A = 4 5 3 + 2 5 4 = 6 10 7
2 4 5 3 3 5 5 7 10

3 2 3 3 4 2 0 -2 1
T
And A - A = 4 5 3 - 2 5 4 = 2 0 -1
2 4 5 3 3 5 -1 1 0

3 3 5/2
1
Let P = A + AT = 3 5 7/2
2
5/2 7/2 5

26

0 -1 1/2
1 T
And Q = A - A = 1 0 1/2
2
1
- 1/2 0
2

3 3 5/2
Then PT = 3 5 7/2 = P
5/2 7/2 5
P is symmetric matrix.
0 1 -1/2
T
Now Q = -1 0 1/2 = - Q
1/2 1/2 0
Q is skew-symmetric matrix.

3 3 5/2 0 -1 1/2 3 2 3
Also P + Q = 3 5 7/2 + 1 0 1/2 = 4 5 3 =A
5/2 7/2 5 -1/2 1/2 0 2 4 5
Since we have expressed A as a sum of P and R. Hence A
can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.

Q. 6 Given the matrix

2 1 1 9 7 -1 2 -4 3
A = 3 -1 0 , B= 3 5 4 and C = 1 -1 0
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5
Verify that (A+B) +C = A+ (B+C) i.e addition of matrices is
associative.
Ans. LHS: -

Maths 27

2 1 1 9 7 -1 11 8 0
(A+B) = 3 -1 0 + 3 5 4 = 6 4 4
0 2 4 2 1 6 2 3 10

11 8 0 2 -4 3 13 4 3
Now (A+B) +C = 6 4 4 + 1 -1 0 = 7 3 4
2 3 10 9 4 5 11 7 15
RHS
9 7 -1 2 -4 3 11 3 2
B+C = 3 5 4 + 1 -1 0 = 4 4 4
2 1 6 9 4 5 11 5 11

2 1 1 11 3 2 13 4 3
Now A+ (B+C) = 3 -1 0 + 4 4 4 = 7 3 4
0 2 4 11 5 11 11 7 15
Here LHS = RHS.
Hence verified.
12
456
Q. 7 If A = 3 -4 and B = find AB and show that AB BA .
7 -8 2
56
Ans. Here we observe that the order of matrix A is 32 and B is 23.
Hence AB and BA both
are defined and are of orders 33 and 22 respectively.
1 2
4 5 6
So, AB = 3 - 4
7 -8 2
5 6
1x4 + 2x7 1x5 + 2x(-8) 1x6 + 2x2
= 3x4 + (-4) + (+7) 3x5 + (-4)x(-8) 3x6 + (-4)x2
5x4 + 6x7 5x5 - 6x8 5x6 + 6x2

28

18 -11 10
AB = -16 47 10 ..(1)
62 -23 42
1 2
4 5 6
And BA = 3 -4
7 -8 2
5 6
41 + 5 3 + 65 4 2 + 5(-4) + 66
=
71 + (-8) 3 + 25 7 2 + (-8)(-4) + 26
49 24
BA = ..(2)
-7 58
From (1) & (2) we observe that AB BA .

2 3 -4 5 1 2
Q. 8 If A = 1 0 6 and B = 6 -1 4 then find 2A - 3B.
-2 1 5 5 3 -4
2 3 -4 4 6 -8
Ans. 2A = 2 1 0 6 = 2 0 12
-2 1 5 -4 2 10
5 1 2 15 3 6
And 3B = 3 6 -1 4 = 18 -3 12
5 3 -4 15 9 -12

4 6 -8 15 3 6 -11 3 -14
So 2A 3B = 2 0 12 18 -3 12 = -16 3 0
-4 2 10 15 9 -12 -19 -7 22
-11 3 -14
2A - 3B = -16 3 0
-19 -7 22

Maths 29

0 2 4 6
Q. 9 Find AB if A = and B =
0 3 0 0
0 2 4 6 04 + 20 06 + 20 0 0
Ans. AB = = =
0 3 0 0 04 + 30 06 + 30 0 0
Hence the product of two non zero matrices can be a zero
matrix. Thus if the product of
two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that one of the
matrix is zero matrix.

2 0 1
Q. 10 Let f(x) = x - 5x + 6, find f (A) if A = 2 1 3
2

1 -1 0
Ans. Here f (A) = A 2 - 5A + 6I
3
..(1)
2 0 1 2 0 1 4 + 0 + 1 0 + 0 + (-1) 2 + 0 + 0
So A = AA 2 1 3 2 1 3 = 4 + 2 + 3
2
0 +1- 3 2+3+0
1 -1 0 1 -1 0 2-2+0 0 -1+ 0 1- 3 + 0
5 -1 2
A 2
9 -2 5
0 -1 -2
2 0 1 -10 0 -5
-5A = - 5 2 1 3 = -10 -5 -15
1 -1 0 -5 5 0
1 0 0 6 0 0
And 6I 3 = 6 0 1 0 = 0 6 0
0 0 1 0 0 6
Substituting those values in equation(1), we get

30

5 -1 2 -10 0 -5 6 0 0
f(A) = 9 -2 5 + -10 -5 -15 + 0 6 0
0 -1 -2 -5 5 0 0 0 6
1 -1 -3
f(A) = -1 -1 -10
-5 4 4

Practice Problem

1) For the matrix A, B and C given by

0 0 1 0 5 7 -1 3 5
A = 0 1 0 , B = 0 0 6 ,C = 1 -3 -5
1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 3 5
Show that
(i)A2 = I
(ii)B4 = 0
(iii)C2 = C

5 -1 2 1 1 3
2) If A = ,B = ,C =
6 7 3 4 -1 4
Verify (i) (AT )T = A
(ii)(A + B)T = AT + BT
(iii)(AC)T = CT AT
(iv)(AB)T = BT AT
T
v 3A = 3A T
6 1 -5
3) Express A = -2 -5 4 as a sum of symmetric and skew
-3 3 -1
symmetric matrices.

Maths 31

2 3
4) If A = , verify that A2 - 7A - 2I = 0 .
4 5
3a + b c+3 7 -2
5) Find a, b, c, d so that =
b+4 d + 2a 8 5
6) Construct a 22 matrix A= [aij] whose elements are given
2
i + 2j
by aij = .
2
a h g x
7) If A = [x, y, z], B= h b f and C= y then find ABC.
g f c z

32

Chapter 2
Determinant

-1 6 -2
Q. 1 Find determinant of A = 2 1 1
4 1 -3
1 1 2 1 2 1
Ans. |A| = (-1) -6 -2
1 -3 4 -3 4 1
= -1 (-3-1) -6 (-6-4) -2 (2-4) = 4+60+4
|A| = 68

1 2 -1 3
2 1 -2 3
Q. 2 Find determinant of A =
3 1 2 1
1 -1 0 2
1 -2 3 2 -2 3 2 1 3 2 1 -2
Ans. |A| = 1 1 2 1 -2 3 2 1 -1 3 1 1 -3 3 1 2
-1 0 2 1 0 2 1 -1 2 1 -1 0
= 1{1(4-0) +2(2+1) +3(0+2) {-2{2(4-0) +2(6-1) +3(0-2)}-
1{2(2+1)-1(6-1)
+3(-3-1)}-3{2(0+2)-1(0-2)-2(-3-1)}
= 1{4+6+6}-2{8+10-6}-1{6-5-12}-3{4+2+8}
= 1{16}-2{12}-1{-11}-3{14}
= -39

Q. 3 Check whether the following matrix is singular or not

Maths 33

1 0 2
A= 1 2 3
2 4 6
Ans. A matrix is singular if A =0
1 0 2
A = 1 2 3 = 1[12 -12]- 0[6 - 6]+ 2[4 - 4] = 0
2 4 6
A =0
Hence A is singular matrix.

Q. 4 Find the mines and cofactors of elements of the

2 -3 5
determinant 6 0 4
1 5 -7
Ans. We have

34

0 4
M = = 0 - 20 = -20
11 5 -7
6 4
M = = -42 - 4 = -46
12 1 -7
6 0
M = = 30 - 0 = 30
13 1 5
-3 5
M = = 21 - 25 = -4
21 5 -7
2 5
M = = -14 - 5 = -19
22 1 -7
2 -3
M = = 10 + 3 = 13
23 1 5
-3 5
M = = -12 - 0 = -12
31 0 4
2 5
M = = 8 - 30 = -22
32 6 4
2 -3
M = = 0 + 18 = 18
33 6 0
Co- factors
1+1
A = -1 .M = (-1)2 (-20) = -20
11 11
1+2 3
A = -1 .M = -1 (-46) = 46
12 12
1+3
A = -1 .M = (-1)4 30 = 30
13 13
2+1
A = -1 .M = (-1)3 (-4) = 4
21 21
A = (-1)2+2 .M = (-1)4 (-19) = -19
22 22
A = (-1) 2+3 .M = (-1)5 (13) = -13
23 23
A = (-1)3+1 .M = (-1)4 (-12) = -12
31 31
A = (-1)3+2 .M = (-1)5 (-22) = 22
32 32
A = (-1)3+3 .M = (-1)6 18 = 18
33 33

Maths 35

Q. 5 If W is one of the imaginary cubs root of unity, find the

value of
1 w w2
= w w2 1
2
w 1 w
1 w w2
Ans. Given = w w2 1
w2 1 w
C
1
C +C +C
1 2 3
gives
2
1+ w + w w w2
= w + w + 1 w2
2
1
w2 + w + 1 1 w

Since 1 + w + w 2 = 0
0 w w2
So = 0 w 2 1
0 1 w

Now finding its determinant & expending along first column

= 0 w3-1 - 0 w2-w2 + 0 w-w4 = 0

a b ax + by
Q. 6 Prove that b c bx + cy = (b 2 - ac) ax 2 + 2bxy + cy 2
ax + by bx + cy 0

a b ax + by
Ans. Let A = b c bx + cy
ax + by bx + cy 0
Appling c3 c3 -xc1 -yc2 , we get

36

a b ax + by - ax - by
A= b c bx + cy - bx - cy
ax + by bx + cy 0 - x(ax + by) - y(bx + cy)
a b 0
A= b c 0
ax + by bx + cy -(ax + 2bxy + cy 2 )
2

Now expending along c 3 we get

A = 0 b bx + cy - c(ax + by) - 0[a(bx + cy) - a(ax + by)] -(ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 )[ac - b2 ]

A = - (ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 )(ac - b2 )
A = (b2 ac)(ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 )
Hence proved

Q. 7 Find the area of triangle with vertices at the points (3, 8), (-4,
2) and (5,-1).
Ans. Let A (3, 8), B (-4, 2), C (5,-1) are three given vertices of
triangle. So the area of ABC is
given by
3 8 1
1 -4 2 1
2
5 -1 1

= 1 3 2 + 1 - 8{-4 - 5} + 1{4 - 10}

2
= 1 3 3 + 8 9 + 1 (-6)
2
= 1 9 + 72 - 6
2
= 75
2

Maths 37

Q. 8 If the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear, Prove that a
+ b = ab
Ans. The given points are collinear so
a 0 1
0 b 1 =0
1 1 1
a[b - 1] + 1[0 - b] = 0
ab - a - b = 0
ab = a + b
Hence proved.
Q. 9 using determinant find the equation of the line joining the
points (1, 2) and (3, 6).
Ans. Let P (x, y) be a point on line AB i.e. the points A (1, 2), B (3, 6)
and P(x, y) are collinear so
ABP = 0
1 2 1
1
3 6 1=0
2
x y 1
1 2 1
3 6 1 0
x y 1
1[6 - y]- 2[3 - x]+ 1[3y - 6x] = 0
6 - y - 6 + 2x + 3y - 6x = 0
-4x + 2y = 0
y = 2x
Which is the required equation of line.
Q. 10 Find the adjoint of the matrix
1 3 3
A= 1 4 3
1 3 4
Ans. First we have to find cofactors

38

c11 = (-1)1+1 7 = 7
c12 = (-1)1+2 (1) = -1
c13 = (-1)1+3 (-1) = -1
c 21 = (-1)2+1 (3) = -3
c 22 = (-1)2+2 (1) = 1
c 23 = (-1)2+3 (0) = 0
c 31 = (-1)3+1 (-3) = -3
c 32 = (-1)3+2 (0) = 0
c 33 = (-1)3+3 (1) = 1
T
7 -1 -1
adjA = -3 1 0
-3 0 0
7 -3 -3
adjA = -1 1 0
-1 0 1
2 -1
Q. 11 Find the inverse of matrix A = .
3 4
Ans. A = 8 + 3 = 11 0
So, A is non singular matrix and therefore it is invertible. Now
finding co-factors
c11 = (-1)1+1 4 = 4
c12 = (-1)1+2 3 = -3
c21 = (-1)2+1 (-1) = 1
c22 = (-1)2+2 2 = 2
T
4 -3
adj A =
1 2
4 1
adjA =
-3 2

Maths 39

1
Hence A -1 = .adj(A)
A
1 4 1 4/11 1/11
= =
11 -3 2 -3/11 2/11
4/11 1/11

-3/11 2/11
1 3 3
Q. 12 Find the inverse of A = 1 4 3 and verify that A -1 A = I 3
1 3 4
Ans. From question No. 10 we find that
7 -3 -3
adj A = -1 1 0
-1 0 1
A = 1[16- 9]- 3[4- 3]+ 3[4- 3] = 7 - 3- 3 = 1 0
So A is invertible
Hence
1
A -1 = adjA
A
7 -3 -3 7 -3 -3
1
-1
A = -1 1 0 = -1 1 0
1
-1 0 1 -1 0 1
Now

40

7 -3 -3 1 3 3
-1
A A = -1 1 0 1 4 3
-1 0 1 1 3 4
7-3-3 21 - 12 - 9 21 - 9 - 12
A -1 A = -1 + 1 + 0 -3 + 4 + 0 -3 + 3 + 0
-1 + 0 + 1 -3 + 0 + 3 -3 + 0 + 4
1 0 0
A -1 A = 0 1 0
0 0 1
A -1 A = I 3
Hence verified

Q. 13 Solve the following system of equations by using cramers

rule.
x + 2y = 3
4x + 8y = 12
Ans. We have
1 2
D= = 8-8 = 0
4 8
3 2
D1 = = 24 - 24 = 0
12 8
1 3
D2 = = 12 - 12 = 0
4 12
Since D, D1 and D 2 all are equal to zero so the given system of
equations has infinitely
many solutions.
Let y=k then from equations x+2y=3
x+2k=3
x= 3-2k
Hence, x=3-2k, y= k is the solution of the given system of
equations, where k is arbitrary

Maths 41

real number.

Q. 14 solve the following system of equations by cramers rule

x 2y = 4
- 3x +5y = -7
Ans. We have
1 -2
D= = 5 - 6 = -1 0
-3 5
4 -2
D1 = = 20 - 14 = 6
-7 5
1 4
D2 = = -7 + 12 = 5
-3 -7
So, by Cramers rule, we have
D1 6
x= = = -6
D -1
D 5
y = 2 = = -5
D -1
x= -6, y= -5 is required solution.

Q. 15 Solve the following system of equations

2x+3y+4z=0
x+ y+ z = 0
2x-y+3z=0
Ans. We have
2 3 4
D= 1 1 1
2 -1 3
= 2(3 + 1) - 3(3 - 2) + 4(-1 - 2)
= 8 - 3 - 12
D = -7 0
So, the given system of equations has only the trivial solutions
i.e x=0, y=0, z=0

42

Q. 16 Solve the following homogeneous system of equations

x+y-2z=0..............................................................(1)
2x+y-3z=0...(2)
5x+4y-9z=0.(3)

Ans. We have,
1 1 -2
D = 2 1 -3
5 4 -9
= 1(-9 + 12) - 1(-18 + 15) - 2(8 - 5)
= 3+3-6
D=0
So, the system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
Consider eq. (1) & (2). Put z=k in equations(1) and (2), we get

x+y =2k
2x+y=3k
Solving these equations by cramers rule
1 1
D= = 1 - 2 = -1
2 1
2k 1
D1 = = 2k - 3k = -k
3k 1
1 2k
D2 = = 3k - 4k = -k
2 3k
D1 -k
x= = =k
D -1
D -k
y= 2 = =k
D -1
x=k, y=k and z=k gives the solution for each value of k.

Maths 43

Q. 17 Use matrix method to solve the following system of

equations
5x 7y =2
7x 5y =3
Ans. The given system of equations can be written as
5 -7 x 2
=
7 -5 y 3
Or A x = B, where
5 -7 x 2
A= , X , B
7 -5 y 3
So, the solution is given by X = A-1B . So the find A-1 we have to
find co factors
C11 = (-1)1+1 (-5) = -5
C12 = (-1)1+2 (7) = -7
C21 = (-1)2+1 (-7) = 7
C22 = (-1)2+2 (5) = 5
T
-5 -7 -5 7
adj A = =
7 5 -7 5
A = -25 + 49 = 24
1 1 -5 7
A -1 = adj(A) =
A 24 -7 5
X = A -1B
1 -5 7 2
X=
24 -7 5 3
1 -10 + 21 1 11
X= =
24 -14 + 15 24 1
11/24
X=
1/24
11 1
Hence x = and y=
24 24

44

Q. 18 Show that the following system of equations is consistent

2x y + 3z = 5
3x + 2y z = 7
4x + 5y 5z =9
Ans. The given of equation can be written as
2 -1 3 x 5
3 2 -1 y = 7
4 5 -5 z 9
A X =B
2 -1 3 x 5
Where A 3 2 -1 , X y ,B = 7
4 5 -5 z 9
2 -1 3
Now A 3 2 -1
4 5 -5
= 2[-10 + 5]+ 1[-15 + 4]+ 3[15 - 8]
= -10 -11 + 21 = 0
So A is singular. So the given system of equation is either
inconsistent on consistent with
infinitely many solutions according as (adj A) B 0 or (adj A)
B= 0 respectively.

Maths 45

c11 = (-1)1+1 (-10 + 5) = -5

c12 = (-1)1+2 (-15 + 4) = 11
c13 = (-1)1+3 (15 - 8) = 7
c 21 = (-1)2+1 (5 - 15) = 10
c 22 = (-1)2+2 (-10 - 12) = -22
c 23 = (-1)2+3 (10 + 4) = -14
c 31 = (-1)3+1 (1 - 6) = -5
c 32 = (-1)3+2 (-2 - 9) = 11
c 33 = (-1)3+3 (4 + 3) = 7
-5 11 7 -5 10 -5
adj A = 10 -22 -14 = 11 -22 11
-5 11 7 -7 -14 7
-5 10 5 5
adj A) (B) = 11 -22 11 7
7 -14 7 9
-25 + 70 - 45 0
= 55 - 154 + 99 = 0
35 - 98 + 63 0
(adj A) (B) = 0
Thus AX=B has infinitely many solutions and the given system
of equation is consistent.

46

Unit III
Chapter 1
Continuity and Differentiability

1. Check the continuity of the function f(x) at the origin :

x
f ( x) ;x 0
x
1; x 0
Ans. We have to show that the given function is continuous at x= 0,
so
LHL lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)
x 0 h 0
lim f ( h)
h 0
h h
lim lim 1
h 0 ( h) h o h
LHL 1
RHL lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)
x 0 h 0
lim f (h)
h 0
h h
lim lim 1
h 0 ( h) h o h
RHL 1
Now f(0) = 1
Since LHL RHL, so the function f(x) is not continuous at the
origin.

Maths 47

2. Test the continuity of the function at x= 0

sin x
cos x, when x 0
f ( x) x
2, when x 0
Ans. LHL lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)
x 0 h 0
lim f ( h)
h 0
sin( h)
lim cos( h)
h 0 ( h)
sin(h)
lim lim cos(h)
h 0 h h 0
1 1 2
LHL 2

RHL lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)

x 0 h 0
Sin(h)
lim cos(h)
h 0 (h)
Sin(h)
lim lim Cos(h)
h 0 h h 0
1 1 2
RHL 2
And f(0) = 2
Since f(0) = LHL = RHL
So the given function f(x) is continuous.
3. Find the values of a and b for which the following
function is continuous at x = 1.
2 x a when x 1
f ( x) b when x 1
5 x 2 when x 1
Ans. Since the function f(x) is continuous at x = 1. So

48

f (1) f (1 0)
f (1) lim f (1 h)
h o
lim 5(1 h) 2
h 0
b lim 5 5h 2
h 0
b lim 3 5h
h 0
b 3
And f(1+0) = f(1-0)
lim f (1 h) lim f (1 h)
h 0 h 0
lim 2(1 h) a lim 5(1 h) 2
h o h 0
2 a 3
a 1
Hence a = 1, b = 3
1
ex 1
, x 0
4. Show that the function f ( x) 1 is
ex 1
0 , x 0
discontinuous at x =0
Ans. LHL lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)
x 0 h 0
1
e h 1
lim f (h) lim
h 0 h 0e 1h 1
1
e h 1
1
lim
h 0 1
e 1h 1
1
e1 h 1 0 1
lim 1
h 0 1 0 1
e1 h 1

Maths 49

RHL lim f ( x )
x 0
lim f (0 h) lim f (h)
h 0 h 0
1 1
eh 1 1 e1 h 1 0
lim lim 1
h 0 1 h 0 1 1 0
eh 1 1 e1 h
Since LHL RHL
So that function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

5. Show that f(x) = (x) is not differentiate at x = 0.

f ( x) f (0)
Ans. LHD lim
x 0 x 0
f (0 h) f (0)
lim
h 0 0 h 0
f ( h) f (0)
lim
h 0 ( h)
h 0 h
lim lim
h 0 ( h) h 0 h
-1
f ( x) f (0)
lim
RHD x 0 x 0
f (0 h) f (0)
lim
h 0 h
f (h) f (0)
lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
lim lim 1
h 0 h h 0h
Since LHD RHD so that is not differentiable at x = 0.

50

6. Check the differentiate of the following function at x= 2

1 sin x when 0 x 2
f ( x) 2
2 x 2 when x 2
Ans. When x= 2
2
f ( x) f 2 2 2 2
f 2 2
f 2 h f 2
LHD lim
h 0
2 h 2
f 2 h f 2
lim
h 0 h
2 2
1 sin h 2
lim 2
h 0 h
1 cos 2
lim 2
h 0 h
1 cos(h) 2sin 2 h 2
lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2
sin h 2 h 1 2
lim . . 1 .0 0
h 0 h 2 2
2
f 2 h f 2
RHD lim
h 0 h
2 2

Maths 51

2
2 h 2
2 2
lim
h 0 h
h2
lim lim h 0
h 0 h h 0
Since LHD = RHD, so the given of f(x) is differentiable at
x 2

xf (2) 2 f ( x)
7.If f(2) = 4 and f ' (2) 1 , then find lim
x 2 x 2
xf ( x) 2 f ( x)
Ans. We have lim
x 2 x 2
xf (2) 2 f ( x)
lim
x 2 x 2
xf (2) 2 f (2) 2 f (2) 2 f ( x)
lim
x 2 x 2
x 2 f (2) 2 f x f 2
lim
x 2 ( x 2)
x 2 f (2) f ( x) f (2)
lim 2 lim
x 2 ( x 2) x 2 ( x 2)
f (2) 2 f ' (2)
f ( x) f (2)
f '(2)
lim
x 2 x 2
4 2 1 4 2
2

8. Differentiate the function f(x) = e sin x by first principle.

d f ( x h) f ( x )
Ans. f ( x) lim
dx h 0 h

52

d esin( x h) esin x
f x lim
dx h o h
sin x esin( x h) sin x 1
e lim
h 0 h
sin x esin( x h) sin x 1 sin( x h) sin x
e lim
h 0 sin( x h) sin x h

sin x esin( x h) sin x 1 sin( x h) sin x

e lim lim
h 0 sin( x h) sin x h 0 h

ey 1 2sin h 2 cos x h 2
esin x lim lim
y 0 y h 0 2 h2
Where y= sin (x + h) sin x and when h 0 ,y 0
d ey 1 sin h 2
f ( x) esin x lim lim lim cos x h 2
dx y 0 y h 0 h h 0
2
d
f ( x) esin x (1) (1) cos x
dx
esin x cos x
d sin x
Hence e esin x cos x .
dx

9. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x

f x sin x2 1

Ans. Let y sin x2 1 putting u x2 1 , we get y= sin u and

u x2 1
dy dy
cos u and 2x
du du

Maths 53

dy dy du
Now
dx du dx
cos(u ) 2 x
2 x cos x 2 1
d
Hence sin x2 1 2 x cos x 2 1
dx

10. Differentiate logsin x2 w. r .t x

Ans. Let y logsin x2 , putting u sin x2 and v x2
y log u, u sin v and v x2
dy 1 du dv
, cos v and 2x
du u dv dx
dy dy du dv
Now
dx du dv dx
dy 1
cos v 2 x
dx u
dy 1
cos v 2 x
dx sin v
dy
cot v 2 x
dx
dy
2 x cot x2
dx
d
Hence logsin x2 2 x cot x2
dx

1 x 1 x
11. Differentiate y tan 1 w. r. t. x
1 x 1 x
Ans. Put x cos cos 1 x
1 cos 1 cos
So y tan 1
1 cos 1 cos

54

2 cos 2 sin
y tan 1 2 2
2 cos 2 sin
2 2

2 cos2 2sin 2
2 2
y tan 1
2 cos2 2sin 2
2 2

1 tan
y tan 1 2
1 tan
2

y tan 1 tan
4 2

y
4 2
1
y cos 1 x
4 2
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
dy 1 1 1 1
0
dx 2 1 x2 2 1 x2
dy 1 1
dx 2 1 x2

1 1
12. Differentiate sec 1 ,0 x
2 x2 1 2
Ans. Putting x cos , we get

Maths 55

1
y sec 1
2cos2 1
1
y cos 1 2cos2 1 sec 1 cos 1 x
x
y cos 1 cos 2
y 2
y 2cos 1 x
dy 2
dx 1 x2

13. Differentiate y x3 sin x w. r. t. x.

Ans. y x3 sin x
dy d d 3
x3 sin x sin x x
dx dx dx
dy
x3 cos x sin x 3x2
dx
dy
x3 cos x 3x2 sin x
dx
14. Differentiate y = x sin x log x w. r. t. x.
Ans. y = x sin x log x
dy d d d
x sin x log x x log x sin x sin x log x x
dx dx dx dx
dy 1
x sin x x log x cos x sin x log x 1
dx x
dy
sin x x log x cos x sin x log x
dx
ex
15. Differentiate
1 sin x
e x
Ans. Let y =
1 sin x

56

d x d
dy 1 sin x e ex 1 sin x
dx dx
dx 2
1 sin x
dy 1 sin x e x e x 0 cos x
dx 2
1 sin x
dy e x 1 sin x cos x
dx 2
1 sin x
16. Differentiate y Log x a2 x2 w. r. t. x.

Ans. Let y Log x a2 x2

dy 1 d
x a2 x2
dx x 2
a x 2 dx

dy 1 1 d 2
1 a x2
dx dx
x a2 x2 2 a 2 x 2

dy 1 1
1 2x
dx x a2 x2 2 a2 x2
dy 1 x
1
dx x 2
a x 2 a2 x2
dy 1 a2 x2 x
dx
x a2 x2 a2 x2
dy 1
dx
a2 x2
x
17. Differentiate sin x w. r. t. x.
x
Ans. Let y = sin x . Taking log both sides.

Maths 57

log y = x log (sin x).

Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x
1 dy d d
x log sin x log sin x x
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1
x cos x log sin x 1
y dx sin x
1 dy
x cot x log sin x
y dx
dy
y x cot x loge sin x
dx
dy x
sin x x cot x log sin x
dx
2t 1 t2
18. Find dy dx , when x sin 1 , y cos 1
1 t2 1 t2
Ans. Let t tan
2 tan
x sin 1 sin 1 sin 2
1 tan 2
x 2
dx
2
d
1 tan 2
y cos 1
1 tan 2

y cos 1 cos 2
y 2
dy dy d 2
1
dx dx d 2
dy
1
dx
19. If x at 2 and y = 2at then find dy dx

58

Ans. Since x at 2 and y = 2at

dx dy
2at , 2a
dt dt
dy dy dt
dx dx dt

dy 2a
dx 2at
dy 1
dx t
20. Differentiate cos 1 x w. r. t. 1 x
Ans. y = cos 1 x
dy 1 1
dx 1 x 2 x
z 1 x
dz 1

dx 2 1 x
dy dy dx 1 1
2 1 x
dz dz dx 1 x 2 x
dy 1
dz x
21. Differentiate x x w. r. t. loge x
Ans. y= x x and z= loge x
Taking log
Log y = x log x
Now differentiating both sides

Maths 59

1 dy 1
x log x 1
y dx x
1 dy
1 log x
y dx
dy
y 1 log x
dx
dy
x x 1 log x
dx
dz 1
dx x
dy dy dx
dz dz dx
dy x x 1 log x
dz 1x
dy
x x x 1 loge x
dz
dy x 1
x loge ex
dx
22. Find (dy/dx) if
i) x y y x

ii) y x x x

i) Given x y y x Taking log both sides, we get y log x x log y

e e
Now differentiating both sides w. r. t. x.

60

1 dy 1 dy
y loge x x loge y(1)
x dx y dx
y dy x dy
loge x loge y
x dx y dx
y dy x
loge y loge x
x dx y
y
dy x loge y
dx x log x
y e

dy y y x loge y
dx x x y loge x

ii) Let y x x x
y x y
Squaring both sides, we get y 2 x y
Now differentiating both sides w. r. t. x
dy dy
2y 1
dx dx
dy
2y 1 1
dx
dy 1
dx 2y 1
dy
23. Find ifax2 2hxy by2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
dx
Ans. Given ax2 2hxy by2 2gx 2 fy c 0
Differentiating w. r. t. we get:-

Maths 61

dy dy dy
2ax 2hy 1 2hx 2by 2g 2 f 0 0
dx dx dx
dy
2ax 2hy 2 g 2hx 2by 2 f 0
dx

dy
2 hx by f 2 ax hy g
dx
dy ax by g
dx hx by f
d2y
24.If y = A sin x + B cos x, prove that y 0
2
d x
Ans. Given y = A sin x + B cos x. Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x
dy
A cos x B sin x
dx
Again differentiating w. r. t. x
d2y d
A cos x B sin x
dx 2 dx
d2y
A sin x B cos x
dx 2
d2y
A sin x B cos x
dx 2
d2y
y
dx 2
d2y
y 0
dx 2
Hence proved.
1 2 d2y dy
25. If y sin x , then show that 1 x x 0
dx 2 dx
Ans. Given y sin 1 x

62

dy 1
dx
1 x2
dy
1 x2 1
dx
d dy
1 x2 0
dx dx
2 d 2 y dy d
1 x 1 x2 0
dx 2 dx dx

d2y dy 1
1 x2 2x 0
dx 2 dx
2 1 x2

d2y dy x
1 x2 0
dx 2 dx
1 x2
d2y dy
1 x2 x 0
dx 2 dx
Hence proved.

26. Discuss the applicability of Rolles theorem for the following

function on the indicated interval f x e x sin x ,
V x [0, ]
Ans. i) Given function is a product of two continuous function e x and sin x.
Hence f(x) is
continuous for every value of x. Hence f(x) is continuous in [0, ]
interval.
ii) f ' x e x sin x e x cos x
f '( x) e x (sin x cos x)
Which is defined for every value of x in the interval (0, ). Hence f
(x) is differentiable

Maths 63

in this interval.
iii) f (0) = 0 = f ( ).
Hence the function satisfies all the three conditions of Rolles
theorem. Now f '( x) 0
cos x sin x 0
cos x sin x
tan x 1

x
4
3
x
4
3
Clearly 0, , ex 0
4
3
Hence the interval 0, contains one point c for which f (c)
4
=0.
Hence the Rolles Theorem is verified.
27. Verify Rolles Theorem for the
function f ( x) x( x 3)2,0 x 3 .
Ans. We have,
f ( x) x( x 3)2
f ( x) x( x 2 6 x 9)
f ( x) x3 6 x 2 9 x
We know that a polynomial function is every where differentiable
and so continuous
also. So f (x) is continuous in [0, 3] and differentiable in (0, 3).
Also f (0) = 0 = f (3). Thus, all the conditions of Rolles theorem
are satisfied. Now we
have to show that there exist c (0,3) , Such that f (c) =0
We have

64

f ( x) x3 6 x2 9 x
f '( x) 3x2 12x 9
f '( x) 0
3x2 12x 9 0
3x 2 3x 9 x 9 0
3x( x 1) 9 x 1 0

x 1 3x 9 0
x 1,3
Thus c = 1 (0,3) such that f (c) = 0. Hence rolles theorem is
verified.

28. Verify Lagranges mean values theorem for the following

function on the indicated intervals
f ( x) loge xV x [1,2]
Ans. Since f ( x) loge x is differentiable and so continuous for all x>0. So f
(x) is continuous
on [1,2] and differentiable on (1,2). Thus both the conditions of
langranges mean value
Theorem is satisfied. Hence there exist some c 1,2 such that :

Maths 65

f (2) f (1)
f '(c)
2 1
f ( x) loge x
1
f '( x)
x
f (2) loge 2, f (1) loge 1 0
f (2) f (1)
f '( x)
2 1
1 loge 2 0
x 1
1
loge 2
x
1
x log e
loge 2 2
Now2 e 4
log 2 log e log 4
2 2 2
e
1 log 2 2
c log e 1,2
2
f (2) f (1)
f'c
2 1
Hence Lagranges mean value theorem is verified.
29. Check the validity of Lagrange mean value theorem for the
following function
f ( x) x , V x [ 1,1]
Ans. We know that f ( x) x is continuous every where. Hence the function
f ( x) x is also
continuous in [-1, 1] interval. But f ( x) x is not differentiable at x
= 0. Hence the function f ( x) x is not differentiable in interval (-
1,1 ). Hence the interval [-1,1] does not satisfy Lagrange mean
value theorem for the given function f ( x) x

66

Chapter 2
Application of Derivatives

1. The distance travelled by a particle in t second moving along a

straight line is given by s t3 6t 2 5t 6 . Find velocity and
acceleration at t= 5 second.
Ans. Given s t3 6t 2 5t 6
ds
Velocity v
dt
v 3t 2 12t 5
Velocity at t =5 second
v 3(5)2 12(5) 5
v 140m / sec.
dv
Now acceleration a
dt
dv
a
dt
d 2
3t 12t 5
dt
a 6t 12
Acceleration at t = 5 sec.
a= 6(5)+12
=30+12
= 42 m/sec2.

Maths 67

2. If a particle is moving along a straight line according to the

formula s t3 6t 2 15t . Then find the time interval for which
velocity is ve and acceleration is positive.
Ans. Given s t3 6t 2 15t
ds
Velocity v 3t 2 12t 15
dt
dv
And acceleration a
dt
a 6t 12
Now v < 0 and a > 0
3t 2 12t 15 0 and 6t 12 0
3 t 2 4t 5 0 and 6(t 2) 0

t 2 4t 5 0 and t 2 0

t 5 t 1 0 and t 2 0
1 t 5 and t 2
2 t 5
Hence after 2 second and before 5 second velocity will be negative
and acceleration will
be positive.

3. Find the points on curve x2 y2 2 x 3 0 where tangent is

i) Parallel to x axis
ii) Perpendicular to x axis
iii) Makes equal angle with both axes
Ans. Given curve is x2 y2 2 x 3 0 _________________(1)
Differentiating with respect to x we get

68

dy
2x 2 y 2 0
dx
dy
x y 1
dx
dy 1 x
_______________(2)
dx y
i) Tangent is parallel to x axis
dy
tan 0 0
dx
1 x
0
y
x 1
Substituting x = 1 in equation (1)
1 y2 2 3 0
y2 4
y 2
Hence required points are (1,2) and (1, -2).
ii) Tangent is perpendicular to x - axis
dy
tan 90
dx

So from equation (2)

1 x 1
y 0
y 0
Substituting y = 0 in equation (1)
x2 0 2 x 3 0
x2 2 x 3 0
x 3 x 1 0
x 1,3
Hence required points are (-1, 0) and (3, 0).

Maths 69

iii) Making equal angle with both axes

dy
tan 45 1
dx
From equation (2)
1 x
1
y
y 1 x
Substituting y = (1 x) in equation (1)
2
x2 1 x 2x 3 0
x2 1 x2 2 x 2 x 3 0
2 x2 4 x 2 0
x2 2 x 1 0
x 1 2, y 1 1 2 2
Hence required points are 1 2, 2 and 1 2, 2
x2 y2
4. Find tangent and normal of the curve 1 , on
a2 b 2
a cos , b sin .

x2 y 2
Ans. Given curve 1
a 2 b2
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get

70

2x 2 y dy
0
a2 b2 dx
dy xb2
dx ya 2

dy a cos b2 b cos
a cos ,b sin
dx b sin a2 a sin
1 a sin
dy b cos
a cos ,b sin
dx
Hence equation of tangent at a cos , b sin is
b cos
y b sin x a cos
a sin
ay sin ab sin 2 bx cos ab cos2
bx cos ay sin ab cos2 sin 2
bx cos ay sin ab
Equation of normal at a cos , b sin
a sin
y b sin x a cos
b cos
by cos b2 sin cos ax sin a 2 sin cos

ax sin by cos a 2 b2 sin cos

ax sec by cos ec a 2 b2
5. A balloon, which always remain spherical has a variable
3
diameter 2 x 3 . Determine the rate of change of volume with
2
respect to x.
3
Ans. Diameter of balloon = 2x 3
2

Maths 71

3
Radius 2x 3
4
4 3
Volume of a sphere (V) = r
3
3
4 3
2x 3
3 4
9 3
V 2x 3
16
dv 9 2
Rate of change of volume 3 2x 3 2
dx 16
dv 27 2
2x 3
dx 8

6. A stone is dropped in to a quite lake and waves move in a circle
at a speed of 3.5 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the
circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
Ans. Let r be the radius and A be the area of the circular wave at any time t
then
dr
A r 2 and 3.5cm / sec.
dt
dA dr
2r
dt dt
dA dr
2 r
dt dt
dA
2 r 3.5
dt
dA
7 r
dt
dA
7 7.5
dt
52.5 cm2 / sec.

72

7. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12cm3 /sec. The

falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the
height of the cone is always one sixth of the radius of the base.
How fast is the height of the sand cone increasing when the
height is 4 cm?
Ans. Let r be the radius, h be the height and v be the volume of the sand
cone at any time t.
Then.
1 2
V r h
3
1
V 36h2 h
3
V 12 h3
dV dh
36 h2
dt dt
dh
12 36 h2
dt
dh 1
dt 3 h2
dh 1 1
dt h 4 2 48
3 4

Thus, the height of the sand cone is increasing at the rate of
1
cm / sec.
48

8. Find all the points of local maxima and minima of the function
f x x3 6 x2 9 x 8

Maths 73

dy
Ans. Given y = f x x3 6 x2 9 x 8 . Then 3x2 12 x 9
dx
dy
For maxima and minima 0
dx
3x2 12 x 9 0
x2 4 x 3 0
x 2 3x x 3 0
x x 3 1x 3 0
x 1 x 3 0
x 1,3
Now we have to check that whether these points are the points of
maxima or minima. So
d2y
6 x 12
dx2

d2y
6 1 12 6 0
dx2 x 1
Hence at x = 1 the given function has maximum value and the value
is
3 2
f x 1 61 91 8
f x 1 6 9 8
f x 4
d2y
Now 6 3) 12
dx 2 x 3

74

d2y
18 12
dx2 x 3

d2y
6 0
dx2 x 3
Hence the function has minimum value at x = 3. The minimum
value of the function at x = 3 is
3 2
f x 3 63 93 8
f x 27 54 27 8
f x 8
2
9. Find the maxima and minima of the function f x x 1 ex .
2
Ans. Given y x 1 e x
dy 2
2 x 1 ex x 1 ex
dx
dy
For maxima and minima 0
dx
2
2 x 1 x 1 ex 0

2x 2 x2 2x 1 ex 0

x2 1 e x 0

ex 0, x2 1 0
x 1
2
d y 2
Now 2e x 2 x 1 e x 2 x 1 e x x 1 ex
dx2
d2y 2
ex 2 4 x 1 x 1
dx 2

Maths 75

Now for x= 1
d2y
e' 2 4 0 0
2
dx x 1

d2y
2e 0
dx2 x 1
Hence the value of the function is minimum at x = 1 and the
minimum value is
2
f x 1 1 e1 0
Now for x = -1
d2y
e 1 2 4 2 4
2
dx x 1

d2y
e 1 2 8 4
2
dx x 1

d2y 2
0
dx2 x 1 e
Hence the value of the function is maximum at x = -1. The
maximum value is
2 4
1 1 e 1 4e 1
e
1 1e
10. Prove that the maximum value of e
x
x
1
Ans. Let y Taking log both sides.
x
1
Log y = x log
x
log y x log x
Log z = z(let)

76

Here the maximum or minimum value of will also be maximum or

minimum value of z
so
dz 1
x log x
dx x
dz
1 log x
dx
And maxima or minima
dz
0
dx
1 log x 0

x e 1
1
x
e
Now
d 2z 1
d 2x x

d2y 1
e 0
d 2x x 1e
1e

1
Hence the function has maximum value at x
e
1
And maximum value is ee
Hence proved.

Maths 77

Chapter 3
Integrals

dx
1. Integrate the following
sin 2 x cos2 x
dx sin 2 x cos2 x dx
Ans.
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos2 x
sin 2 x .dx cos2 x dx
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
1 1
dx dx
cos2 x sin 2 x
sec2 xdx cos ec 2 xdx
tan x cot x c
dx
2. Integrate
2
ex e x
dx dx
Ans.
2 2
ex e x ex e x
4
2

78

1 dx
4 cosh 2 x
1
sec h2 xdx
4
ex e x
cosh x
2
1
tanh x c
4
3. Integrate the following
sin x cos log x
(I) dx II) dx
x x
sin x
Ans. i) dx _________________ (1)
x
Let x t
1
dx dt
2 x

1
dx 2dt
x
From eg. (1)
I 2 sin tdt
2 cos t c

2cos t c
2cos x c
cos(log x)
i) Let I dx (1)
x
Let log x = t
1
dx dt
x
From (1)
I cos t.dt
sin t c
sin log x c

Maths 79

sin x cos xdx

4. Integrate the following
a cos2 x b sin 2 x
sin x cos xdx
Ans. Let I =
2
a cos x b sin x 2
Let a cos2 x b sin2 x t
2a cos x sin x 2b sin x cos x .dx dt
2 b a sin x cos xdx dt
dt
sin x cos xdx
2(b a)
dt
I
2(b a).t
1
log t c
2(b a)
1
I log a cos2 x b sin 2 x c
2(b a)
1
5. dx
4 5sin x
1
Ans. Let I = dx
4 5sin x
x
2 tan
2
Since sin x
2 x
1 tan
2
dx
I
2 tan 2 x
4 5
1 tan 2 x 2

dx 1 tan 2 x 2

4 4 tan 2 x 2 10 tan x 2

80

1 sec2 x 2 dx

4 1 tan 2 x 5 x
2 2 tan 2
x
Let tan t
2
1 2 x
sec dx dt
2 2
1 2dt
I
4 1 t2 5 t
2
1 dt
2 t2 5 t 1
2
1 dt
2 t 2 5 t 5 t 25 25 1
4 4 16 16
1 dt
2 t 5 2 2 9 16

5 3
t
1 1 4 4
log C
2 3 5 3
2 t
4 4 4
1 t 12
log C
3 t 2
1 2t 1
log C
3 2t 4

1 2 tan x 2 1
log C
3 2 tan x 2 4
sin x
6. Integrate dx
1 sin x

Maths 81

sin x
Ans. Let I = dx
1 sin x
1 sin x 1
dx
1 sin x
1 sin x 1
dx
1 sin x 1 sin x
1
1 sin x
1 sin x
2
x x
1 sin x cos sin
2 2
x x 1
I cos sin dx dx
2 2 x x
cos sin
2 2
x x 1 x
I 2sin 2cos cos ec dx
2 2 2 4 2
x x 1 x
I 2 sin cos 2log tan c
2 2 2 8 4

x x x
I 2 sin cos 2 log tan c
2 2 8 4
7. Integrate x2 sin xdx
Ans. Here x2 is taken as first function and sin x as second function (according to
ILATE)
Now let I = x2 sin xdx
Integrating by parts

 82

d 2
I x 2 sin xdx x sin xdx dx
dx
I x 2 cos x 2 x cos x dx
I x 2 cos x 2 x cos xdx
d
I x 2 cos x 2 x cos xdx x . cos xdx dx
dx
I x 2 cos x 2 x sin x sin xdx
I x 2 cos x 2 x sin x 2cos x c

8. Integrate log x x2 1 dx

Ans. Let I = log x x2 1 dx

d
I log x x 2 1 1.dx log x x 2 1 dx dx
dx

1 2x
I log x x2 1 x 1 xdx
x x2 1 2 x2 1

1 x2 1 x
I x log x x2 1 xdx
2
x x2 1 x 1
x
I x log x x2 1 dx (1)
2
x 1
Let

Maths 83

x
I dx
1 2
x 1
x2 1 t 2
2 xdx 2tdt
tdt
xdx
t
t dt
I t c
1 t
I x2 1 c (2)
1
From (1) & (2)

I x log x x2 1 x2 1 c
3x 2
9. Solve
2
x 1 x 1 x 2
3x 2 A A A A
Ans. Let 1 2 3 4
2 x 1 2 x 1 x 2
x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1

2 2
3x 2 A x 1 x 1 x 2 A x 1 x 2 A x 1 x 2 A x 1 x 1
1 2 3 4

Putting x= 1
31 2 A 1 1 1 2
2
1 6A
2
A 16
2
Putting x = -1

84

2
3 1 2 A 1 1 1 2
3
5 A 4 1
3
5
A
3 4
Putting x = -2
2
3 2 2A 2 1 2 1
4
8 A 9 1
4
8
A
4 9
Putting x= 0
2 A 1 1 2 A 1 2 A 1 2 A 1 1
1 2 3 4
2 2A 2A 2A A
1 2 3 4
1 5 8
2 2A 2 2
1 6 4 9
1 5 8
2 2A
1 3 2 9
1 5 8 2
2A
1 3 2 9 1
6 45 16 36
2A
1 18
13
2A
1 18
13
A
1 36
3x 2 13 1 5 8

2 36 x 1 2 4 x 1 9 x 2
x 1 x 1 x 2 6 x 1
13 1 1 5 8
log x 1 log x 1 log x 2
36 6 x 1 4 9
13 1 5 8
log x 1 log x 1 log x 2
36 6 x 1 4 9

Maths 85

x 1 x 2 x 3
10. Evaluate dx
x 4 x 5 x 6
x 1 x 2 x 3 A B C
Ans. Let 1 (1)
x 4 x 5 x 6 x 4 x 5 x 6
Then
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 A x 5 x 6 B x 4 x 6 C x 4 x 5

Putting x = 4
(3) (2) (1) = A (-1) (-2)
6 = 2A
A=3
Putting x = 5
(4) (3) (2) = B (1) (-1)
-24 = B
Putting x = 6
(5) (4) (3) = C (2) (1)
60 = 2C
= C = 30
From (1)
x 1 x 2 x 3 3 24 30
1
x 4 x 5 x 6 x 4 x 5 x 6
x 1 x 2 x 3 dx dx dx
dx 1.dx 3 24 30
x 4 x 5 x 6 x 4 x 5 x 6
x 3log x 4 24log x 5 30log x 6 C

86

Chapter 4
Application of Integrals

1) Find the area bounded by the parabola y 2 4ax and its latus rectum.
Ans. Let S (a, 0) be the focus and LSL be the directrix of the parabola y 2 4ax . The
required area is
LOLL. Since the curve is symmetric along x axis. So required solution (area) =
2 (Area LOSL)
Let us consider a strip of length = y and width = x.
Area y x
Area 4ax x
Since the strip can more between x= 0 and x=a
A = 2(area of LOSL) y P(x, y)
L
a
2 4axdx
0
a
4 a xdx
0
a
3
x 2
A 4 a
3 X y
2 0
2 32
4 a a 0
3
3
8
a .a 2
3
8 2
A a
3
S(a,0) X

Maths 87

Sq. units y
y2 4ax
2) Find the area bounded by the parabola y 2 16 x and y= x
Ans. y 2 16 x is a parabola which is symmetric along x axis and its vertex is (0, 0).
y= x is an equation of st. line which passes from origin and makes an angle of 45
with x axis.
Let A be the intersection point of parabola and straight line.
x2 =16x Or x2 -16x = 0
x (x 16) = 0
x = 0, 16
When x= 0, y= 0 and when x= 16 then y= 16
Hence coordinated of intersection points are (0, 0) and (16, 16) y
16 16
Required area = ydx - ydx
0 0

(For parabola) (For St. Line)

16 16
4 xdx xdx
0 0

16 16
2 32 x2
4 x
3 2
0 0


8 1
64 0 256 0
3 2
512
128
3




128
sq.units
3

88

3) Find the area bounded by curve y= sin 2x + cos 2x and x= 0,

4.
Ans. When 0 x
2
0 2x and Sin2 x 0,cos 2 x 0, x 0, 4
2
y f x sin2x cos2x 0
4
Hence required solution f x dx
0
4
sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
0
4
cos 2 x sin 2 x
2 2 0
cos 2 sin 2 cos 0
sin 0
2 2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
4) Find the area bounded by curve x2 y2 1 and x + y = 1 in first quadrant.
Ans. x2 y 2 1 s a circle which passes from origin and is radius is one. x + y= 1 is
a straight line which
passes from (1,0) and (0,1)
y
1 1
Hence required area = ydx ydx
0 0

(For circle) (For straight line)

Maths 89

1 1
1 x2 dx 1 x dx
0 0
1 1
x 1 x2
1 x2 1
sin x x
2 2 0 2
0
1 1
0 sin 1(1) 0 1 0
2 2
1 1 1
. 2
2 2 2 4
5) Find the area bounded by the curve y= 4x(x-1) (x-2) and x axis.
Ans. Put y = 0
4x x 1 x 2 0
x 0,1,2
Thus the curve touches x- axis at (0,0) (1,0) and (2,0).
1 2
Required area = ydx ydx
0 1
1 2 3
4 x3 12 x2 8 x dx 4 x 12 x2 8 x dx
0 1
1 2
4 3
x 4x 4x 2 4
x 4x 4x3 2
0 0
1 4 4 16 32 16 1 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 2squreunit

90

Chapter 5,
Differential Equations

1) Find degree and order of the following differential

d 2 y dy
equation y ex .
dx2 dx
Ans. Given differential equation is of order 2 because the order of highest derivative is 2.
The degree of given differential eq. is one.

2) Find the differential equation for the following curves y = Ae2x Be 3x .

Ans. y = Ae2x Be 3x --------------- (1)
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
2 Ae2 x ( 3) Be 3x ------------- (2)
dx
Differentiating equation (2) W.R.T x
d2y
4 Ae2 x 9 Be 3x ---------------- (3)
dx 2
Adding equation (2) and (3)
d2y dy
6 Ae2 x Be 3x
dx2 dx
d2y dy
6y
dx2 dx
d 2 y dy
Hence 6 y is required equation.
dx 2 dx

Maths 91

3) Find the differential equation of all circles touching the x axis at the origin.
Ans. The equation of familyof circles touching x axis at origin is
2 2
x 0 y a a2
x 2 y 2 2ay 0 (1)
Where a is a parameter
Differentiating (1) W.r.t. x
dy dy
2x 2 y 2a 0
dx dx
x y dy dx
a ------------------------------------- (2)
dy dx
Substituting the value of a in equation (1)
x y dy dx
x2 y2 2y
dy dx
dy
x2 y 2 2 xy
dx
Which is required differential equation.

dy 1 y 2
4) Solve
dx 1 x2
Ans. Separating the variables of the given equations.
dy dx

1 y2 1 x2
Now integrating both sides.
dy dx
1 y 2 1 x2
tan 1 y tan 1 x tan 1 c
y x
tan 1 tan 1 c
1 xy
y x
c
1 xy
y x 1 yx c

92

5) Solve the differential equation 1 e2 x dy 1 y 2 e xdx 0 given that

when x= 0, y= 1.
Ans. Separating variables in given equation
dy e x dx
1 y2 1 e2 x
Now integrating both sides
dy e x dx
1 y2 1 e2 x
ex t
e x dx dt
dy dt

1 y2 1 t2
tan 1 y tan 1 t c
tan 1 y tan e x c (1)
When x = 0 , y= 1
tan 1 1 tan 1 e0 c

c
4 4
c
4 4 2
Putting C is equation --------------------------- (1)
2
tan 1 y tan 1 e x
2
tan 1 y tan 1 e x
2
tan 1 y tan 1 e x
2

Maths 93

1
y
ex
y e x
Which is required solution.
dy 3xy y 2
6) Solve (1)
dx 3x 2
Ans. Given differential equation is a homogeneous differential equation.
Let y = vx --------------------------------- (2)
dy dv
v x 3
dx dx
From (1), (2) and (3)
dv 3 x 2v 2 v 2 x 2
v x
dx 3x 2
dv 3v v 2
v x
dx 3
dv 3v v 2
x v
dx 3
dv 3v v 2 3v
x
dx 3
dv v 2
x
dx 3
dv 1
dx
v 2 3 x
Integrating both sides.
1 1
log x c
v 3

x 1
log x c
y 3
Which is required equation.
7) Solve the differential equation x2dy y x y dx 0 , given that y=1, when
x=1

94

Ans. x2dy y x y dx 0
x2 dy y x y dx
dy y
x y
dx x2
dy xy y2
(1)
dx x2
Since each of the function xy y 2 and x2 is a homogeneous function of degree
2
Eq. (1) is a homogeneous equation so,
Let y= vx ------------------------------ (2)
dy dv
v x (3)
dx dx
From (1), (2) and (3)
dv vx2 v2 x2
v x
dx x2
dv
v x v v2
dx
dv
x 2v v 2
dx
dv dx
v2 2v x
Integrating both sides.

Maths 95

dv dx
v 2 2v x
dv dx
v 2 2v 1 1 x
dv dx
2 2 x
v 1 1
1 v 1 1
log log x log c
2 1 v 1 1
1 v
log log x log c
2 v 2
v
log 2log x 2log c
v 2
vx 2
log log k
v 2

vx 2
k
v 2
y 2
x
x k
y
2
x
x2 y
k
y 2x
It is given that when x= 1, y = 1
1
k
3
x2 y 1

y 2x 3

3x 2 y y 2x
Which is required equation.

96

dy
8) Solve 1 x2 2 yx 4 x2
dx
dy 2x 4 x2
Ans. y
dx 1 x2 1 x 2
2x 4 x2
Here P and Q
1 x2 1 x2
Integrating factors
2x
dx
e 1 x2
log 1 x 2 1 x 2
e
Hence required solution
4 x2
y 1 x2 1 x 2 dx c
1 x2
y 1 x2 4 x 2dx c

4 x3
y 1 x2 c
3
4 x3 c
y
2 1 x2
31 x
dy
9) Solve x log x y 2log x
dx
dy y 2
Ans.
dx x log x x
1 2
Here P and Q
x log x x
dx
Integrating factor
e x log x
log log x
e log x
Hence required solution is

Maths 97

2
y log x log xdx c
x
2
2 log x
y log x c
2
c
y log x
log x
dy
10) Solve xy x3 y3
dx
dy
Ans. y 3 xy 2 x3 (1)
dx
Let y 2 v
dy dv
2y 3
dx dx
From equation (1)
1 dv
xv x3
2 dx
dv
2 xv 2 x3 (2)
dx
2 xdv
e e x2
Hence required solution is

98

2 2
ve x 2 x3 e x dx c

ve x
2
x2
2
2 x e x dx c x2 t
2 xdx dt
2
ve x t et dt c
2
ve x tet et c
2
ve x et t 1 c
2 2
ve x e x 1 x2 c
2
y 2ve x2 e x 1 x2 c
2
y 2 1 x 2 ce x

Maths 99

Unit IV

Chapter I
Vectors

1) If G is the centroid of a triangle ABC, prove that GA GB GC 0 .

Ans. Let a, bandc be the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively. Then
the position vector of

a b c
the centroid G is
3

Now GA GB GC

a b c a b c a b c
a b c
3 3 3

a b c
a b c 3
3

a b c a b c 0

2) Show that the point with position vectors a 2b 3c, 2a 3b 2c and

8a 13b are collinear.

Ans. Let P, Q, R be the points with position vectors a 2b 3c, 2a 3b 2c and

8a 13b respectively
then

100

PQ 2a 3b 2c a 2b 3c

PQ 3a 5b c (1)
and

QR 8a 13b 2a 3b 2c

QR 6a 10b 2c

QR 2 3a 5b c (2)
From (1) & (2)

QR 2PQ

This shows that PQ and QR are parallel vectors. But Q is common point to

them. So PQ and QR are
Collinear. Hence P, Q and R are collinear.

2i j 2k

3) Find the unit vector in the direction of a b if a

and b
i j k .
Ans. We have

a b 2i - j 2k - i j k

a b i 0j k
2 2 2
a b 1 0 1 2

a b
Required unit vector =
a b
1 i 0j k

2
1
k
1
i
2 2

 Maths 101

4) Find the direction cosines of the vector finding the points A (1, 2,-3) and B (-
1,-2, 1) directed from A to B.

Ans. AB Position vector of B Position vector of A

AB i 2j k i 2j 3k


AB 2i 4j 4k
The direction ratios are proportional to -2, -4, and 4. So direction cosines of

AB are
2 4 4
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 4 42 2 4 42 2 4 42
1 2 2
, ,
3 3 3
are direction cosines.

5) Find the value of , so that the vectors a 2i j k and

b i 2j 3k are
i) Perpendicular to each other
ii) Parallel to each other

Ans. I) a b

a b 0
2i j k i 2j 3k 0

2 2 3 0
5 2
5
2

II) We know that if two vectors a a i a j a k and
1 2 3

b b i b j b k are parallel to each
1 2 3

102

other then
a a a
1 2 3
b b b
1 2 3
2 1
1 2 3
2
2
4
6) Show that the diagonal of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle.
Ans. Let OACB be a rhombus. Taking O as the origin let the position vector of A and B

be a and b

respectively. Then OA a and OB b

In OAC

OC OA AC

OC OA OB

OC a b

OB AC


Position vector of C is a b

a

a b
The position vector of mid-point of C and position vector of mid-point
2

a b
of AB
2
Hence the mid- point of OC coincides with mid- point of AB.

Now OC AB

Maths 103

2 2
b a
2 2
OB OA
0
OB OA

OC AB
Hence the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle.
7) Show that the area of parallelogram having diagonals 3i j 2k and
i 3j 4k is 5 3 .

Ans. Let a 3i j 2k , b i 3j
4k
i j k

a b 3 1 2
1 3 4

a b i 4 6 j 12 2 k 9 1

a b 2i 14j 10k
2 2 2
a b 2 14 10

a b 300

1
Area of parallelogram = a b
2
1 10
300 3 5 3 Square unit
2 2
8) If D, E, F are the mid- points of the sides of a triangle ABC, prove by vector
method that area of

104

1
DEF = (area of ABC)
4
Ans. Taking A as origin, let the position vector of B and C be b and c respectively.
Then the position vector
1 1 1
of D, E and F are b c , c and b respectively.
2 2 2
A (origin)
Now

DE PV
. .of E PV
. .ofD
1 1
DE c b c
2 2

b
DE
2 B

C
And

DF PV
. .of F PV
. .ofD
1 1
DF b b c
2 2

c
DF
2
1
Area of DEF = DE DF
2

Maths 105

1 b c
2 2 2

1
b c
8
1 1
AB AC
4 2
1
area of # ABC
4
1
Hence area of (DEF) = area of # ABC
4
2
9) For any vector a , prove that a i 2 a j 2 a k
2
2a

Ans. Let a a i a j a k
1 2 3

Then a i a i a j a k i
1 2 3

106

a i a1 i i a2 j i a3 k i

a i a k a j
2 3

2
a i
2 2
a a
2 3

a j a k a i
1 3

2
a j
2 2
a a
1 3

2
a k
2 2
a a
1 2

a i 2 a j 2 a k 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a a
2 3 1 3 1 2

2 2 2
2
2 a a a 2a
1 2 3

Hence proved

10) Find a b if a 2i k and b i j k

Ans. We have

Maths 107

i j k

a b 2 0 1
1 1 1

a b i 0 1 j 2 1 k 2 0

a b i j 2k

108

Unit IV

Chapter 2
Three Dimension Geometry

1) Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of P (2, -1, 4) and Q
(4, 3, 2) in the ratio 2:3
(i) internally (ii) Externally.
Ans. Let R (x, y, z) be the required point. Then ,
2 4 3 2 14
i) x
2 3 5
2 3 3 1 3
y
2 3 5
2 2 3 4 16
z
2 3 5
So, the coordinator of the required point are

14 3 16
R , ,
5 5 5
2 4 3 2
ii) x 2
2 3

Maths 109

2 3 3 1
y 9
2 3
2 2 3 4
z 8
2 3
So, the coordinator of the required point are
R 2, 9,8

2) Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn form the point A
(1, 2, 1) to the line joining B(1, 4, 6) and C(5, 4, 4).
Ans. Let D be the foot of perpendicular drawn from A on BC. Let D divides BC in the
ratio :1. Then the
coordinators of D are
5 1 4 4 4 6
, , (1)
1 1 1
Now direction ratio of BC are proportional to 5 1, 4 4, 4 6 i.e. 4, 0, -2 and
direction ratios of AD are
proportional to
5 1 4 4 4 6
1, 2, 1
1 1 1
4 2 2 3 5
, ,
1 1 1
Since AD BC . Therefore
4 2 2 3 5
4 0 2 0
1 1 1
16 6 10 0
1
Putting 1in (1)
The coordinate of D are (3, 4, and 5)

110

3) Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations
l 5m 3n 0 and 7l 2 5m2 3n2 0 .
Ans. The given equations are
l 5m 3n 0 ------------------- (1)
7l 2 5m2 3n2 0 ------------ (2)
From (1) , we have
l 5m 3n
Putting l 5m 3n in eq. (2)
2
7 5m 3n 5m2 3n2 0

2 2 2 2
7 25m 9n 30mn 5m 3n 0

2 2
6m 7mn 2n 0
2 2
6m 4mn 3mn 2n 0
3m 2n 2m n 0
2 n
m n, m
3 2
2 1
If m n then from (1), we obtain l n
3 3
n n
If m , then from (1), we obtain l
2 2
n 2 n n
Thus direction ratios of two lines are proportional to , n, n and , ,n
3 3 2 2
i.e. 1, 2, 3 and -1, 1, 2
Hence their direction cosines are

Maths 111

1 2 3
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
, ,
14 14 14
1 1 2
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 2
, ,
6 6 6

4) Find the vectors equation of a line passing through a point with position
vector 2i j k and parallel to the line joining the points
i 4j k and i 2j 2k .
Ans. Let A, B, C be the points with position vectors 2i j k , i 4 j k and
i 2j 2k respectively.
We have to find the equation of a line passing through the point A and parallel

to BC .

We have BC = Position vector of C Position vectors of B

BC i 2j 2k i 4j k


BC 2i 2j k

We know that the equation of a line passing through a point a and parallel to b is

r a b
r 2i j k 2i 2j k
Which is required equation.

112

5) Find the Cartesian equation of a line passing through the points A (2, -1, 3)
and B (4, 2, 1).
Ans. We know that the equation of a line passing through points x1 , y1, z1 and
x2 , y2, z2 is given by
x x y y z z
1 1 1
x x y y z z
2 1 2 1 2 1
So the equation of the required line is.
x 2 y 1 z 3
4 2 2 1 1 3
x 2 y 1 z 3
2 3 2
Which is required equation.
6) Find the angle between two lines having direction ratio 1, 1, 2
and 3 1, 3 1 , 4.
Ans. Let m1 and m2 be vectors parallel to the two given lines. The angle between two
given lines is same as
angle between m1 and m2

Now m1 = vector parallel to the line with direction ratio 1,1,2

i j 2k
m2 = vector parallel to the line with direction ratio

3 1, 3 1,4 3 1 i 3 1 j 4k
Let be the angle between the lines then,
3 1 3 1 8
.
m1 m2
cos
m1 m2 2 2
1 1 4 3 1 3 1 16

6
1
cos
6 24 2

Maths 113

x 1 y 1 z 1 x 2 y 1 z 1
7) Show that the lines and do not
3 2 5 4 3 2
intersect.
x 1 y 1 z 1
Ans. Let
3 2 5
x 3 1, y 2 1, z 5 1
So, the coordinator of a general point on this line is 3 1, 2 1, 5 1
x 2 y 1 z 1
And
4 3 2
x 4 2, y 3 1, z 2 1
x 2 y 1 z 1
4 3 2
x 4 2, y 3 1, z 2 1
So, the coordinator of a general point on this line is 4 2,3 1, 2 1
If the line intersect, then they have a common point.
So 3 1 4 2, 2 1 3 1 and 5 1 2 1
3 4 3________(1)
2 3 2 _________(2)
5 2 2 ________(3)
Multiplying equation. (1) By 2 and equation. (2) by 3
6 8 6
6 9 6
12
From (1)

114

3 4 12 3

3 3 48
3 51
17
From (2)
5 17 2 12 2

85 24 2
109 2
Since 17 and 12 do not satisfy equation. (3). Hence the given lines
do not intersect.

8) Find the shortest distance between the lines r 4i j i 2j 3k and

r i j 2k 2i 4j 5k

Ans. We know that the shortest distance between the lines a b and

1 1

a b is given by
2 2

a2 a1 . b1 b2
d
b1 b2

Comparing the given equation with the equation with the equation

r a b and r a b , we
1
1 2
2 2

have a 4i j, a i j 2k and b i 2j 3k , b 2i 4j 5k
1 2 1 2

Now

Maths 115

a a i j 2k 4i j
2 1

a a 3i 0j 2k
2 1
And
i j k
b b 1 2 3
1 2
2 4 5

b b i( 10 12) j ( 5 6) k (4 4)

1 2

b b 2i j 0k
1
2

a a . b b ( 3i 0j 2k ).(2i j 0k )
2 2 1 2

a a . b b 6 0 0
2 2 1 2

a a . b b 6
2 2 1 2

b b 4 1 0 5
1 2

Shortest distance

116

a a . b b
2 1 1 2

b b
1 2
6 6
5 5

9) Find the angle between the planes r. 2i j k 6 and r. i j 2k 5.

Ans. We know that the angle between two planes r.n d and r.n d is
1 1 2 2

n .n
cos 1 2
n n
1 2

Here n 2i j k and n i j 2k
1 2

2i j k . i j 2k
cos
4 1 1 1 1 4
2 1 2 3 1
cos
6 6 6 2
1
cos
2

Maths 117

10) Prove that if a plane has the intercept a, b and c and is at a distance of P unit
from the origin, then
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a b c P
Ans. Equation of a plane having intercept a, b, c on the coordinate axes is
x y z
1
a b c
It is given that this plane is at a distance of p unit from origin

0 0 0
a b c p
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c

1
p
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
1
p
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a b c p
Hence proved

11) Find the distance between parallel lines x+y-z+4=0 and x +y-z+5=0.

118

Ans. Let P x , y , z be any point on

1 1 1

x y z 4 0 then, x y z 4 0 (1)
1 1 1
Then length of perpendicular from P x , y , z to x y z 5 0 is
1 1 1

x y z 5 4 5 1

1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1
1
Therefore the distance between the two given parallel planes is
3

12) Show that the centroid of the triangle with vertices
A x1 , y1 , z1 , B x2 , y2 , z2 and C x3 , y3 , z3
x x x y y y z z z
Is 1 2 3, 1 2 3, 1 2 3
3 3 3
Ans. Let D be mid-point of BC. Then coordinators of D are
x x y y z z
2 3, 2 3, 2 3
2 2 2
Let G be the centroid of ABC. Then G divides AD in the ratio of 2:1. So
coordinator of D are
x2 x3 y2 y3 z2 z3
1.x1 2 1. y1 2 1.z1 2
2 2 2
, ,
1 2 1 2 1 2

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 z1 z2 z3
, ,
3 3 3

Maths 119

Unit V
Linear Programming

1) Define the following :

i) Objective function
ii) Constraints
iii) Non negative restrictions
Ans. i) Objective function If C , C , Cn are constants and
1 2
x ,x , xn are variable, then
1 2
the linear function z c x c x cn xn
11 2 2
Which is to be maximized or minimized is called the objective function.
ii) Constraints The inequalities or equation in the variables of a LPP which
describes the conditions
under which the optimization (maximization or minimization) is to be
accomplished are called constraints.
In the constraints given in the general form of LPP there may be one of the three
sings , ,
iii) Non negative restrictions These are the constraints which describes that
the variable involved in a
LPP are non negative.

2) A firm manufactures two types of products A and B and sells them at a profit
of Rs. 2 on type A and Rs. 3 on B. Each product is processed on two
machines G and H. Type A requires one minute of processing time on G and
two minute on H. Type B requires one minute on G and one minute on H.
The machine G is available for not more than 6 hours 40 minutes, while
machine H is available for 10 hours during any working day. Formulate the
problem as a linear programming problem.

120

Ans. Let x be the number of products of type A and x the number of products of type
1 2
B. The given data
may be put in following tabular from.

Machine Time of product (Minutes) Available time

Type A ( x units) Type B ( x units)
1 2
G 1 1 400
H 2 1 600
Profit Per Unit Rs. 2 Rs. 3
Since the profit on types A is Rs. 2 per product, 2 x will be the profit on selling
1
x units of types A.
1
Similarly 3x will be the profit on selling x units of type B. Therefore total
2 2
profit on selling x unit of A
1
and x units of B is given by Z 2 x 3x (objective function)
2 1 2
Since machine G takes 1 minute time on type A and 1 minute time on type B, the
total number by minutes
required on machine G is given by x x
1 2
Similarly the total number of minutes required on machine H is given
by 2 x x
1 2
Machine G is not available for more than 6 hours 40 minutes (=400 minutes).
Therefore x x 400
1 2
Also the machine H is available for 10 hours only. There fore 2 x x 600
1 2
Since it is not possible to produce negative quantities so
x 0 and x 0 non negative restrictions)
1 2
Hence LPP of the given problem is
Maximize z 2 x 3x
1 2
Subject to the constants

Maths 121

x x 400
1 2
2x x 600
1 2
x 0, x 0
1 2
3) A resourceful home decorator manufactures two types of lamps say A and B.
Both lamps go through two technicians first a cutter, second a finisher. Lamp
A requires 2 hours of the cutters time and 1 hour of finishers time. Lamb B
requires 1 hour of cutters time and 2 hours of finishers time. The cutter has
104 hours and finisher has 76 hours of time available each month. Profit on
lamp A is Rs. 6.00 and on one lamp B is Rs. 11.00. Assuming that he can sell
all that he produces, how many of each type of lamps should he manufacture
to obtain the best return.

Ans. The above information can be put in the following tabular form :-

Lamp Cutters time Finishers time Profit in Rs.

A 2 1 6
B 1 2 11
Maximum time 104 76
available

Let the decorator manufacture x lamps of type A and y lamps of type B.

Total profit = Rs. (6x + 11y)
Total time taken lay the cutter in preparing x lamps of type A and y lamps of type
B is (2x+y) hours. But
the cutter has 104 hours only for each month.
2 x y 104
Similarly, the total time taken by the finisher in preparing x lamps of type A and y
lamps of type B is
(x+2y) hours. But the cutter has 76 hours only for each month.
x 2 y 76
Since the number of lamps cannot be negative x 0, y 0
So, the mathematical formulation of the given LPP is as follows :
Maximize z = 6x + 11y
Subject to 2 x y 104

x 2 y 76
And x 0, y 0

122

4) Solve the following LPP graphically : maximize z= 5x+3y

Subject to
3x 5 y 15
5x 2 y 10
And x 0, y 0
Ans. Converting the given inequalities in to equations
3x 5 y 15,5 x 2 y 10, x 0 And y=0
The line 3x+5y=15 meets the coordinates axes at A 5,0 and
1
B 0,3 respectively. Join these points to
1
get the line 3x+5y=15. Coordinate (0,0) satisfy the inequality 3x 5 y 15 . So
the region containing
the origin represents the solution set of the inequality 3x 5 y 15 .
The line 5x+2y =10 meets the coordinate axes at A 2,0 and
2
B 0,5 respectively. Join these points to
2
get the line 5x+2y =10. Coordinate (0,0) satisfy the inequality 5 x 2 y 10 . So
the region containing the
origin represents the solution set of this inequality.
So the feasible region of given LPP is given by :-
The coordinates of vertices of the shaded feasible region are Y
20 45
O 0,0 , A 2,0 , P , B 0,3
2 19 19 1
Value of objective function at these points are
O 0,0 z 5 0 3 0 0
A 2,0 z 5 2 3 0 10
2
20 45 20 45
P , z 5 3
19 19 19 19
20 45 235
P , z
19 19 19

At B 0,3 z 5 0 3 3 9
1

Maths 123

235
The optional value of z X
19
X
5) Define the followings :- O
i) Feasible solution Y
ii) Infeasible solution
iii) Optimal feasible solution
iv)Convex set
Ans. i) Feasible solution A set of values of the variable x , x xn is
1 2
called a feasible solution
of a LPP, if it satisfy the constraints and non negativity restriction of the
problem.
ii) Infeasible solution A solution of LPP is an infeasible solution, if the system
of constraints has no point
which satisfies all the constraints and non negativity restrictions.
iii) Optional feasible solution A feasible solution of a LPP is said to be an
optional feasible solution, if it
also optimizes (Maximize or minimize) the objective function.
iv) Convex set A set is a convex set, if every point on the line point on the line
segment joining any two
points in it lies in it.
Ex.

124

Unit VI

Probability

1) In how many ways can 3 girls and nine boys be seated in two vans, each
having numbered seats, 3 in front row and 4 at the back ? How many seating
arrangement are possible if 3 girls should sit together in a back row on
adjacent seats ? Now if all the seating arrangements are equally likely, what
is the probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats ?
Ans. Each van has 7 seats, so there are 14 numbered seats in two vans. The total number
of ways in which 3
girls and 9 boys can sit on these seats is 14C 12
12
So, total number of seating arrangements
= 14C 12
12
In a van 3 girls can choose adjacent seats in the back row in two ways (1,2,3 or
2, 3, 4)
So, the number of ways in which 3 girls can sit in the back row on adjacent seats
in 2(3 ) ways. The numbe
of ways in which 9 boys can sit on the remaining 11 seats is 11C 9! ways. So
9
the number of ways in
which 3 girls and 9 boys can sit in two vans.
2 3! 11C 9! 2 3! 11C 9!
9 9

Hence required probability
4 3! 11c 9!
9
14c 12!
12
2) If the letters of the word ATTRACTION are written down at random, find
the probability that
I) All the Ts occur together

Maths 125

II)No two Ts occur together

Ans. The total number of arrangements of the cutter of the word ATTRACTION is
10!

3! 2!
I) Consider all there Ts as one, then there are 8 letters consisting of two identical
8!
As. These 8 letters can be arranged is ways
2!
Hence required probability
8!
2! 3!8! 1
10! 10! 15
3! 2!
7!
II) Other than 3 Ts there are 7 letters which can be arranged in ways. There
2!
are 8 places 6 between the 7 letters and one on extreme left and the other on
extreme right. So 3 Ts can be arranged in 8 places 8c ways
3
7! 8
Number of ways in which no two Ts are together C
2! 3
Hence required probability
7! 8
C
2! 3 7

10! 15
3! 2!
3) A basket contains 20 apples and 10 orange out of which 5 apples and 3
oranges are defective. If a person takes out 2 at random what is the
probability that either both are apples or both are good.
Ans. Out of 30 fruits two can be selected in 30C ways.
2
Consider the following two events
A = Getting two apples, B= Getting two good fruits
Required probability = P(AUB)
P A B P A P B P A B
There are 20 apples, out of which 2 can be selected in 20C ways.
2

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20C
P A 2
30C
2
There are 8 defective pieces and the remaining 22 are good. Out of 22 good
pieces, two can be selected in
22C Ways.
2
22C
P B 2
30C
2
Since there are 15 pieces which are good apples, out of which two can be selected
in 15C
2
15C
Ways. Therefore P A B 2
30C
2
Now required probability P A P B P A B
20C 22C 15C
2 2 2 316
30C 30C 30C 435
2 2 2
4) A coin is tosses three times. Find P (E/F) in each of two following:
1) E= Head on the third toss, F= Heads in first two tosses
2) E = At least two heads, F = at most two heads
Ans. The sample space
S HHH , HHT , HTH ,THH , HTT ,THT ,TTH ,TTT
1) We have
E HHH , HTH , THH , TTH
F HHH , HHT
E F HHH
Clearly n E 4, n F 2, n E F 1
n E F 1
P E/F
n F 2
2) E HHH , HHT , HTH ,THH

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F TTT ,THT , HTT ,TTH ,THH , HTH , HHT

E F HHT , HTH ,THH
n E 4, n( F ) 7, n E F 3
n E F 3
P E/F
n F 7
5) A black and a red dice are rolled in order. Find the conditional probability of
obtaining a sum greater than 9, given that the black dice resulted in a 5.
Ans. Let us consider the following equals :
A = Getting a sum greater than 9.
B = Black die resulted in a, 5.
A 5,5 6,4 4,6 6,5 5,6 6,6
B 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6

A B 5,5 5,6
n A B 2, n A 6, n B 6
Required probability
n A B 2 1
P A/ B
n B 6 3
6) A bag contains 10 white and 15 black balls. Two balls are drawn in
succession without replacement. What is the probability that first is white
and second is black.
Ans. Let us consider the following events :
A = getting a white ball in first draw
B= getting a black ball in second draw
Required probability P A B
P A B P A .P B / A (1) [By multiplication theorem]
10C
Now P A 1 10 2 and P (B/A) = Probability of getting a black ball
25C 25 5
1
in second draw when a
White ball has already been in first draw.

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15C
1 15 5
P B/ A
24C 24 8
1
2 5 2 1
From (1) P A B
5 8 8 4
7) From a well shuffled pack of cards find the probability of drawing a
diamond card in each of the two consecutive draws, if the card drawn is not
replaced after the first draw.
Ans. Let us consider the following events
A = getting a diamond card in first draw
B = getting a diamond card in second draw
13C
1 13 1
P(A)=
52C 52 4
1
After drawing a diamond card in the first draw 51 cards are left out of which 12 cards
are diamond cards
12C
P B/ A 1 12 4
51C 51 17
1
Required probability P A B P A P B / A
1 4 1

4 17 17
1 3
8) Given the P A ,P A B and P(B) = P. Find P if A and B are I)
2 5
mutually exclusive (ii) Independent
Ans. I) If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P A B P A. P B
3 1 3 1 1
P P
5 2 5 2 10
ii) If A, B are independent events, then

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P A BP A .P B
1
P A B P
2
P A B P A P B P A B
3 1 P
P
5 2 2
P 3 1
2 5 2
1
P
5
9) A can solve 90% of the problems given in a book and B can solve 70%. What
is the probability that at least one of them will solve the problem, selected at
random from the book?
Ans. Let us consider the following events :
E = A solves the problems
F = B solves the problems
E and F are independent events such that
90 9
P E
100 10
70 7
And P F
100 10
Required probability
P E F
1 P E P F
9 7
1 1 1
10 10
1 3
1 0.97
10 10
10) A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B 3 times in 4 shots and C 2 times in 3
shots. Calculate the probability that
1) A, B, C all may hit
2) B, C hit and A may lose
Ans. Let us consider the following events
E = A hits the target
F = B hits the target

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G = C hits the target

We have
4
P E
5
3
P F
4
2
P G
3
1) Required probability
P E F G
P E P F P G
4 3 2 2
5 4 3 5
2) Required probability

P E F G
P E P F P G
4 3 2 1
1
5 4 3 10

Maths 131