O - Level Problems

1. Evaluate
4 5
(i) lim (ii) lim
x 5 x 7 h 0 5h 4 2
h2
(iii) lim (iv) xlim
1
3(2x 1)2
h 5 5 h

x5 x3
(v) lim 2 (vi) lim
x 5 x 25 x 3 x 2 4x 3
x4 1 x2 8 3
(vii) lim (viii) lim
x 1 x3 1 x 1 x 7

cos x
2. lim
Show that x /2 1 sin x 2 / 3 does not exist.

x2 x sin x
3. By taking that 1 < < 1 holds good for all the value of x close to zero
6 2 2 cos x
x sin x
find lim
x 0 2 2 cos x

2x 1
4. Evaluate lim
x 0
.
1 x 1

f x
5. If xlim = 1 find
0
x2
f x
(i) xlim
0
f(x) (ii) xlim
0 x

6. Evaluate the following limits:

lim f x if f (x) = 4 2x x1
(i) x
1
6 x 4 x1

lim f x if f (x) = 2x x0
(ii) x
0
x / 2 x0
7. lim x sin 1 and hence draw the graph of f (x) = x sin 1 .
Evaluate x 0 x x

3 x x2

8. Let f (x) = 2 x2
x x2

2

(i) Find xlim

2
f (x), xlim
2 f (x) and f (2)

(ii) Does xlim

2 f (x) exist? If so, what it is? If not why?

0 x0
9. Let f (x) = sin 1 x0
x

(i) Does xlim

0
f (x) exist? If so why? If not why?

(ii) Does xlim

0
f (x) exist? If so why? If not why?

10. Evaluate
x 3 x 2 x2
(i) lim (ii) lim x 3
x2 x2 x 2 x 2
2 x x 1 2 x x 1
(iii) lim (iv) lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
[ ] [ ]
(v) lim (vi) lim
3 3
lim lim
(vii) t 4 (t - [t]) (viii) t 4 (t - [t])

11. Find the points of discontinuity in the following functions

1 1
(i) f (x) = x 2 3 x (ii) f (x) = 4
( x 2 )2
1 x2 sin x
(iii) f (x) = (iv) f (x) =
| x| 1 2 x
x2
(v) f (x) = (vi) f (x) = |x-1| + sinx
cos x
x2 4 x tan x
(vii) f (x) = (viii) f (x) =
x2 x2 1
x2 1 x
(ix) f (x) = (x) f (x) = tan
1 sin 2 x 2
12. For what value of a the following functions are continuous at every x
 x2 1 x3 x x 2
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) =
2ax x3 ax2 x 2

13. Evaluate lim

xn

x x , where n is an integer ([.] and {.} denote respectively the greatest
integer and fractional part functions).

14. Suppose the f (x) and g (x) are defined for all x and that xlim lim
c f (x) = -7 and x c g (x) = 0.

Find the lim as x c of the following functions

(i) 3f (x) (ii) (f (x))2
f x
(iii) f (x).g (x) (iv) g ( x ) 7

(v) cos (g (x)) (vi) |f (x)|

15. Find the limit of g(x) as x approaches the indicated value

lim
(i) x 5 (4g (x))1/3 = 2

lim 1
(ii) 2
x 5 x g( x )

3x2 1
(iii) lim =
x 1 g( x )

5 x2
(iv) lim 0
x 2 g( x )

16. Evaluate the limits (if exist) of the following functions at given points and discuss about
their continuity
x 1 5 cos x
(i) f (x) = at x = 1 (ii) f (x) = 4 x 2 at x =
x x 2
x
(iii) f (x) = (1 + |x|)1/x at x = 0 (iv) f (x) = at x = 0
1 2| x|

17. Suppose that the function f and g and their derivatives with respect to x have the following
values at x =0 and x =1

x f (x) g(x) f '(x) g'(x)

0 1 1 5 1/3
1 3 -4 -1/3 -8/3

Find the derivative with respect to x of the following combinations at the given value of x.
 (i) 5f (x) - g(x), at x =1 (ii) f (x) g3 (x), at x = 0
f(x)
(iii) , at x = 1 (iv) f (g(x)), at x = 0
g( x ) 1
(v) g (f (x)), at x = 0

18. Is there any value c that will make the following functions (i) continuous at x = 0 (ii)
Differentiable at x = 0

sin2 3 x
, x0
(a) f (x) = x 2
c , x0

x c x 0
(b) f (x) =
cos x x 0

2 1
x sin x 0
19. Is the function h (x) = x
0 x0
differentiable and continuous at x = 0 ?

20. (a) For what values of a and b will

ax x2
f (x) = 2
ax bx 3 x2
be differentiable for all values of x ?

(b) Discuss the geometry of the resulting graph of f.

 I - Level Problems

1 1
1. (i) Evaluate lim 2 log 1 x .
x 0 x x
x 2 x .ln x ln x 1
(ii) Evaluate lim
x 1
.
x1

2 sin x sin 2 x
2. (i) f (x) is the integral of , x 0, find lim
x 0
f (x).
x3
1/ 3 1/ 3
(ii) Evaluate lim 2 x 3 x 5 x
x 3 x 2 2 x 3 1 / 3

3. Evaluate
lim
(i) x cos-1 [cot x], where [ .] denotes greatest integer function.
2
sin x
(ii) lim , where {x} is the fractional part function & I is any integer.
x I x
4. Evaluate following limits
2 cos x 1
lim
(i) x

2 x x
2
tan 2 x x 2
(ii) lim
x 0
x 2 tan 2 x
lim 1 sin 2 x
(iii) x
4 4x
x tan 2 x 2 x tan x
(iv) lim
x0 1 cos 2 x 2

5. Discuss the differentiability of the function f x x x , where [x] and {x} denote
respectively the greatest integer and fractional part of x.

6. Evaluate following limits

sec 2
(i) lim 2 2 bx
x 0 sin
2 ax
1/ x
lim 1 x
1/ x
(ii) x 0
e
x
(iii) lim x c = 4, then find c.
x
xc
 nx
lim a1 a 2 a 3 ... a n , ak > 0, for all k = 1, 2, .., n.
1/ x 1/ x 1/ x 1/ x
(iv) x
n
sin 1
1 x .cos 1 x
1
7. Let f (x) = , then find xlim f (x) and xlim f (x), where
2 x . 1 x 0 0

{ } denotes fractional part function.

8. lim arcsin x arctan x

x 0
x3

sin x
, x 0
9. If f(x) = x
0
, x 0
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then prove that lim
x0
f(x) does
not exist.

10. lim cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x ... cos 2 n 1 x where x k, k I.

n
n

23 1 33 1 4 3 1 n3 1
11. Let Pn = . . . Evaluate nlim P.
n
23 1 33 1 4 3 1 n3 1

12. lim cos x .cos x .cos x cos x .

n 2 4 8 2n

13. Find the value of A and B so that function

1 1
A tan x 4 if 0 x 4


if x 4
2
f (x) =
B tan 1 2 if 4 x 6
x 4
-1
sin 7 x A if 6 x 8
4
is continuous in the interval [0, 8].

14. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f defined by

cos 2 n m!x 1
f x lim lim
n m cos 2 n m!x 1

 a/| tanx |
(1 | tanx |) , - x0
4

15. Let f (x) = b , x =0

ecot2x cot3x , 0<x<
4
Determine a and b such that f is continuous at x = 0.

16. (i) A function f : R R satisfies the equation f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y R, f (x) 0.
Suppose that the function is differentiable at x = 0 and f '(0) = 2. Prove that f '(x) = 2 f(x).

(ii) If f (x) = lim

x 2 x ...... nx , then prove that f (x) is always continuous.
2 2 2

n n3

17. A function f is defined as follows:

f (x) = xpcos(1/x), x 0, f (0) = 0
what conditions should be imposed on p so that
(i) f may be continuous at x = 0,
(ii) f may have a differential coefficient at x = 0

18. Let f x x 3 x 2 x 1 and

max . f t ; 0 t x for 0 x 1
g(x) =
3 x; 1 x 2
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function g(x) in the interval (0, 2)

x
19. Determine the set of all points where the function f(x) = 1 x is differentiable.

20. A function is defined as follows:

x 3 ; x2 1
f(x) =
x; x2 1
Draw the graph of the function and discuss limit, continuity and differentiability at x = 1.

21. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function:

x
f(x) = 1 x , |x| 1
x
= 1 x , |x| < 1.

22. If f(x) =

x e 1 / x e 1 / x , x0
0, x 0
 Prove that f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

23. f (x) is defined as under:

ax x 1 b , x1

f (x) = x 1, 1 x 3
cx 2 dx 2 , x3

Determine the constant a, b, c and d, given that
(i) f (x) is continuous for all x.
(ii) f (1) does not exist
(iii) f (x) is continuous at x = 3.

24. If f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + 2xy 1 for all values of x and y and f(x) be a differentiable
function. It f (0) = cos then prove that f (x) = x2 + x cos + 1 , for all x R.

x a if x0 x 1 if x0
25. Let f(x) = and g(x) =
| x 1 | if x 0, (x 1) b if x 0,
2

where a and b are nonnegative real numbers. Determine the composite function gof.

If (gof ) (x) is continuous for all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for these

values of a and b, is gof differentiable at x = 0? Justify your answer.

 E - Level Problems
1. Evaluate the following limits (if exists)
x
1 1
(a) xlim sin cos
x x

cos x sin x 1
(b) lim , 0,
x 2 x2
2

x b
(c) lim , [.] denotes greatest integer function, a, b R+.
x 0 a x

(d) lim
2x 12

x 4x 1
x2
(e) lim
x 0 sin x tan x
, where [.] denotes greatest integral function.

k2 k2
2. Find the value(s) of k for which lim sec 1 exists.
x 1
ln x x 1

3. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f defined by f(x) =[x 2[1/x2]],
x 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
4. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function y = f(x) defined parametrically
as
x = 2t - |t - 1|
y = 2t2 + t|t|

cos x x 2 n sin x 1
5. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) = Lim at x = 1.
n
1 x 2 n 1 x 2 n
1

6. Let f(x) = 0
x t t dt

(a) find f(x).

(b) Discuss the continuity of f (x).
(c) Discuss the differentiability of f (x).

7. If f and g are differentiable at a R such that f(a) = g(a) = 0 and g(a) 0, then show that
f x f a
lim .
xa g x g a

x2 1
1/ 2
| x | 1 | x| | x | 1
8. Let f(x) =

| x| | x | 1
and g(x) = 2

x 1
1/ 2
| x | 1
.

Find fog (x) and discuss its continuity and differentiability.

9. If 2f (x) = f (xy) + f (x/y) for all x, y R+, f (1) = 0 and f (1) = 1.

Find f(e) and f (e)

10. Let R. Prove that a function f : R R is differentiable at if and only if there is a

function g : R R which is continuous at and satisfies f(x) f() = g(x) (x ) for all
x R.
 Objective Problems

1. If 0 < a < b, then nlim

(2an + bn)1/n is equal to
(a) a (b) b
(c) b2 (d) e

2. lim (2 x) tan x =
x 2
4
2
(a) (b)
2
4
(c) (d) None of these

3. lim x cos x log 1 x equals

x 0
x2
1
(a) (b) 0
2
(c) 1 (d) none of these

1
4. The value of xlim

is
x sec x
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) Does not exist

lim tan 2 x
5. x 0
is equal to
2 4x
(a) 8 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) None of these

cos 1 x
6. The value of xlim
1
x1
1 1
(a) equals (b) equals
2
1
(c) (d) does not exist
2

7. lim tan e
x 2
1
x 2
log x 1
(a) 0 (b) e
(c) 1 (d) None of these
 x
8. The value of lim
x 1
sin-1 log 3
3

(a) equals (b)
2 2
(c) 0 (d) does not exist

1
x sin , x 0
9. If f (x) = x , then

1 , x0
(a) lim f(x) = 1 (b) lim f x does not exist
x 0 x0

(c) lim
x 0
f(x) = 0 (d) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.

1 sin 1 x
10. If f(x) = , then
5x
2
(a) xlim
1
f(x) = (b) f(x) is continuous in (1, 1)
8
(c) f(x) is continuous in [1, 1] (d) None of these

11. The value of x xt dt is

0
lim
x 0 sin x tan x
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 1/2

12. The domain of the derivative of the function

tan 1 x if | x | 1

f(x) = 1 is
(| x | 1) if | x | 1
2
(a) R {0} (b) R {1}
(c) R {1} (d) R {1, 1}
x2 5x
x 1
13. If f(x) = x 2 1 is continuous at x = 1,
7 / 2 x 1
then
(a) = 6 (b) = 7/2
(c) = 6 (d) does not exist
14. f (x) = |x| + |x 1|, then
(a) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 as well as at x = 1
(b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 1
(c) f (x) is continuous at x = 1 but not differentiable at x = 0
(d) f (x) is continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1
 x4 5x2 4
, x 1,2
x 1 x 2

15. Let f (x) = 6, x1
12 , x2



Then f (x) is continuous on the set
(a) R (b) R {1}
(c) R {2} (d) R {1, 2}

2
16. The value of lim 1 cos x is
x 0 1 cos x
(a) 1/2 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) none of these

17. If x + 2|y| = 3y, then y as a function of x is

(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
dy
(c) = 1 for all x > 0 (d) continuous as well as derivable at x = 0
dx

tan x
18. The function f(x) = , where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
1 x 2
equal to x, is
(a) discontinuous at some x
(b) continuous at all x, but f (x) does not exist for some x
(c) f (x) exists for all x, but f (x) does not exist
(d) f (x) exists for all x.

(cos x 1) (cos x e x )
19. The integer n for which lim
x 0 n
is a finite nonzero number is
x
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

20. f(x) = 1 + |cos x| is

(a) continuous every where
(b) differentiable every where
(c) Differentiable at all points except x = /2
(d) Not differentiable at infinite number of points.

3 x 1 x , x 1

21. f (x) = x is
4 sin 2 , x 1

(a) continuous at x = 1 (b) differentiable at x = 1
(c) not differentiable at x = 1 (d) continuous at x = 2
22. If f (x) = |x 2| + |x 5| then f (4) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) does not exist.

23. Let f(x) = [cosx + sinx], 0 < x < 2, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x. The number of points of discontinuity of f(x) is
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 3

ax 2 b , x 1
24. If the derivative of the function f (x) = 2 is everywhere continuous,
bx ax 4 , x 1
then
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 3, b = 2
(c) a = 2, b = 3 (d) a = 3, b = 2

2 x 2 f x
25. If f (1) = 2 and f (1) = 3, then lim
x 1 is
x 1
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) None of these

1 x2 1 2x 1 x2
26. The derivative of tan-1


with respect to tan-1 2

at x = 0, is
1 2x
x

(a) 1/8 (b) 1/4
(c) 1/2 (d) None of these

1 x 1 x
27. The derivative of sin-1 2

w.r.to x is

1 1
(a) 2 if x > 0 (b) if x < 0
2 1 x 2 1 x2
2 2
(c) (d)
1 x2 1 x2

x1 1 x dy
28. If y = tan-1 + tan-1 , then is
1 x 1 x dx
1 1
(a) (b)
1 x2 1 x2
2x
(c) (d) 0
1 x2
 1 x2 1 x2
29. If y = tan-1 , then dy equals
2 2 dx
1 x 1 x
1 1
(a) 4 (b)
1 x 1 x4
x x
(c) (d)
1 x4 1 x4

1 1
30. The derivative of sec-1 2 with respect to 1 x 2 at x = is
2x 1 2
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 2

31. If f(a) = 2, f (a) = 1, g(a) = 1, g(a) = 2, then the value of

g x f a g a f x
lim is
x a xa
1
(a) 5 (b)
5
(c) 5 (d) none of these

32. The value of lim
x 1
(1 - x) tan 2 x is
2
(a) 2/ (b) /2
(c) (d) 0

lim x
33. The value of x
2 is
2
cos x
(a) is 1 (b) is 1
(c) is 11 (d) does not exist

34. Let g(x) be the inverse of an invertible function f(x) which is differentiable at x = c,
then g (f(c)) equals
1
(a) f (c) (b)
f c
(c) f(c) (d) none of these

d2y
35. If x y + yx = c, then equals
dx 2
(a) 2/c (b) 2/c2
2
(c) (d) none of these
c2
dy
36. If 1 x2 + 1 y2 = a(x y), then equals
dx
 1 y2
(a) 1 x 1 y
2 2
(b)
1 x2
1 x2
(c) (d) none of these
1 y2

x
x0
37. If f (x) = x , then
0 x 0
(a) f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
(b) f (x) is discontinuous at every integral point
(c) lim f(x) = 0
x 0

(d) xlim
0 f(x) =

sin x
cos x x 0
38. If f (x) = x , then f (x) is

0 x 0
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) differentiable at x = 0 (d) None of these

2 1
x sin , x 0
39. If f (x) = x , then f(x) is
0 x0
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) differentiable at x = 0
(c) f (0) = 0 (d) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

lim 1 x
40. x 1
2 sin 1 x
1
(a) is 0 (b) is
2
1
(c) is (d) does not exist
2

1/ x

f (1 x )
41. Let f : R R be such that f(1) = 3 and f (1) = 6. Then lim
x 0
equals
f (1)
(a) 1 (b) e1/2
(c) e2 (d) e3
42. Let f(x) = + |x| + |x|2, where , and are real constants. Then f (0) exist if
(a) = 0 (b) = 0
(c) = 0 (d) =

x 2 3x
, x1
43. If f (x) = x 1 is continuous
4 x1
then
(a) = 4 (b) = 4
(c) = 5 (d) No values of exists

44. If f(x) = |tan3x|, then

(a) f (0) = 0 (b) f () = 0
(c) f () does not exist (d) None of these

45. If f(x) = |x sin x|, then

(a) f (0) = 0 (b) f () = 0
(c) f () does not exist (d) f (2) does not exist

cos ec 1 x
46. lim
x cot 1 x

(a) is 0 (b) is 1
(c) does not exist (d) None of these

1
47. lim cos ec x
x
cot 1 x
(a) is 0 (b) is 1
(c) does not exist (d) None of these

48. lim tan-1x + tan-11/x

x 0
(a) is /2 (b) is /2
(c) does not exist (d) None of these

x
49. lim is equal to
x 0 4 x 2
(a) 4 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) does not exist

log x n x
50. lim , n N is equal to
x x
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) does not exist

51. Let f(xy) = f(x). f(y), " x > 0, y > 0 and

 f ( x)
f(1 + x) = 1 + x{1 + g(x)}, where Lim
x 0
g(x) = 0, then f ( x) dx is
x2 x3
(a) +c (b) +c
2 3
x2
(c) +c (d) none of these
3

52. If x is a real number in [0, 1], then the value of f(x) = mlim
n

lim 1 cos 2m (n! x) is
(a) 2 or 1 according as x is rational or irrational
(b) 1 or 2 according as x is rational or irrational
(c) 1 for all x
(d) 2 for all x

x y f(x) f(y)
53. Let f : RR be a function such that f , f(0) = 0 and f(0) = 3. Then
3 3
(a) f (x) is a quadratic function (b) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable
(c) f(x) is differentiable in R (d) f(x) is bounded in R

54. If f x x 2 x 2 , where [.] and {.} denote the greatest integer and fractional part
functions respectively, then
(a) f(x) is continuous at all integral points
(b) f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(c) f(x) is discontinuous " x I {1}
(d) f(x) is not differentiable " x I.

f h f 0
55. If f is an even function such that lim has some finite non-zero value, then
h 0 h
(a) f is continuous and derivable at x = 0
(b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(c) f may be discontinuous at x = 0
(d) none of these
 ANSWERS
O - Level

1
1. (i) 2 (ii) 5/4 (iii) 5/2 (iv) 27 (v)
10
1 4
(iv) (vii) (viii) 0
2 3

3. 1 4. 2 ln 2 5. (i) 0, (ii) 0

6. (i) 2, (ii) 0 7. 0 8. (i) 1, 1, 2, (ii) Yes

9. (i) No, (ii) Yes

10. (i) 5 (ii) 5 (iii) 2 (iv) 2 (v) 1

2
(vi) (vii) 0 (viii) 1
3

11. (i) at x = 2 (ii) at x = 2 (iii) at x = 1 (iv) at x = 0

(v) at x = (2n + 1) where n Z (vi) always continuous
2

(vii) at x = 2 (viii) at x = (2n + 1) ,nZ (ix) always continious
2
(x) at x = 2n + 1 where n Z.

4 1
12. (i) a = (ii) a =
3 2

13. n

14. (i) 21 (ii) 49 (iii) 0 (iv) 1 (v) 1 (vi) 7

1
15. (i) 2 (ii) 5 (iii) 0 (iv)
2
16. (i) 2, discontinious at x = 1, (ii) 5/4, discontinious at x = /2
(iii) limit does not exist (iv) limit does not exist.

1 40
17. (i) 1 (ii) 6 (iii) 1 (iv) (v)
9 3

18. (a) for c = 9 continuos and differentiable,

(b) for c = 1 continuos but not differentiable

19. Yes, h(x) is differentiable and continuous at x = 0. 20. a = 3/4, b = 9/4.

 I - Level

1
1. (i) , (ii) 2 2. (i) 1 + c, (ii) 2/3
2

3. (i) limit does not exist, (ii) limit does not exist

2 log e 2
4. (i) , (ii) (2/3), (iii) does not exist (iv) 1/2

5. f is not differentiable at integers.

, (ii) e-1/2, (iii) c = log2, (iv) (a1a2a3 . an)

2
/ b2
6. (i) e a

1
7. /2, 8. 10. 0
2 2 2
2 sin x
11. 12. 13. (A = -1, B = 1)
3 x
14. discontinuous and nondifferentiable " x R.
15. a = 3/2, b = e3/2 16. (i) f (x) = e2x 17. (i) p > 0, (ii) p > 1

18. Continuous in (0, 2), 19. Differentiable in (, )

Not Differentiable at x = 1

20. Continuous at x = 1 21. Continuous and Differentiable at x = 0

Not differentiable at x = 1 Neither at x = 1

23. a 1, b = 0, c = 1/3, d = 1

25. b = 0, a = 1
x2 if x 1

gof(x) = x2 if 1 x 0
(| x 1 | 1) 2 if x0

In the neighbourhood of x = 0, gof(x) = x2, which is differentiable at x = 0.

E - Level

1
1. (a) e (b) cos 2 . ln cos sin 2 . ln(sin ) (c) b/a (d) (e) 0
2 2

2. k (, 2) (2, ).

1
3. f is not continuous and differentiable at , nN
n
4. f is everywhere continuous, f is not differentiable at x = 2

5. f is continuous at x= 1

3x 2
x0
6
3
2 x 3x 2
6. (a) f(x) = 0 x 1
6
3x 2
x 1
6

(b) f is everywhere continuous
(c) f is everywhere differentiable

8.

x 2 2 1/ 2 , | x | 1
fog x 1/ 2

x 2 1 , | x | 1
fog is not continuous at x = 1, 1; fog is not differentiable at x = 1, 1.

9. f (e) = 1, f (e) = 1/e

Objective

1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a
6. d 7. d 8. d 9. c, d 10. b, c
11. b 12. d 13. a 14. a, b, c 15. d
16. c 17. a, b, c 18. d 19. c 20. a, d
21. a, c 22. a 23. b 24. a 25. a
26. b 27. a, b 28. d 29. d 30. b
31. c 32. a 33. d 34. b 35. c
36. b 37. a, b, c, d 38. a, c 39. a, b, c 40. d
41. c 42. a 43. d 44. a, b 45. a, c, d
46. b 47. a 48. c 49. d 50. a
51. a 52. a 53. c 54. c 55. b