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Satellite Communication & Networking: Sumbitted by

This document discusses satellite communication and networking. It provides information on how satellites are used for communication between stations on Earth that are too far for conventional means. Satellites receive signals via uplinks and transmit them to other stations via downlinks. The document outlines advantages like wide coverage area and disadvantages like high launch costs. It also discusses factors, problems, types of satellites like GEO, LEO and MEO, services, frequency bands, and capacity allocation methods like FDMA and TDMA.

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Sanket KingHeart
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686 views10 pages

Satellite Communication & Networking: Sumbitted by

This document discusses satellite communication and networking. It provides information on how satellites are used for communication between stations on Earth that are too far for conventional means. Satellites receive signals via uplinks and transmit them to other stations via downlinks. The document outlines advantages like wide coverage area and disadvantages like high launch costs. It also discusses factors, problems, types of satellites like GEO, LEO and MEO, services, frequency bands, and capacity allocation methods like FDMA and TDMA.

Uploaded by

Sanket KingHeart
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

SATELLITE

COMMUNICATION
&
NETWORKING

Sumbitted By-
Sanket Gupta
NTPC Electronics
& Communication
National Thermal Power Corporation Raj Kumar
Goel Engg. College

How do Satellites Work


 If two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are
too far away to use conventional means, then these stations can use a satellite as
a relay station for their communication. One Earth Station sends a
transmission to the satellite. This is called an Uplink. The satellite
Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station.
This is called a Downlink.

Advantages of Satellites Communication


 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of
the coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

Disadvantages of Satellite Communication


 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
 There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial
communication.

Factors in Satellite Communication


 Elevation Angle: The angle of the horizontal of the earth surface to the center
line of the satellite transmission beam. It affects the satellite’s coverage area.

 Coverage Angle: A measure of the portion of the earth surface visible to a


satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account.

 R/(R + h) = sin(π/2 – β - θ)/sin(θ + π/2) = cos(β + θ)/cos(θ)


R = 6370 km (earth’s radius), h = satellite orbit height,
β = coverage angle, θ = minimum elevation angle

Major Problems for Satellites

 Positioning:
• This can be achieved by using small rocket motors and fuel; over half of the
weight of most satellites is made up of fuel.
• Commercial life of a satellite typically 10-15 years. Often it is the fuel
availability which determines the lifetime of a satellite.

 Stability:
• It is vital that satellites are stabilised to ensure that solar panels and
communications antennae are aligned properly.
• Modern satellites use reaction wheel stabilisation, a form of gyroscopic
stabilisation.

 Power:
• Modern satellites use solar panels, so solar power is used to generate
efficient electricity.
• Batteries are needed as sometimes the satellites are behind the earth; this
happens about half the time for a LEO satellite.

 Alignment:
• There are a number of components which need alignment like Solar panels
and Antennae.
• A parabolic dish at antennae can be used which is pointing in the correct
general direction.
• Different feeder “horns” can be used to direct outgoing and incoming beams
more precisely.

 Harsh Environment:
• Satellite components need to be especially “hardened”. Circuits which work
on the ground will fail very rapidly in space.
• Temperature is also a problem, so satellites use electric heaters to keep
circuits and other vital parts warmed up to control the temperature.

 Atmospheric Attenuation:
• It is caused by air and water that can impair the transmission.
• It is particularly bad during rain and fog.

Types of Satellites

 Satellite Orbits
• GEO
• LEO
• MEO
• Molniya Orbit
• HAPs
 Frequency Bands

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)


 These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s surface along the
equator with angular separation about 2 degrees; allows 180 satellites. Objects
in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth
rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the
surface of earth.

 Advantages:

A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a
one fourth of the earth’s surface. GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a
particular area. These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other
multipoint applications.

 Disadvantages:

A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak


signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point
communication. GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty in
broadcasting signals near Polar Regions.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
 LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from
500 to 1,500 km above the surface. These satellites don’t stay in fixed position
relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass. A
network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful.

 Advantages:

A LEO satellite’s proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it a


better signal strength and less of a time delay, which makes it better for point to
point communication. LEO satellite has smaller area of coverage; less waste of
bandwidth.

 Disadvantages:

A network of LEO satellites is needed, which is costly. LEO satellites have


Doppler shifts cause by their relative movement and atmospheric effects drag
LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration.

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)


 A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above
the earth’s surface. MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time
than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours. MEO satellites are similar to
LEO satellites in functionality.

 Advantages:

A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer
satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. MEO satellites
have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.

 Disadvantages:

A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a
LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
Molniya Orbit Satellites
 It is used by Russia for decades. Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit means the
satellite remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth for eight hours. A
series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO satellite. It is useful in
Polar Regions.

High Altitude Platform (HAP)


 It is one of the newest ideas in satellite communication. A blimp or plane
around 20 km above the earth’s surface is used as a satellite. They have very
small coverage area, but would have a comparatively strong signal. It is cheaper
to put in position, but would require a lot in a network.

Types of Satellite Services


 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)– Eg: Point to Point Communication

 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS) or Direct Broadcast Service (DBS)- Eg:


Satellite Television/Radio

 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)– Eg: Satellite Phones

Frequency Bands of Satellites


 L–Band: (1 to 2 GHz) used by MSS

 S-Band: (2 to 4 GHz) used by MSS, NASA, deep space research

 C-Band: (4 to 8 GHz) used by FSS

 X-Band: (8 to 12.5 GHz) used by FSS, military and meteorological satellites

 Ku-Band: (12.5 to 18 GHz) used by FSS and BSS (DBS)

 K-Band: (18 to 26.5 GHz) used by FSS and BSS


 Ka-Band: (26.5 to 40 GHz) used by FSS

Early Satellite Communications: Used C band in range 3.7-4.2 GHz. Could


interfere with terrestrial communications. Beam width is narrower with higher
frequencies.

Recent Satellite Communications: Used Ku band mostly. Now Ka band is being


used.

Ku Band Assignments

Capacity Allocation: FDMA


 In FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), satellite frequency is broken
into bands and smaller channels. Overall bandwidth within a frequency band is
increased due to frequency reuse (a frequency is used by two carriers with
orthogonal polarization).

 FDMA can be performed in two ways:


• Fixed Assignment Multiple Access (FAMA): The sub-channel
assignments are of fixed allotment. Eg: Broadcast Satellite Communication
• Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA): The sub-channel
allotment changes are based on demand. Eg: Point to Point Communication

 Limitations:

• Thermal Noise (too weak, signal will be affected by background noise)


• Inter-modulation Noise (too strong, will cause noise in signal)
• Crosstalk (cause by excessive frequency reusing)

Capacity Allocation: TDMA


 In TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), transmission is broken into
multiple time slots and each one is dedicated to a different transmitter.

 TDMA uses same techniques (FAMA and DAMA) as FDMA does.

 Advantages:

• Digital equipments used in Time Division Multiplexing are cheap.

• Digital transmissions have Error Correction technique.

• Absence of inter-modulation noise increases efficiency.

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