EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop

18-20 February 2008

Brussels

EN 1990
Eurocode: Basis of structural design

Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre

with the support of

CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Monday, February 18 Charlemagne Conference Centre

EN 1990 - Eurocode: Basis of structural design

Alcide de Gasperi room

13:40-13:50 Introduction by chairman H. Bossenmayer

CEN/TC250
13:50-14:00 Introduction to EN 1990 H. Gulvanessian
CEN/TC250
14:00-14:30 EN 1990: Sections 1 and 2 H. Gulvanessian
CEN/TC250
14:30-15:10 EN 1990: Sections 3 and 4 P. Spehl
SECO
15:10-15:40 Coffee
15:40-16:40 Section 6 and Annex A(1) and Annex J.-A. Calgaro
A(2) CEN/TC250 Chairman
16:40-17:15 Annexes B and C A. Vrouwenvelder
TNO
17:15-17:50 Section 5 and Annex D G. Sedlacek
RWTH Aachen
17:50-18:00 Discussion and close

All workshop material will be available at

http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
INTRODUCTION TO EN 1990

H. Gulvanessian
CEN/TC250
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to EN 1990 EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to EN 1990
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2

EN 1990: Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design

The Head Eurocode EN 1990 Eurocode :
An Innovative Structural Safety Code Of Practice
Basis of Structural Design
Ratification by NSBs:
Introduction to EN 1990 29-11-2001
Date of availability:
24-04-2002
Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE
Civil Engineering and Eurocodes Consultant
Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to EN 1990 EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to EN 1990
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4

Linking of the Eurocodes

Objectives of EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design Structural safety,
EN 1990 serviceability and
EN 1990 establishes principles and requirements
durability
for the
Safety
Serviceability EN 1991 Actions on
structures
Durability
of structures; and describes
The basis for their design and verification, and EN 1992
EN 1995
EN 1993 EN 1994
EN 1996 EN 1999
Design and detailing
Gives guidelines for related aspects of structural
reliability
EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical and
Seismic design

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to EN 1990 EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to EN 1990
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6

EN 1990 is the Head Eurocode Intended Users of EN 1990

For the design of buildings and civil engineering
works every Eurocode part from,
EN 1990 is intended for use by
EN 1991:Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures, and
The design Eurocodes EN 1992 to EN 1999 Committees drafting Standards for
has to be used together with EN 1990 Structural Design and related products,
testing and execution Standards
EN 1990 provides the material independent and safety Clients (e.g. for the formulation of the
related information required for the design of buildings, specific requirements on reliability levels
and civil engineering works for the Eurocodes suite.
and durability)
Designers and Constructors
Relevant Competent Authorities
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Introduction to EN 1990 EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Introduction to EN 1990
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8

EN 1990: Contents
Foreword
Section 1 : General
Section 2 : Requirements
Section 3 : Principles of limit states
Section 4
Section 5
: Basic variables
: Structural analysis and design assisted by
Thank you for
testing your attention
Section 6 : Verification by the partial factor method

Annex A(n):(N): Application for buildings (1): bridges (2)

Annex B (I) : Management of structural reliability for
construction works
Annex C (I) : Basis for partial factor design and
reliability analysis
Annex D (I) : Design assisted by testing

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1990: SECTIONS 1 AND 2

H. Gulvanessian
CEN/TC250
 EUROCODES EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Background and Applications
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2

Contents

EN 1990: Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design Foreword

Section 1 : General
The Key Head Eurocode Section 2 : Requirements
An Innovative Structural Safety Code Of Practice Section 3 : Principles of limit states
EN 1990 Sections 1 and 2 Section 4 : Basic variables
Section 5 : Structural analysis and design assisted by
testing
Section 6 : Verification by the partial factor method
Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE
Civil Engineering and Eurocodes Consultant Annex A(n);(N): Application for buildings (1); bridges (2)
Annex B (I) : Management of structural reliability for
Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London construction works
Annex C (I) : Basis for partial factor design and
reliability analysis
Annex D (I) : Design assisted by testing

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4

1.1 Scope
SECTION 1 - GENERAL (1) EN 1990 establishes Principles and requirements for the safety,
serviceability and durability of structures, describes the basis for
their design and verification and gives guidelines for related
1.1 Scope aspects of structural reliability.
1.2 Normative References (2) EN 1990 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991 to
1.3 Assumptions EN 1999 for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works, including geotechnical aspects, structural fire
1.4 Distinction between Principles and design, situations involving earthquakes, execution and
Application rules temporary structures.
NOTE For the design of special construction works (e.g. nuclear installations,
1.5 Definitions dams, etc.), other provisions than those in EN 1990 to EN 1999 might be
1.6 Symbols necessary.
(3) EN 1990 is applicable for the design of structures where other
materials or other actions outside the scope of EN 1991 to EN
1999 are involved.
(4) EN 1990 is applicable for the structural appraisal of existing
construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations
or in assessing changes of use.
NOTE Additional or amended provisions might be necessary where appropriate.
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6

1.3 Assumptions 1.3 Assumptions (cont.)

(1) Design which employs the Principles and Application the construction materials and products are used as
Rules is deemed to meet the requirements provided specified in EN 1990 or in EN 1991 to EN 1999 or in the
the assumptions given in EN 1990 to EN 1999 are relevant execution standards, or reference material or
satisfied (see (2)). product specifications;
(2) The general assumptions of EN 1990 are: the structure will be adequately maintained;
the choice of the structural system and the design of the structure will be used in accordance with the
the structure is made by appropriately qualified and design assumptions.
experienced personnel;;
execution is carried out by personnel having the NOTE There may be cases when the above assumptions
appropriate skill and experience;; need to be supplemented..
adequate supervision and quality control is provided
in design offices and during execution of the work, i.e.
factories, plants, and on site;
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian
EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8

1.4 Distinction between Principles and Application Rules 1.5 Definitions

For the structural Eurocode suite, attention is drawn to the following
The Principles (letter P) comprise : key definitions, which may be different from current national
general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative, practices:
as well as
requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is
permitted unless specifically stated.
Action means a load, or an imposed deformation (e.g.
temperature effects or settlement)
It is permissible to use alternative design rules different from the Effects of Actions or Action effects are internal moments and
application rules given in EN 1990, provided that it is shown that the forces, bending moments, shear forces and deformations caused
alternative rules accord with the relevant principles and are at least by actions
equivalent with regard to resistance, serviceability and durability which Strength is a mechanical property of a material, in units of
would be achieved for the structure using Eurocodes. stress
Resistance is a mechanical property of a cross-section of a
NOTE If an alternative design rule is substituted for an application rule, the member, or a member or structure.
resulting design cannot be claimed to be wholly in accordance with EN 1990 Execution covers all activities carried out for the physical
although the design will remain in accordance with the Principles of EN 1990. completion of the work including procurement, the inspection
When EN 1990 is used in respect of a property listed in an Annex Z of a and documentation thereof. The term covers work on site; it may
product standard or an ETAG, the use of an alternative design rule may not be also signify the fabrication of components off site and their
acceptable for CE marking. subsequent erection on site.
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10

1.6 Symbols THE REQUIREMENTS

Some Important Terms
Actions (F) Fundamental requirements (safety; serviceability;
Permanent Actions (G) robustness and fire)
Variable Actions (Q) Reliability differentiation
Accidental Actions (A) Design working life
Seismic Action (Ae) Durability
Quality Assurance
Values of Actions
Representative Values of Actions
Characteristic Value (Qk)
Combinations Value of a Variable Action (0Qk)
Frequent Value of a Variable Action (1Qk)
Quasi-permanent Value of a Variable Action (2Qk)
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12

The fundamental requirements The fundamental requirements:

in EN 1990 for the reliability of Robustness
construction works include : A structure shall be designed and
Structural safety: A structure shall be
executed in such a way that it will
designed and executed in such a way not be damaged by events such as Explosion at
that it will, during its intended life with Ronan Point
appropriate degrees of reliability, and Explosions 1968
in an economic way sustain all actions Impact and
likely to occur during execution and Consequences of human errors
use. Safety of people, the structure and
contents. to an extent disproportionate to the
Serviceability: A structure shall be original cause
designed and executed in such a way
that it will, during its intended life with Note: The events to be taken into
appropriate degrees of reliability and in account are those agreed for an
an economic way remain fit for the use
individual project with the client and
for which it is required. Functioning,
comfort and appearance of the
the relevant authority
structure
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian
 EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14

Robustness - Limits of Robustness of Buildings and Civil Engineering Works

admissible damage (A) is:
Limiting potential damage from identified hazards
15% of the floor
area or EN 1990 gives principles for limiting potential damage by a
100m2 number of means including:
whichever is the
avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards to which the
smaller, in each
structure can be subjected;
of two adjacent selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the
storeys hazards considered;
selecting a structural form and design that can survive
adequately the accidental removal of an individual member or a
(B) : Notional limited part of the structure, or the occurrence of acceptable
a) is the plan localised damage;
b) is the elevation columns to be
removed avoiding as far as possible structural systems that can collapse
without warning;
tying the structural members together.
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN Bridge Robustness Vehicle Impact
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16

Robustness: Acceptable extent of collapse in the event of

a local failure in a large span building

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

TheEUROCODES
fundamental EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
requirements in EN 1990 for
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18

the reliability of construction

works include :
THE REQUIREMENTS
Fire: In the case of fire, the structural
resistance shall be adequate for the
required period of time Fundamental requirements (safety; serviceability;
robustness and fire)
GOETEBORG DISCO FIRE Reliability differentiation
30.10.1998 Design working life
Disco approved for 150 people
with 2 stairwells serving as escape ways Durability
Quality Assurance
BUT DISCO WAS OVERCROWDED
and FIRE OCCURRED WITH ONE STAIRWELL USED
FOR STORAGE OF CHAIRS !!

INSUFFICIENT ESCAPE MEANS

& NO SMOKE DETECTION
63 YOUNG PEOPLE DIED

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20

Reliability differentiation Requirement: Reliability Differentiation

An appropriate degree of reliability for the The choice of the levels of reliability for a particular
structure should take account of the relevant factors,
majority of structures is obtained by design
including :
and execution according to Eurocodes 1 to
9, with appropriate quality assurance the possible cause and /or mode of attaining a limit
measures state;
the possible consequences of failure in terms of risk to
EN 1990 provides guidance for obtaining life, injury, potential economical losses;
different levels of reliability public perception to failure;
the expense and procedures necessary to reduce the
risk of failure.
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Chapter 2: DEFINITION OF CONSEQUENCES CLASSES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22

Probabilities Of Failure
Consequences Description Examples of buildings and civil
Associated With Limit States Value associated with =
Class engineering works
3,8 (ULS, 50 years reference
CC3 High consequence for loss of human Grandstands, bridges,
period)
life, or economic, social or public buildings where
environmental consequences very great consequences of failure
are high (e.g. a concert
hall)
CC2 Medium consequence for loss of human Residential and office
life, economic, social or environmental buildings, public buildings
consequences considerable where consequences of
failure are medium (e.g.
an office building)

CC1 Low consequence for loss of human life, Agricultural buildings Value associated with =
and economic, social or environmental where people do not 1,5 (SLS, 50 years reference
consequences small or negligible normally enter (e.g. for Period)
storage), greenhouses

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Accepted risks of death due to exposure to various hazards Background and Applications Accepted risks of death due to exposure to various hazards
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24

Hazard Risk Hazard Risk

( 10-6 p.a.)a ( 10-6 p.a.)a

Building hazards Occupations (UK)

Public perception does not accept fatalities and Structural failure (UK)
Building fires (Australia)
0,14
4
Chemical and allied industries
Ship building and marine
85
105
a Risk
expresssed as
injuries due to structural failure (at home, at engineering 110
Agriculture 150
Construction industries 180 a probability of
the work place, during recreational and other Railways
Coal mining
210
295 death for
Quarrying 750
typical
activities etc), for the design working life of a Mining (non-coal)
Offshore oil and gas (1967-1976)
1650
2800 exposed
Deep sea fishing (1959-1978)
structure compared to fatalities arising from Natural hazards (U.S)
0,4
Sports (U.S)
45
person per
calendar year
Hurricanes (1901-1972) Cave exploration (1970-1978)
other hazards and events. Tornadoes (1953-1971)
Lightning (1969)
0,4
0,5
Glider flying (1970-1978)
Scuba diving (1970-1978)
400
420
Earthquakes (California) 2 Hang gliding (1977-1979) 1500
Parachuting (1978) 1900

General accidents All causes (U.K. 1977)

(U.S 1969) 20 Whole population 12000
Poisoning 30 Woman aged 30 600
Drowning 40 Man aged 30 1000
Fires and burns 90 Woman aged 60 10000
Falls 300 Man aged 60 20000
Road accidents
a risk expressed as probability of death for typical exposed person per calendar year

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26

EN 1990: Annex B: Tools for the management of THE REQUIREMENTS

structural reliability
Fundamental requirements (safety; serviceability;
Depending upon the consequences of failure, the main robustness and fire)
tools selected in EN1990 Annex B for the management Reliability differentiation
of structural reliability of construction works are: Design working life
differentiation by (reliability index) values; at Durability
this stage, this is a specialist activity; Quality Assurance
modification of partial factors;
design supervision differentiation;
inspection during execution

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN INDICATIVE DESIGN WORKING LIFE
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 27 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 28

The requirements for design Design design Examples

working life states: working working
life Indicative life
category (years)
The design working life is the
assumed period for which a 1 10 Temporary structures (1)
structure is to be used for its
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
intended purpose with anticipated
girders, bearings
maintenance but without major
repair being necessary. 3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures

4 50 Building structures and other common

a design working life of
structures, not listed elsewhere in this table

50 years for buildings 5 100 Monumental building structures, highway

and railway bridges, and other civil
100 years for bridges
engineering structures
(1) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with a view of
is recommended in EN 1990.
being re-used should not be considered as temporary
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30

Notion of design working life useful for THE REQUIREMENTS

Fundamental requirements (safety; serviceability;

The selection of design actions robustness and fire)
(e.g. wind, earthquake) Reliability differentiation
Consideration of material property Design working life
deterioration Durability
(e.g. fatigue, creep) Quality Assurance
Life cycle costing
Evolve maintenance strategies

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DESIGN
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 31 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 32

Durability Durability
It is an assumption in design that the Interrelated factors to be considered:
durability of a structure or part of it in its
The intended and future use of the structure
environment is such that it remains fit for
The required performance criteria
use during the design working life given
The expected environmental influences
appropriate maintenance
The composition, properties and
The structure should be designed in such a
performance of materials
way that deterioration should not impair the
The choice of structural system
durability and performance of the structure
having due regard to the anticipated level of
maintenance
Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 33 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 34

Durability THE REQUIREMENTS

Interrelated factors to be considered Fundamental requirements (safety; serviceability;
(cont) robustness and fire)
Reliability differentiation
The shape of members and structural Design working life
detailing Durability
The quality of workmanship and level of Quality Assurance
control
The particular protective measures
The maintenance during the intended life

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL EUROCODES EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN - Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Background and Applications Background and Applications

DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 35 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 36

EN 1990: Selected Background Documents and

further reading
In order to provide a structure that corresponds to the
requirements and to the assumptions made in the design, 1) ISO 2394: General principles on reliability for structures
2) CEN/TC250 PT for ENV 1991-1: Basis of Design;
appropriate quality management measures should be in Background Document EC1:Part1: Basis of Design.
place. These measures comprise: 3)
ECCS 1996.
Gulvanessian H, Calgaro J-A, Holicky M: Designers
Guide to EN 1990: Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design.
Thomas Telford, 2002.
definition of the reliability requirements, 4) Calgaro J-A, Gulvanessian H: Management of reliability
organisational measures, and and risk in the Eurocode system. Conference Safety,
Risk and Reliability, Malta Trends in Engineering.
controls at the stages of design, execution, use and 5)
IABSE 2001.
Gulvanessian, H., Holick, M: Eurocodes: Using
maintenance. reliability analysis to combine action effects, Proceedings
of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Structures and
Buildings, Thomas Telford. August 2005.
6) CEB Bulletin 203/204/205 CEB-FIP Model Code 90,
EN ISO 9001:2000 is an acceptable basis for quality CEB 1991.
management measures, where relevant. 7) Leonardo da Vinci Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007:
Implementation of Eurocodes: Handbook 1: Basis of
Structural Design

Professor Haig Gulvanessian Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1990 : EUROCODE: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 37

Thank you for

your attention

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1990: SECTIONS 3 AND 4

P. Spehl
SECO
 Eurocode - Basis of structural design

EN 1990 : Sections 3 & 4 EN 1990 : Section 3

Principles of limit states design

1 2

Verification
Requirements
DESIGN SITUATIONS
persistent, transient, accidental, seismic
SAFETY SERVICEABILITY AGENTS
of people /of structure functions gravity, wind, solar radiation, earthquake
ACTIONS
resistance comfort
load, pressure, temperature, ground acceleration
stability appearance
COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
DURABILITY actions likely to occur simultaneously
EFFECTS
fatigue force, moment, rotation, displacement
3 4

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES SERVICEABILITY

LIMIT STATES
rupture
collapse deformations
loss of equilibrium vibrations
transformation into a mechanism cracks
failure caused by fatigue damages adversely affecting use
5 6
 Design procedure Limit state design
Structural and load models (physical or mathemetical)
using design values for
actions
material or product properties
geometrical data

Load cases should be selected, identifying

load arrangements,
possible deviations
from assumed directions and positions of actions,
sets of deformations and imperfections,
7 that should be considered simultaneously 8

Verifications at limit states EN 1990 - Probabilistic methods

ULTIMATE
Resistance :
effects of actions Ed < Rd resistance

Static equilibrium :
destabilising actions Ed,dst < Ed,st stabilising actions

SERVICEABILITY
Criterion C :
design effect Ed < Cd design criterion
9 10

Actions and environment influences

EN 1990 : Section 4

Basic variables

11 12
 Actions and environment influences Representative values of actions
CLASSIFICATIONS : Characteristic value (main representative value) :
permanent G : self-weight, shrinkage, settlements,
mean value if variability small : Gk , Pm
prestressing P (imposed force/deformation),
variable Q : imposed loads, wind, snow, temperature, upper or lower value if variability not small :
accidental A : impacts, explosions, seismic actions Gk,inf (5 % fractile), Pk,inf
Gk,sup (95 % fractile, i.e. probability of exceedence 5 %),
NOTE : water may be permanent or variable Pk,sup
snow, wind, seismic actions may be variable or accidental Qk (climatic actions : probability of exceedence 2 %/year)
AEk (seismic actions)
by origin : direct or indirect
by spatial variation : fixed or free nominal value
by nature or structural response : static or dynamic 13
value specified for an individual project : Ad 14

Other representative values of actions Material and product properties

Combination values 0Qk Representative values from standardised tests :
for ultimate limit states of permanent and transient when a limit state verification is sensitive to variability :
design situation
lower characteristic value (5 % fractile)
for irreversible serviceability limit states
where a low value is unfavourable
Frequent values 1Qk (e.g. during 1 % of the reference period) upper characteristic value (95 % fractile,
for ultimate limit states of involving accidental actions i.e. probability of exceedence 5 %)
for reversible serviceability limit states where a high value is unfavourable
where statistical data are insufficient : nominal values
Quasi-permanent values 2Qk (e.g during 50 % of the period)
mean values for structural stiffness and thermal expansion
for ultimate limit states involving accidental actions
for reversible serviceability limit states Effects of repeated actions (fatigue) = reduction of resistance
15 16

Geometrical data Code of Hammurabi (1760 BC)

Representative values : If a builder build a house for some one, and
characteristic values (a prescribed fractile) does not construct it properly, and the house
where statistical distribution is sufficiently known which he built fall in and kill its owner, then
directly design values (e.g. imperfections) that builder shall be put to death. (Art. 229)

Tolerances for connected parts shall be mutually compatible If it ruin goods, he shall make compensation
for all that has been ruined, and inasmuch as
he did not construct properly this house which
he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house
from his own means. (Art. 232)
17 18
Civil Code of Napoleon (1804) Applicability of standards
(calculation methods, e.g. Eurocodes)
If the edifice, built at a set price,
perish in whole or in part
by defect in its construction,
even by defect in the foundation,
the architect and the contractor
are responsible therefor
for ten years. (Art. 1792)
19 20

Construction products directive Eurocodes : a harmonised tool

Beyond the defense of national positions,

like Jean MONNET wrote in his Memoirs,
something new and strong comes into living
within the team : its the European spirit
which is the fruit of the work together
and, above all, of the need to come to
a common conclusion after the discussion.
21 22

the European spirit

Merci de votre attention

23 24
SECTION 6, ANNEX A(1) AND ANNEX A(2)

J.-A. Calgaro
CEN/TC250 Chairman
EUROCODES
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Foreword
EN 1990 Eurocode : Section 1 : General
Basis of Structural Section 2 : Requirements
Design Section 3 : Principles of limit states
Section 4 : Basic variables
Section 5 : Structural analysis and design assisted by
testing
Section 6 : Verification by the partial factor method
Annex A1 : Application for buildings (N)
Annex A2 : Application for bridges (N) (EN 1990/A1)
Annex B : Management of structural reliability for
construction works (I)
Annex C : Basis for partial factor design and
Jean-
Jean-Armand Calgaro reliability analysis (I)
Chairman of CEN/TC250
Annex D : Design assisted by testing (I)

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Design situations Verifications Representative values of actions

Persistent Normal use ULS, SLS
Execution, temporary
conditions applicable to
Transient the structure, e.g.
ULS, SLS
maintenance or repair
Normal use ULS
Accidental
During execution ULS
Normal use ULS,SLS
Seismic
During execution ULS,SLS

The selected design situation shall be sufficiently severe and so varied

as to encompass all conditions which can reasonably be foreseen to
occur during the execution and use of the structure (3.2(3)P).

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Variable actions
Permanent actions Instantaneous value of Q Return period
R R
T
Characteristic value Qk Ln(1 p) p
t1 t2 t3

Combination value oQk

Small variability
Frequent value 1Qk

High variability Quasi-permanent value 2Qk

Time
R : reference period (e.g. 1 year or 50 years)
years)
p : probability of exceedance during the reference period
EUROCODES
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Material and product properties Section 6 - Verification by the

partial factor method

6.1 General
6.2 Limitations
6.3 Design values
6.4 Ultimate limit states
6.5 Serviceability limit states

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Turkstra
Turkstras rule (1972) : How to establish a combination Fd,i = f,i Fk,i
within the set of variable
actions applicable to a of actions Actions Fk,i
structure, one of them is
Ed = SdE(Fd,i ; ad)
selected and called
leading variable
action ; the other Fi Ed = E(F,i
F,iFk,i ; ad)
variable actions are Geometrical
accompanying actions data ad
and are taken into Xi Rd = R(iXk,i /M,i ; ad)
account in the
combinations of actions
with their combination
values. Xk,i Rd = (1/Rd)R(Xd,i ; ad)
The set including all permanent actions, the leading variable
action and the relevant accompanying variable actions forms a Resistances Xd,i = (i/m,i) Xk,i
combination of actions. The various values of actions used in
the verifications are called representative values . Design values

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Ultimate limit states

EQU Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it
considered as a rigid body, in which :
- minor variations in the value or the spatial distribution of
actions from a single source are significant ;
- the strengths of construction materials or ground are
generally not governing
STR Internal failure of the structure or structural elements,
including footings, piles, basement walls, etc., in which the
strength of construction materials or excessive deformation
of the structure governs
GEO Failure or excessive deformation of the ground in which the
strengths of soil or rock are significant in providing
resistance Ultimate limit states
FAT Fatigue failure of the structure or structural elements
EUROCODES
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EQU
6.4.2 Verifications of static equilibrium and resistance
Ultimate limit states of static equilibrium (EQU) :
Ed,dst Ed,stb

Ultimate limit states of resistance (STR/GEO) :

STR Ed Rd
6.5 Serviceability limit states
GEO Ed Cd
Cd is the limiting design value of the relevant
serviceability criterion.
Ed is the design value of the effects of actions specified
in the serviceability criterion, determined on the basis
of the relevant combination.
FAT

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Combinations of actions
Reference
Combination
EN 1990
General expression Origin of expressions 6.10 and 6.10 a/b
6.10
j 1
Gj Gkj "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i
i >1
Fundamental
G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1 0 ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i
(for persistent j 1 i >1

j G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i
and transient
design 6.10 a/b j 1 i >1

situations) 0,85 j 1,00 for unfavourable permanent

actions G
Accidental
(for accidental 6.11 G
j 1
kj "+" P "+" Ad "+" ( 1,1 ou 2 ,1 )Qk 1 "+" 2 ,i Qk ,i
i 1
design
situations)
Seismic
(for seismic 6.12 G
j 1
k, j "+" P "+" AEd "+" 2 ,i Qk ,i
i 1
design
situations)

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Equivalent safety factor for a combination based on

a unique permanent action and a unique variable action 6.5.3 Serviceability limit states : combinations of
unfavourably, with 0 = 0,7 and = 0,85
acting together unfavourably, actions

Q Characteristic Combination (irreversible SLS)

G
j 1
k, j "+" P"+" Qk ,1 "+" 0 ,i Qk ,i
i >1

Q Frequent Combination (reversible SLS)

G
j 1
k, j "+" P "+" 1,1Qk ,1 "+" 2 ,i Qk , i
i >1

Q Quasi-
Quasi-permanent Combination (reversible SLS)
G
j 1
k, j "+" P "+" 2 ,i Qk ,i
i 1
EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2 EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2
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Table A1.1 - Recommended values of factors for buildings

Annex A1 (normative) Application for Buildings
Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings, category (see
A1.1 Field of application EN 1991-1-1)
A1.2 Combinations of actions Category A : domestic, residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Category B : office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
A1.2.1 General Category C : congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
A1.2.2 Values of factors Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
0,7
1,0
0,7
0,9
0,6
0,8
Category F : traffic area,
A1.3 Ultimate limit states vehicle weight 30kN 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category G : traffic area,
A1.3.1 Design values of actions in persistent and 30kN < vehicle weight 160kN 0,7 0,5 0,3
transient design situations Category H : roofs 0 0 0
A1.3.2 Design values of actions in the accidental and Snow loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-3)*
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden 0,70 0,50 0,20
seismic design situations Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites 0,70 0,50 0,20
located at altitude H > 1000 m a.s.l.
A1.4 Serviceability limit states Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites 0,50 0,20 0
located at altitude H 1000 m a.s.l.
A1.4.1 Partial factors for actions Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0,6 0,2 0
A1.4.2 Serviceability criteria Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 0,6 0,5 0
1991-1-5)
A1.4.3 Deformations and horizontal displacements
NOTE The values may be set by the National annex.
A1.4.4 Vibrations * For countries not mentioned below, see relevant local conditions.

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DESIGN VALUES OF ACTIONS Approaches 2 and 3 in geotechnical design

TABLES

ULS EQU A1.2(A) A1.2(B) A1.2(C)

= k Fa ,d = F Fa ( k ) a

ULS STR
without = d Fa ,d = Fa ( d )
geotechnical
actions

APPROACH 1
ULS STR
with geotechnical
actions APPROACH 2
ULS GEO
APPROACH 3

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NOTE 1 The values may be set by the National annex. The

Table A1.2(A) Design values of actions (EQU) (Set A) recommended set of values for are :
Gj,sup = 1,10
Persistent Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable
and variable actions Gj,inf = 0,90
transient action
design (*) Q,1 = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
situations
Unfavourable Favourable Main Others
Q,i = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
(if any) NOTE 2 In cases where the verification of static equilibrium also involves the
(Eq. 6.10) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf Q,1 Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i resistance of structural members, as an alternative to two separate verifications
based on Tables A1.2(A) and A1.2(B), a combined verification, based on Table
A1.2(A), may be adopted, if allowed by the National annex, with the following set of
(*) Variable actions are those considered in Table A1.1
recommended values. The recommended values may be altered by the National
annex.
Gj,sup = 1,35 ; Gj,inf = 1,15 ; Q,1 = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q,i = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
provided that applying Gj,inf = 1,00 both to the favourable part and to the
unfavourable part of permanent actions does not give a more unfavourable effect.
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NOTE 1 The choice between 6.10, or 6.10a and 6.10b will be in the
Table A1.2(B) - Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set B)
National annex. In case of 6.10a and 6.10b, the National annex may
Persistent Permanent actions Prestress Leading Accompanying variable
in addition modify 6.10a to include permanent actions only.
and variable actions (*)
transient action (*) NOTE 2 The and values may be set by the National annex. The
Unfavourable Favourable Main (if Others
design any) following values for and are recommended when using
situation
expressions 6.10, or 6.10a and 6.10b.
(Eq. 6.10) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i
Gj,sup = 1,35
(Eq. 6.10a) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1 0,1Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i
Gj,inf = 1,00
(Eq. 6.10b) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i
(*) Variable actions are those considered in Tables A2.1 to A2.3. Q,1 = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q,i = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
= 0,85 (so that Gj,sup = 0,85 1,35 1,15).
See also EN 1991 to EN 1999 for values to be used for imposed
deformations.

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Table A1.2(C) - Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set C)

NOTE 3 The characteristic values of all permanent actions from Persistent Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable actions
and variable (*)
one source are multiplied by G,sup if the total resulting action
transient action (*)
effect is unfavourable and G,inf if the total resulting action effect is design
favourable. For example, all actions originating from the self situation
weight of the structure may be considered as coming from one Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
source ; this also applies if different materials are involved.
(Eq. 6.10) Gj,supGkj,sup Gj,infGkj,inf Q,1 Qk,1 Q,i0,iQk,i
NOTE 4 For particular verifications, the values for G and Q may
be subdivided into g and q and the model uncertainty factor Sd. A (*) Variable actions are those considered in Table A1.1
value of Sd in the range 1,05 to 1,15 can be used in most common
cases and can be modified in the National annex. NOTE The values may be set by the National annex. The recommended set of values for are :
Gj,sup = 1,00
Gj,inf = 1,00
Q,1 = 1,30 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q,i = 1,30 where unfavourable (0 where favourable)

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Table A1.3 - Design values of actions for use in accidental and

Table A1.4 - Design values of actions for use in the combination of
seismic combinations of actions
actions (SLS)

Design Permanent actions Leading Accompanying

Combination Permanent actions Gd Variable actions Qd
situation accidental or variable actions (**)
seismic Unfavourable Favourable Leading Others
action
Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
Characteristic Gkj,sup Gkj,inf Qk,1 0,iQk,i
Accidental (*) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf Ad 11 or 21Qk1 2,i Qk,i Frequent
(Eq. 6.11a/b) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf 1,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i
Seismic Gkj,sup Gkj,inf IAEk or AEd 2,i Qk,i
(Eq. 6.12a/b) Quasi-permanent
(*) In the case of accidental design situations, the main variable action may be taken with its frequent or, as in
Gkj,sup Gkj,inf 2,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i
seismic combinations of actions, its quasi-permanent values. The choice will be in the National annex,
depending on the accidental action under consideration. See also EN 1991-1-2.

(**) Variable actions are those considered in Table A1.1.

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Annex A2 - Application for bridges (N)

Examples of combinations of actions
for road bridges
National Annex for EN 1990 Annex A2
A2.1 Field of application
Note 1 : The combinations of actions are based on the
A2.2 Combination of actions recommended values given in Annex A2
A2.3 Ultimate limit states (verifications
(verifications for fatigue Note 2 : Except for roofed bridges, it is assumed that
excluded)
excluded) snow loads on road bridges may be assessed as
snow loads on the ground.
ground.
A2.4 Serviceability and other specific limit states

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Group of loads
Group of loads gr3 :
gr1a : LM1 +
loads on footways
reduced
and cycle tracks
(combination)
combination)
value of
pedestrian and
cycle loads
Group of loads gr1b : Group of loads
LM2 (single axle)
axle) gr4 : crowd
loading

Group of loads gr2 : Group of loads gr5 :

characteristic values of special vehicles
horizontal forces,
frequent values of LM1 (+ special conditions for
normal trafic)

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Action Symbol 0 1 2
Persistent Permanent actions Prestress Leading Accompanying variable
gr1a TS 0,75 0,75 0 and variable actions (*)
(LM1+pedestrian UDL 0,40 0,40 0 Transient action (*)
or cycle-track
Pedestrian+cycle-track loads 0,40 0,40 0 Design
loads)1) 2) Table A2.1 Situation Table
gr1b (Single axle) 0 0,75 0 Unfavourable Favourable Main Others
Traffic loads gr2 (Horizontal forces) 0 0 0 Recommended (if any) A2.4(A)
Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1 Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i
values of
(Eq. 6.10)
(see EN 1991-2, gr3 (Pedestrian loads) 0 0 0 Design
Table 4.4)
gr4 (LM4 Crowd loading)) 0 0,75 0 factors for road (*) Variable actions are those considered in Tables A2.1 to A2.3. values of
gr5 (LM3 Special vehicles)) 0 0 0 bridges NOTE 1 The values for the persistent and transient design situations may be set by the National Annex.
actions
Wind forces FWk
0,6 0,2 0 For persistent design situations, the recommended set of values for are :
(EQU)
- Persistent design situations
0,8 - 0 G,sup = 1,05 (Set A)
- Execution G,inf = 0,95 (1)
FW 1,0 - - Q = 1,35 for road and pedestrian traffic actions, where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q = 1,45 for rail traffic actions, where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Thermal actions Tk 0,6 3) 0,6 0,5
Q = 1,50 for all other variable actions for persistent design situations, where unfavourable (0 where
Snow loads QSn,k (during execution) 0,8 - - favourable).
Construction loads Qc 1,0 - 1,0 P = recommended values defined in the relevant design Eurocode.
1) The recommended values of 0, 1 and 2 for gr1a and gr1b are given for road traffic For transient design situations during which there is a risk of loss of static equilibrium, Qk,1 represents the
corresponding to adjusting factors Qi, qi, qr and Q equal to 1. Those relating to UDL correspond to dominant destabilising variable action and Qk,i represents the relevant accompanying destabilising variable
common traffic scenarios, in which a rare accumulation of lorries can occur. Other values may be actions.
envisaged for other classes of routes, or of expected traffic, related to the choice of the corresponding
factors. For example, a value of 2 other than zero may be envisaged for the UDL system of LM1 During execution, if the construction process is adequately controlled, the recommended set of values for
only, for bridges supporting severe continuous traffic. See also EN 1998.
are :
2) The combination value of the pedestrian and cycle-track load, mentioned in Table 4.4a of EN 1991- G,sup = 1,05
2, is a reduced value. 0 and 1 factors are applicable to this value.
G,inf = 0,95 (1)
3) The recommended 0 value for thermal actions may in most cases be reduced to 0 for ultimate limit Q = 1,35 for construction loads (0 where favourable)
states EQU, STR and GEO. See also the design Eurocodes. Q = 1,50 for all other variable actions, where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
.
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1) The recommended values of 0 , 1 ,and 2 for gr1a and gr1b

are given for road traffic corresponding to adjusting factors Qi ,
Table A2.4(B) - Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set B) qi , qr and equal to 1. Those relating to UDL correspond to
common traffic scenarios, in which a rare accumulation of lorries
can occur. Other values may be envisaged for other classes of
Persistent Permanent actions Prestress Leading Accompanying variable
and variable actions (*) routes, or of expected traffic, related to the choice of the
transient Unfavourable Favourable action (*) Main (if Others corresponding factors. For example, a value of 2 other than
design
situation
any) zero may be envisaged for the UDL system of LM1 only, for
(Eq. 6.10) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i bridges supporting a severe continuous traffic. See also EN 1998.
2) The combination value of the pedestrian and cycle-track load,
(Eq. 6.10a) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1 0,1Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i mentioned in Table 4.4a of EN 1991-2, is a reduced value. 0 and
(Eq. 6.10b) Gj,supG kj,sup Gj,infG kj,inf PP Q,1Q k,1 Q,i 0,iQ k,i 1 factors are applicable to this value.
(*) Variable actions are those considered in Tables A2.1 to A2.3.
3) The recommended 0 value for thermal actions may in most
cases be reduced to 0 for ultimate limit states EQU, STR and GEO.
See also the design Eurocodes.

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Table A2.4(C) - Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set C) Fundamental combinations of actions based on expression 6.10
Persistent Permanent actions Prestress Leading Accompanying variable gr1a
and variable actions (*)
Transient Unfavourable Favourable action (*) Main Others 1,35(TS + UDL + q *fk ) + 1,5 0,6 FWk , traffic
Design (if any)
Situation 1,35 gri i =1b , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5

Gj,supGkj,sup Gj,infGkj,inf PP Q,1 Qk,1 Q,i0,iQk,i + kj , inf + + 1,5Tk + 1,35( 0,75TS + 0,4UDL + 0,4q fk )
*
(Eq. 6.10) (1, 35G kj ,sup " "1, 00G ) " " P
P k " "
j 1
(*) Variable actions are those considered in Tables A2.1 to A2.3 1,5 FWk 0gr1a
1,5Q Sn ,k
NOTE The values may be set by the National Annex. The recommended set of values for are :
G,sup = 1,00
G,inf = 1,00
Gset = 1,00
Q = 1,15 for road and pedestrian traffic actions where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q = 1,25 for rail traffic actions where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q = 1,30 for the variable part of horizontal earth pressure from soil, ground water, free water and ballast, Reduced value of the load on footways for group gr1a To be defined
for traffic load surcharge horizontal earth pressure, where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
q *fk
Q = 1,30 for all other variable actions where unfavourable (0 where favourable)
kN/m2)
in the National Annex (for example : 2,5 kN/m
Gset = 1,00 in case of linear elastic or non linear analysis, for design situations where actions due to Pk Eurocodes. Usually P = Pm et P = 1
Prestressing : Definition in design Eurocodes.
uneven settlements may have unfavourable effects. For design situations where actions due to uneven
settlements may have favourable effects, these actions are not to be taken into account.
P = recommended values defined in the relevant design Eurocode.
G set Uneven settlements to be taken into account where relevant, with Gset = 1,20
or 1,00 in case of linear analysis.
analysis.

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Representation of the action of uneven settlements Gset. Characteristic combinations of actions

gr1a

(TS + UDL + q *fk )"+"0,6 FWk ,traffic

grii =1b , 2,3, 4, 5 "+"0,6Tk

gr1b
(Gkj ,sup "+" G kj ,inf )"+" Pk "+"
Tk "+" (0,75TS + 0,4UDL + 0,4q fk )
*
j 1
F
Wk
0gr1a
QSn ,k

Pk Characteristic value of the prestressing force

G set Uneven settlements to be taken into account where relevant
EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2 EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2
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Frequent combinations of actions EN 1991-

1991-2 Groups of loads for footbridges

(0,75TS + 0,4UDL)"+"0,5Tk

0,75 gr 1b
0,75 gr 4"+"0,5Tk
Group of loads gr1
(Gkj ,sup "+" Gkj ,inf )"+" Pk "+"
j 1 0,6Tk
0,2 FWk

0,5Q Sn , k

Quasi-
Quasi-permanent combinations of actions

(Gkj ,sup "+" Gkj ,inf )"+" Pk "+"0,5Tk
j 1
Group of loads gr2

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Fundamental combinations of actions based on expression 6.10

Table A2.2
1,35 gr 1"+"1,5 0,3FWk
Recommended values of factors for footbridges
1,35 gr 2"+"1,5 0,3FWk
1,35Q fwk
Action Symbol 0 1 2 (1,35Gkj ,sup "+"1,00Gkj ,inf )"+" P Pk "+"
gr1 0,40 0,40 0
j 1 1,5Tk "+"1,35 0,4 gr 1
1,5 F
Traffic loads Q fwk 0 0 0 Wk

1,5QSn , k
gr2 0 0 0
Wind forces FWk 0,3 0,2 0

Thermal actions Tk 0,6 1) 0,6 0,5 Pk Eurocodes. Usually P = Pm et P = 1

Prestressing : Definition in design Eurocodes.
G set Uneven settlements to be taken into account where relevant, with Gset = 1,20
Snow loads Q Sn,k (during execution) 0,8 - 0
Construction loads Qc 1,0 - 1,0 or 1,00 in case of linear analysis.
analysis.
1) The recommended 0 value for thermal actions may in most cases be reduced to 0
for ultimate limit states EQU, STR and GEO. See also the design Eurocodes.

EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2 EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 47 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 48

Frequent combinations of actions

Some dates
0,4 gr 1"+"0,5Tk and
backgrounds
0,6Tk
(Gkj ,sup "+" Gkj ,inf )"+" Pk "+"
j 1 0,2 FWk
0,8Q Sn ,k

Quasi-
Quasi-permanent combinations of actions

(Gkj ,sup "+" Gkj ,inf )"+" Pk "+"0,5Tk
j 1
EUROCODES EN 1990 Section 6, Annexes A1 & A2
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 49

Thank you for your attention

ANNEXES B AND C

A. Vrouwenvelder
TNO
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2

Relative frequency Density Plot (Shifted Lognormal) - [A1_792]

0.020

EN1990 Design =
0.015

Basis of Structural Design decision making

under uncertainty
0.010

0.005

0.000
210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420

Annex B Reliability Differentiation Yield strength [MPa]

- randomness - natural variability

Annex C Reliability Theory - statistical uncertainties - lack of data
- model uncertainties - simplified models
Ton Vrouwenvelder - vagueness - imprecision in definitions
TNO / TU Delft - gross errors - human factors
- ignorance - lack of knowledge

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4

EN 1990: Annexes B / C (Informatieve)

Consequences classes
To get a grip:
Differentiation of beta values and partial factors
Mechanical models Background for Partial Factor design
Statistical models
Engineering judgement Background for Probabilistic design
Robustness
Quality Control EN 1990 Main Text:
3.5 (5) As an alternative, a design directly based
on probabilistic methods may be used.

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6

JCSS Probabilistic Model Code

Reliability calculation
R
Part 1 Basis of Design
Part 2 Modeling of loads
Pf = P(R < E) = R (r)E (e)drde Part 3 Modeling of structural properties
R<E
E

http://www.jcss.ethz.ch/
select publications
select jcss model code
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8

First Order Second Moment method

Simple example
g=R-E g=R-E
R R
R =100 g = R - E = 100 50 = 50
g = R + E = 14
2 2 2 2
E = 50

= g /g = 3.54
R= 10 E E

Pf = P(Z < 0) = Z(0) = 0.0002

E =10

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Reliability Methods
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10

Reliability index Deterministic methods Probabilistic methods

Historical methods FORM Probabilistic
Empirical methods level II level III
1.3 2.3 3.1 3.7 4.2 4.7 Calibration
P(F)=(-) 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6
Calibration Semi probabilistic methods Calibration
Level I
Probability of Failure = (-) 10 -
Partial factor methods
(level I)

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Format Partiel Factor Design EUROCODES
Background and Applications
partiale factor for R
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12

E d < Rd
R t R

Ed = E( GGk , QQk ) R =
R kar
Rd
=
R kar
R R t R

Rd = Rk / M
/ R

Rk characteristic value of resistance

Gk Qk charactistic value of load Rd Rk R
M, G ,Q partial factors
P(RRd) = (-R t)
 JCSS Code Calibration Program - Input Sheet Exit CodeCal

Check Design Situation Clear Sheet Fill in Example Values 1. General Input 4. Variable Loads
EUROCODES EUROCODES 2. Design Situation 5. Partial Safety Factors
Background and Applications
partial factor for S Background and Applications Compute 3. Time Invariant Variables 6. Computation Options

1. General Input
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14
Editor : Editor's Name ?

Date : 11.03.2003 Today ?

Comment : Example values for Codecal, the JCSS ?

code calibration program.

S t S 2. Design Situation
Design Situation 1: One Variable Load Design Situation 2: Two Variable Loads

Design Equation Design Equation ?

m
( G Gk + (1 ) Q Qk ) z = max { z1 , z 2 }
S t S
z =
Sd Rk
( )
= S
m

S =
z1 = G G Gk + (1 G ) Q Q Qk1 + (1 Q ) Q 02 Q k 2
Rk

S kar S kar z2 =
m
Rk
( G G Gk + (1 G ) Q Q Qk 2 + (1 Q ) Q 01 Q k 1
)
Limit State Function Limit State Function ?

g ( X ) = z R G (1 ) Q 0 g1 ( X ) = z R G G (1 G ) Q Q1 0

S g 2 ( X ) = z R G G (1 G

g 3 ( X ) = z R G G (1 G
) Q
) Q
(
Q1L + 1 Q

(
Q1 A + 1 Q
)
)
Q2 A 0

Q2 L 0

= min { 1 , 2 , 3 }

Design Situation 1: One Variable Load Design Situation 2: Two Variable Loads

3. Stochastic Model of Time Invariant Variables

Resistance R
S Skar Sd Material : Structural Steel, etc. ?

Distribution Type : Weibull ?

P(S > Sd) = 1- (-S t)

E[R] = 1 ?

D[R] = 0.05 ?

F[Rk ] = 5 % ?

Model Uncertainty
Distribution Type : Lognormal ?

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16

ISO 2394 STANDARD ALFA-values Table 2 : Target reliability index for Class RC 2 structural
members

Limit state Target reliability index

load resistance
1 year 50 year
Ultimate 4,7 3,8
Fatigue 1,5 to 3,8 2)
Dominant Serviceability (irreversible) 2,9 1,5
Variable = - 0.70 = 0.80 1)
2)
See Annex B
Depends on degree of inspectability, reparability and
damage tolerance.
Other
variables = - 0.28 = 0.32

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Four design values for ULS EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18

Uncertainty in representative values

of actions f
F
fX (..)
Model uncertainty in actions and
action effects Sd
favourable unfavourable

dominant dominant
Model uncertainty in structural resistance
Rd
M
not dominant
Uncertainty in material properties
m
Figure 3 : Relation between individual partial factors
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20

Permant loads G = mean value

= 3.8
VG = G / G
Variable loads
G d = G (1 - E VG ) E = FORM factor
d/nom = 1.05

G k = G = reliability index Q d = G (1 - E V Q ) E = -0.7 (dominant)

Q k = G E = -0.7x0.4 (combination)

unfavorable dominant d/nom E G (VG = 0.10)

yes yes 1.05 -0.70 (1.05)(1+3.8*0.70*0.10) =1.33
yes no 1.05 -0.28 (1.05)(1+3.8*0.28*0.10) =1.16 unfavorable dominant d/nom E Q (VQ = 0.2)
yes yes 1.05 -0.70 (1.05)(1+3.8*0.70*0.20) =1.61
no no 1.00 +0.32 1-3.8*0.32*0.10 =0.88
yes no 1.05 -0.28 (1.05)(1+3.8*0.28*0.20) =1.27
no yes 1.00 +0.80 1-3.8*0.80*0.10 =0.70
In EN 1990 one finds 1.5.
In EN 1990 one finds: 1.35, 1.35 = 1.15, 1.00 and 1.00.
o = 1,27/1,61 = 0,8.

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22

Variable load / Gumbel distribution Stochastic variable load Model

S(i) fSmax(s)

load VQ (T = 50 jaar) Q
wind 0.20 2.04
snow (land climate) 0.15 1.77 fS(s)
snow (sea climate) 0.30 2.67
Floor load (20 m2) 0.30 1.50
12 n
So maybe beta = 3.8 is not really true.
N independent loads of duration t:

FSmax(s) = {FSi(s)}N

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Variable loads / PSI values EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24

Theory
dominant o,eg o,floor o,snow o,wind o,acc Annex B Management of Structural Reliability for Construction
permanent - 0.55 0.60 0.68 0 Works (Informative)
floor 0.87 - 0.40 0.51 0
snow 0.87 0.34 - 0.31 0
wind 0.87 0.34 0.15 - 0
accidental 0.87 0.34 0.15 0.04 -

EN 1990 Reliability differentiation

dominant o,eg o,vloerr o,sneeuw o,wind o,bb
permanent - 0.7 0.7 0.6 0
Design supervision differentiation
floor =0.85-1.0 - 0.7 0.6 0 Inspection during execution
snow =0.85-1.0 0.7 - 0.6 0
wind =0.85-1.0 0.7 0.7 - 0
accidental 0.74** 0.33* 0.13* 0.33* -

*
corresponding with 1/Q
**
corresponding wiht 1/G = 1/1.35
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Reliabiilty differentiation (beta, parial factors)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26

Table 1: Definition of consequences classes Table 2 : Recommended minimum values for reliability index
(ultimate limit states)
Consequences Description Examples of buildings and civil
Class engineering works Reliability Minimum values for
CC3 High consequence for loss of Grandstands, public buildings where Class
human life, or economic, social consequences of failure are high 1 year reference 50 years reference
or environmental consequences period period
very great RC3 5,2 4,3
CC2 Medium consequence for loss of Residential and office buildings, RC2 4,7 3,8
human life, economic, social or public buildings where consequences RC1 4,2 3,3
environmental consequences of failure are medium
considerable
CC1 Low consequence for loss of Agricultural buildings where people Table 3 : KFI factor for actions
human life, and economic, social do not normally enter (e.g. storage
or environmental consequences buildings), greenhouses KFI factor for actions Reliability class
RC1 RC2 RC3
small or negligible
KFI 0,9 1,0 1,1

Particular members of the structure may be designated at the same, higher or lower KFI should be applied only to unfavourable actions.
consequences class than for the entire structure.

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 27 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 28

Table 4 : Design supervision levels (DSL)

Minimum recommended requirements for checking of

Design Characteristics calculations, drawings and specifications
Supervision
Levels
DSL3 Extended Third party checking :
relating to supervision Checking performed by an organisation different from that
RC3 which has prepared the design
DSL2 Normal Checking by different persons than those originally
relating to supervision responsible and in accordance with the procedure of the
RC2 organisation.
DSL1 Normal Self-checking:
Zwolle
Relating to supervision Checking performed by the person who has prepared the
RC1 design
London Eye

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30

Table 5 : Inspection levels (IL) Table 5 : Inspection levels (IL)

Inspection Levels Characteristics Requirements Inspection Levels Characteristics Requirements

IL3 Extended Third party IL3 Extended Third party
Relating to RC3 inspection inspection Relating to RC3 inspection inspection
IL2 Normal inspection Inspection in IL2 Normal inspection Inspection in
Relating to RC2 accordance with the Relating to RC2 accordance with the
procedures of the procedures of the
organisation organisation
IL1 Normal inspection Self inspection IL1 Normal inspection Self inspection
Relating to RC1 Relating to RC1

The rules are to be given in the relevant execution standards. The rules are to be given in the relevant execution standards.

B6(1) A partial factor for a material or product property or a

member resistance can be reduced if an inspection class
higher than that required according to Table B5 and/or more
severe requirements are used
EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 31

Relevant Background Documents

ISO 2394

JCSS documents (http://www.jcss.ethz.ch/)

Background document for the ENV-version of Basis of Design,

ECCS/JCSS, 1996

IABSE Conferences Delft (1996) and Malta (2001)

Leonardo da Vinci Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007

Handbooks Implementtion of Eurocodes (2005)
SECTION 5 AND ANNEX D

G. Sedlacek
RWTH Aachen
 EUROCODES EUROCODES Contents EN 1990 Section 5
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2

Eurocode EN 1990
SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND
Basis of Structural Design DESIGN ASSISTED BY TESTING

Structural Analysis 5.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

5.1.1 Structural modelling
and 5.1.2 Static actions
Design by Testing 5.1.3 Dynamic actions
5.1.4 Fire design

Gerhard Sedlacek 5.2 DESIGN ASSISTED BY TESTING

Christian Mller
RWTH Aachen

EUROCODES Contents Section 5 EUROCODES Basis assumptions for static analysis

Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4

for calculation Appropriate structural models Design assisted by testing

predicting involving acceptable established Design may be based on combination of
test load Rstatic
structural relevant accuracy engineering theory and calculations and tests see Annex D
behaviour at variables 5.1.1(2) practice, where [5.2(1)]
The limited number of tests to be considered in the
limit state 5.1.1(1) necessary verified
reliability required [5.2(2)]
5.1.1(2) experimentally
Partial factors should be as in Product Resistance
EN 1991 - 1999 [5.2(3)]

Modelling linear behaviour

For static or equivalent static actions For dynamic actions For fire design
Modelling based on appropriate Modelling based on [5.13(1)] Structural fire design analysis based on fire
choice of - masses scenarios considering models for [5.1.4(1)]
force-deformation relationship and - stiffness - temperature evolution in the structure
of [5.1.2] [5.12(2)] - damping characteristic - mechanical non-linear behaviour of [5.1.4(6)]
members connections ground boundary
- boundary conditions as intended
- strengths
[5.13(2)] structure at elevated temperature (see EN
1992-1999) [5.1.4(4)]
deflection
conditions
for all structural and non-structural members
intended Fire exposure as
Contribution of soil modelled by equivalent springs - nominal fire exposure (5.1.4(3))
2nd order theory [5.1.2(3)]
and dash pots [5.1.3(4)] - modelled fire exposure
when increase of action effects significant
see => EN 1990 - 1999 Where relevant (for wind and seismic actions) Verification of the required performance by deformation controlled
actions from modal analysis or where the either
Indirect actions to be introduced in
fundamental mode is relevant from equivalent - global analysis
linear elastic non-linear analysis static forces [5.1.3(5)] - analysis of subassemblies or member
analysis directly or as imposed analysis
Dynamic actions also expressed as time histories
by equivalent forces deformations or by tabulated data or test results
or in the frequency domain to be dealt with by
appropriate methods [5.1.3(6)] Specific assessment methods within
- uniform or non uniform temperature with
Where relevant dynamic analysis also for SLS
[5.1.3(7)] see Annex A, EN 1992 - 1999 cross-section and along members time
- analysis of individual members and
In case of determination of equivalent static action interaction of members
dynamic parts either included implicitely or by
magnification factors

EUROCODES Basis assumptions for static analysis EUROCODES Code for type of static analysis
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6

Actions JqQk extreme

Geometry
Qk characteristic non-linear
Material
\0JqQk combination linear imperfection
\1Qk frequent
included
\2Qqp quasi permanent V linear

G permanent LA GNA GNIA

H
non-linear
Verification: ULS (static) V

Rk MNA GMNA GMNIA

Ed Ed ^G  Q` d Rd
JM H
EUROCODES Action effects in static analysis EUROCODES Substructuring for static analsysis
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8

action effect JF
JN JN
JF
r
ea
lin
r
ea

JF
lin
er

r JN JN
nea
ov

erli
und

load amplification J

EUROCODES Consideration of stiffness of connections EUROCODES Dynamic actions and response

Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10

EUROCODES Dynamic actions and response EUROCODES Static and dynamic actions for traffic loads
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODES Contents Annex D EUROCODES Contents of Annex D
Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14

ANNEX D (INFORMATIVE) DESIGN ASSISTED BY TESTING Types of tests (D3)

a) to determine ultimate resistance or serviceability properties
b) to determine material properties with standardized testing procedures Test valuation
D1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION c) to reduce parameters in load and load effect models according to
D2 SYMBOLS d) to reduce parameters in resistance models [D.5-D8]
e) to check identity or quality of delivered products
D3 TYPES OF TESTS f) to obtain information for execution
D4 PLANNING OF TESTS g) to check the behaviour of an actual structure

D5 DERIVATION OF DESIGN VALUES Planing of tests in agreement with test organisation covering
D6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR STATISTICAL EVALUATIONS - objectives and scopes
- prediction of test results
D7 STATISTICAL DETERMINATION OF A SINGLE PROPERTY - specification of test specimens and sampling
D7.1 General - loading specification Test
D7.2 Assessment via the characteristic value - testing arrangement evaluation
according to
D7.3 Direct assessment of the design value for ULS verifications - measurements
[D5-D8]
- evaluation and reporting of tests [D4]
D8 STATISTICAL DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE MODELS
D8.1 General Evaluation of tests for single material properties and for resistances [D.5, D.6]
D8.2 Standard evaluation procedure (Method (a))
D8.2.1 General for presentation of resistance [6.3.5(2)] for presentation of resistance [6.3.5(4)]
D8.2.2 Standard procedure 1 1
Rd R{ X d } Rd RK { X K }
D8.3 Standard evaluation procedure (Method (b)) J Rd JM
D8.4 Use of additional prior knowledge Determination of the single material property Determination of resistance RK(XK)
XK and Xd from tests Xi [D.7] and Rd {XK} form tests Rei [D8]

EUROCODES Contents of Annex D EUROCODES Contents of Annex D

Background and Applications Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16

2
Procedure via XK: [D.7.2] Procedure via RK: [D.8.2] 7. RK b grt ( X m ) e  kf D rt Qrt  k n D G QG  0.5 Q

X Kn mx (1  k n Vx ) 1. theoretical deterministic function Rt kn, k from table D1

kn from table D1 2. Comparison Rexp - Rt to improve Rt Qrt | 6 Vx2i

mx and Vx from
3. Probabilistic function R b Rf G QG | VG2
6 x1
mx 1 Rei Q | VR2
n 4. Mean value deviation b | 6
n Rti
2 1
Sx 6 ( xi  mx ) 2 5. Coefficient of variation vG for error terms Gi Qrt
D rt |
n 1 Q
Rei 1
Sx Gi S G2 | 6 ( G i 1) 2 Q
Vx b Rti n 1 DG | G
mx Q
VG2 | S G2
X K ( n) RK
Xd Kd 8. Rd |
Jm JM
6. Inclusion of vxi for variables Xi

VR2 VG2  6 Vx2i Procedure via Xd: [D 7.3] Procedure via Rd: [D 8.3]
2
X d K mx (1  k dn v x ) Rd b grt ( X m ) e  k df D rt Qrt  k dn D G QG  0.5 Q

kdn from table D2 kdn, kd from table D2

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Reliability links between Product Standard,
Background and Applications Procedure to obtain reliable values Rk Background and Applications
Execution Standanrd and Eurocode 3
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18

Failure modes Requirements for quality

fracture fracture
yielding
Design standard
Product Standards Execution Standard
minimum characteristic resistance
Brittle failure
Ductile failure - dimensions execution Rk = Rnom F(e0)
- tolerances of quality:
for Rd = Rk / JM
dimensions - straightness
- lower limits for - tolerances where JM = 1,10 recom. value
excluded by 1. Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 e
f material L - flaws
appropriate choice of excessive deformation member failure fracture
properties (fu, fy) f
material by yielding by instability after yielding
e.g. tension bar e.g. column buckling e.g. bolt Rexp
Rd
R k f y 
Rd

Rk fy, O  Rd
R k f u  Rm
S
J M0 J M1 J M2 fu ,fy e Rk }
JM
2. Test evaluation Rd 
m R exp 0,8 E V R  0,5 V 2
R ; E 3,80 Rd

3. Recommended values Tests with members

complying with Evaluation
JM0 = 1,00 JM1 = 1,10 JM2 = 1,25 Product Standards of Rexp acc.
and Execution to EN 1990
4. Characteristic value Rk = JM Rd
Standards Rcalc
 EUROCODES Determination of characteristic values Rk and JM EUROCODES
Background and Applications
values from tests Background and Applications Probability distribution of experimental data
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20

Conditions for numerical value of JM

Product standards for materials Execution standard Design standard

and semi-fabricated products EN 1090 Part 2 Eurocode 3
EN 10025
Test evaluation Rk = JMi Rd
Prefabricated steel component accord. to
for component testing Classification accord.
EN1990- Annex D
to JMi (1,0; 1,10; 1,25)
Rexp/Rcalc
O

Component tests to 1,0 O O O

O O
O
O
O
JMi = Rk / Rd
determine Rexp
Rexp
Rm
Parameter X1 S
Rk }
Rexp/Rcalc JM
O Rd
Engineering model to 1,0 O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

determine Rcalc

Parameter X2
Rcalc

EUROCODES Use of test evaluation method for various EUROCODES Common design rules for column, lateral torsional,
Background and Applications
regulatory routes
Background and Applications
plate and shell buckling
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22

Ed
Product Innovation
Ed Ed b r

Ed sk Ed lk Ed t Ed
a
Ed/2
column buckling lat. tors. buckl. plate buckling shell buckling
Practical Application
D ult ,kE d Rk Rk D ult ,k
proving satisfactory D critE d R crit
O
R crit D crit
F FO 
1,20 1,2
1,2

Acknowledged state of the art 1,00

EN 1993-1-1 1,20

EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-5 1,0

EN 1993-1-6
1,0
a0 1,00

a
a
0,80
b b
0,80 0,8 0,8
c c a0
d
d
Fp [-]

3 0,60
3 0,60 0,6 0,6
b

0,40 0,40
0,4

Time
0,4

0,20 0,20
0,2 0,2

0,00 0,00

R&D Unique Technical Standardisation 0 0,5 1 1,5

_
O
2 2,5 3 0 0,5 1 1,5
_
O
2 2,5 3 0,0
0,0 0,5 1,0
_
Op [-] 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
0,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5
2,0 2,5 3,0

Verification Approval
FRk FD ult ,k
Ed d 1d
JM JM

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Test evaluation for buckling curves and JM-values
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23

1,2
Column buckling 1,2
Lateral torsional buckling Plate buckling
KSL a0 KSL a0 1,2
KSL a A VBK a0
KSL a KSL b VBK b
KSL b KSL c Beulkurve fr lok. Lasteinl. nach ENV 1993-1-5
1,0 KSL d B
1,0 Karman
KSL c Euler 1
C Einseitige Lasteinleitung a)
KSL d A
B Zweiseitige Lasteinleitung b)
Euler
KSL b D D Einseitige Lasteinleitung am Trgerende c)
0,8 A5.1: IPE160, S235 F
0,8 E
G 0,8
A5.2: IPE160, S235 H

D=0,34 A5.3: IPE160, S235 I

J
F
VBK b
F [-]

A5.4: IPE160, S235 Z

F [-]

0,6 G
0,6
F [-]

A5.5: IPE160, S235

A5.6: IPE160, S235
A5.7: IPE160, S235
H
0,6
Dp=0,34
I
0,4 A5.10: HEM340, S235
A5.11: HEM340, S235
0,4
KSL a J
Z
0,4

0,2
0,2
D=0,21
0,2 Fall b) Fall a) Fall c)

0,0
0 0,5 1 _1,5 2 2,5 3 0,0
0
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 _ 1,6 2 2,4 2,8
O [-] 0 0,5 1 _1,5 2 2,5 3
O [-]
O [-]