1.

Read through the following passage on the structure of prokaryotic cells, then write on the
dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.

Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are prokaryotic organisms. One of the main

differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is that in a prokaryotic cell,
(Nuclear) membrane / envelope
the bacterial chromosome is not surrounded by a ............................................. .
Glycogen
Prokaryotic cells store carbon compounds in the form of .............................................
Lipids / fats / triglycerides oilsand they may also contain one or more small circular
and .................................................
Plasmids
DNA molecules, known as ................................................ . E. coli cells are motile due
Flagellum /flagella
to the presence of a......................................................... .
(Total 5 marks)

2. The table below refers to some disaccharides, their constituent monomers and their roles in
living organisms.

Complete the table by writing in the appropriate word or words in the empty boxes.

Disaccharide Constituent monomers One role in living

organisms

Carbohydrate source in
Lactose Glucose and galactose mammalian milk

Glucose + glucose Energy / food source in

Maltose (germinating) seeds

Form in which sugars

are transported in plants
Sucrose Glucose and fructose
(Total 5 marks)

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3. The photograph below shows a section through a mitochondrion as seen using an electron
microscope.

Prof. R. Bellairs/Wellcome Photo Library

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C.

A ................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................

C ................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Describe the role of mitochondria.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

4. (a) Explain what is meant by the primary structure of a protein molecule.

.....................................................................................................................................
(Linear) sequence / order / arrangement / pattern of amino acids
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

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 (b) Explain the role of hydrogen bonding in maintaining the structure of a globular protein
such as insulin.

1....................................................................................................................................
Description of H bond / attraction between dipoles e.g delta+ and delta /
weak electrostatic bond
....................................................................................................................................
2 Between H and O;
3....................................................................................................................................
In amine and carboxyl groups
5 (Bond between) R groups in coiling / tertiary stucture / 3D shape
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Describe how the structure of a fibrous protein, such as collagen, differs from the
structure of a globular protein.
1 Long chain / long strand / fibrils / reference to linear molecule
....................................................................................................................................
2 Repeating sequence of amino acids;
3 Many parallel strands lie side by side /eq;
....................................................................................................................................
4 Reference to a helix / beta (pleated) sheet;
....................................................................................................................................
5 Collagen has triple helix
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

5. The photomicrograph below shows some cells viewed using a light microscope.

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 (a) Name the tissue in which the cells labelled J and K are found, giving one reason for your
identification.

Tissue..........................................................................................................................

Reason for identification.............................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Give the function of this tissue.

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) In the space below make an accurate drawing, enlarged 1.5, of the cells labelled
J and K. Do not label your drawing.

(5)
(Total 8 marks)

6. The diagram below shows the structure of a chromosome as it might appear at the end of
prophase of mitosis.

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 (a) Name the parts labelled A and B.

A .................................................................................................................................

B .................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) During metaphase of mitosis, the chromosomes become attached to the equator of the
spindle. Name the stage of mitosis that follows metaphase and describe the events that
occur in this stage.

Stage ...........................................................................................................................

Events occurring ........................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Explain the significance of the stage you have named and described in (b).

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Mitosis forms part of the cell cycle. Name one other stage of the cell cycle and state what
occurs in the stage that you have named.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

7. Urease is an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

An experiment was carried out into the effect of pH on the activity of urease. 10 cm3 of pH 3
buffer solution was mixed with 1 cm3 of urease solution. This mixture was then added to
10 cm3 of urea solution and the concentration of ammonia in the mixture was measured after 60
minutes. This procedure was repeated using buffer solutions of pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

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The results are shown in the graph below.

(a) What do these results suggest is the optimum pH for urease activity?
7
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Suggest how the experiment could be modified to determine the optimum pH more
accurately.

Repeat experiment at a range of pH values at closer intervals

.................................................................................................................................... / at
smaller intervals of pH /eq (on either side of the optimum)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Explain why no ammonia was produced at pH 3.

- In very /eq acidic conditions / high concentration of H+;
....................................................................................................................................
- Reference to changes in R group ionisation /eq
- Bonding disrupted /eq;
....................................................................................................................................
- Enzyme / active site changes shape / tertiary structure changes denaturation ;
....................................................................................................................................
- Substrate / urea does not bond /eq with active site (3)

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 (d) Explain why less ammonia is produced at pH 9 than at pH 8.

- Shape affected more at pH 9 than 8 / more denaturation at pH9 than 8 H converse ;

....................................................................................................................................
- Enzyme-substrate complex formed less efficiently
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Describe how this experiment could be modified to determine the effect of enzyme
concentration on the activity of urease.
- Use (buffer solution) pH7 throughout / optimum pH ;
....................................................................................................................................
- Same / stated concentration / volume of urea / substrate
- Range of concentrations of urease / enzyme;
....................................................................................................................................
- Use the same / stated volume of urease / enzyme;
....................................................................................................................................
- Named variable (e.g. time / temperature / volume of buffer) kept
constant
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

8. The diagram below shows part of a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

(a) Name A, B, C and D.

A Phosphate
A ................................................................................................................................
B Deoxyribose
B ................................................................................................................................
C (Organic) base / thymine / adenine;
C ................................................................................................................................

D Hydrogen bond / H bond;

D ................................................................................................................................
(4)

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(b) Analysis of a molecule of DNA showed that cytosine accounted for 42 per cent of the
content of the nitrogenous bases. Calculate the percentage of bases in the molecule which
would be thymine. Show your working.

Total percentage of C + G = 84 %;
Therefore T will be (100 84) 2;
= 8%; 3

Answer...............................................
(3)

(c) During the process of transcription, one of the DNA strands is used as a template for the
formation of a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA). The diagram below
shows the sequence of bases in part of a strand of DNA.

C G C A G U A C G

(i) Write the letters of the complementary bases in the boxes of the mRNA strand.
(2)

(ii) How many amino acids are coded for by this part of the strand of mRNA?
3
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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9. Give an account of the ways in which molecules and ions move into and out of cells.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

(Allow 2 lined pages)

(Total 10 marks)