Simple Microscope:

A simple microscope is also called magnifying

glass.It is actually a convex lens of small focal length,which is used for
seeing the magnified images of small objects.

Diagram:

Principle of Simple Microscope:

A simple microscope works on the principle that when a tiny
object is placed within its focus, a virtual, erect and magnified image of
the object is formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye
held close to the lens.

Working of Simple Microscope

The ray diagram to show the working of simple microscope is

shown in figure. A small object AB which is to be magnified is placed
between the principal focus F and optical centre C of the convex lens.
Now, a ray of light AO parallel to principal axis which is coming from
the point A of the object passes through the focus F along the straight
line OX after getting refracted by the convex lens. A second ray of
light AC coming from the point A of the object passes through the
optical centre C of the convex lens along the straight line CY. As is
clear from the figure that the two rays i.e. OX and CY are diverging
rays so these rays can intersect each other only at point A when
produced backward. Now, on drawing AB perpendicular from point A
to the principal axis, we get the image AB of the object which is
virtual, erect and magnified.
 Uses of Simple Microscope:
Following are the important uses of simple microscope:
1. The simple microscope is commonly used by watch makers to see the
magnified view of small parts of a watch.

2. It is also used by the jewelers to see the magnified view of the fine
parts of jewellery.

3. Simple microscope is used to see the enlarged image of letters of a

book, textures of fibers or threads of a cloth.

4. Simple microscope is used to see the magnified view of different

particles of different types of soils.

5. It is used by palmists to see enlarged view of the lines of our hand.

6. Simple microscope is used by skin specialists to find out various

diseases of skin.

7. It is also used to see the details of stamp and engravings.

Magnification of Simple Microscope:

The magnifying power of a simple microscope is given by:

m = 1 + D/F

Where, D = least distance of distinct vision

F = focal length of the convex lens

It should be noted that the focal length of the convex lens should
be small because smaller the focal length of the lens, greater will be
its magnifying power. Also the maximum magnification of a simple
microscope is about 10, which means that the object will appear 10
times larger by using the simple microscope of maximum
magnification.

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
A compound microscope is an optical instrument consisting of two
convex lenses of short focal lengths which is used for observing the
highly magnified images of tiny objects. The compound microscope
can magnify the image of a tiny object up to 1000.

Diagram:
 Principle of Compound Microscope:

A compound microscope works on the principle that when a tiny

object to be magnified is placed just beyond the focus of its objective
lens, a virtual, inverted and highly magnified image of the object is
formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye held close
to the eyepiece.

Construction of compound microscope:

A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses: an
objective lens O of small aperture and an eye piece E of large
aperture. The lens which is placed towards the object is
called objective lens, while the lens which is towards our eye is
called eye piece. These two convex lenses i.e. the objective and the
eye piece have short focal length and are fitted at the free ends of two
sliding tubes at a suitable distance from each other. Although the focal
length of both the objective lens and eye piece is short, but the focal
length of the objective lens O is a little shorter than that of the eye
piece E.
The reason for using the eye piece of large focal length and large
aperture in a compound microscope is, so that it may receive more
light rays from the object to be magnified and form a bright image.

Working of Compound Microscope:

The ray diagram to show the working of compound microscope is
shown in figure. A tiny object AB to be magnified is placed in front of
the objective lens just beyond its principal focus fo. In this case, the
objective lens O of the compound microscope forms a real, inverted
and enlarged image AB of the object.

Now AB acts as an object for the eye piece E, whose position is

adjusted so that AB lies between optical centre C2 and the focus fe
of eye piece. Now the eye piece forms a final virtual, inverted and
highly magnified image AB. this final image AB is seen by our eye
hold close to eye piece, after adjusting the final image AB at the
least distance of distinct vision of 25 cm from the eye.

Ray diagram of compound microscope

Magnification of compound microscope:

The magnification of compound microscope is given by:

m =

where, D = Least distance of distinct vision (25 cm)

L = Length of the microscope tube
fo = Focal length of the objective lens
fe = Focal length of the eye-piece lens .
Astronomical telescope:
An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument which is used
to see the magnified image of distant heavenly bodies like stars,
planets, satellites and galaxies etc.

Diagram:

The final image formed by an astronomical telescope is always

virtual,inverted and magnified.

Principle of Astronomical Telescope:

An astronomical telescope works on the principle that when an
object to be magnified is placed at a large distance from the objective
lens of telescope, a virtual, inverted and magnified image of the object
is formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye held
close to the eye piece.

Construction of Astronomical Telescope:

An astronomical telescope consists of two convex lenses : an
objective lens O and an eye piece E. the focal length fo of the
objective lens of astronomical telescope is large as compared to the
focal length fe of the eye piece. And the aperture of objective lens O is
large as compared to that of eye piece, so that it can receive more
light from the distant object and form a bright image of the distant
object. Both the objective lens and the eye piece are fitted at the free
ends of two sliding tubes, at a suitable distance from each other.

Workingof Astronomical telescope:

The ray diagram to show the working of the astronomical
telescope is shown in figure. A parallel beam of light from a heavenly
body such as stars, planets or satellites fall on the objective lens of the
telescope. The objective lens forms a real, inverted and diminished
image AB of the heavenly body. This image (AB) now acts as an
object for the eye piece E, whose position is adjusted so that the
image lies between the focus fe and the optical centre C2 of the eye
piece. Now the eye piece forms a virtual, inverted and highly
magnified image of object at infinity. When the final image of an object
is formed at infinity, the telescope is said to be in normal adjustment.

It should be noted that, the final image of object (such as stars,

planets or satellites) formed by an astronomical telescope is always
inverted with respect to the object. But it does not matter whether the
image formed by an astronomical telescope is inverted or not, as all
the heavenly bodies are usually spherical is shape.

Magnifying Power of an Astronomical Telescope:

The Magnifying Power of a telescope is given by:

m =

Where, fo = Focal length of the objective lens

fe = Focal length of the eye-piece lens

And the length (L) of the tube of telescope is equal to the sum of
the focal lengths of the objective lens and the eye piece. Thus,

L = fo + fe .