INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

Expt.No:1
Date :

OBJECTIVES

(i) To procure sufficient knowledge in MATLAB to solve the power system Problems.

(ii) To write a MATLAB program.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

(i) MATLAB

1. INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.

MATLAB is numeric computation software for engineering and scientific calculations.

MATLAB is primary tool for matrix computations. MATLAB is being used to simulate random
process, power system, control system and communication theory.

MATLAB comprising lot of optional tool boxes and block set like control system,
optimization, and power system and so on.

1.1. TYPICAL USES INCLUDE

Math and computation.

Algorithm development.

Modeling, simulation and prototype.

Data analysis, exploration and Visualization.

Scientific and engineering graphics.

Application development, including graphical user interface building.

MATLAB is a widely used tool in electrical engineering community. It can be used for simple
mathematical manipulation with matrices for understanding and teaching basic mathematical and
engineering concepts and even for studying and simulating actual power system and electrical system
in general. The original concept of a small and handy tool has evolved to become an engineering work
house. It is now accepted that MATLAB and its numerous tool boxes replace and/or enhance the usage
of traditional simulation tool for advanced engineering applications.

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 Engineering personnel responsible for studies of electrical power system, control system and
power electronics circuits will benefit from the MATLAB. To expertise in Electrical System
Simulation one should have a basic understanding of electric circuits, power system and power
electronics.

1.2. GETTING STARTED WITH MATLAB

To open the MATLAB applications double click the Matlab icon on the desktop. This will open
the MATLAB window space with Matlab prompt as shown in the fig.1.

Fig-1: MATLAB window space

To quit from MATLAB type

>> quit
(Or)
>>exit
To select the (default) current directory click ON the icon [] and browse for the folder named
D:\SIMULAB\xxx, where xxx represents roll number of the individual candidate in which a folder
should be created already.

When you start MATLAB you are presented with a window from which you can enter
commands interactively. Alternatively, you can put your commands in an M- file and execute it at the
MATLAB prompt. In practice you will probably do a little of both. One good approach is to
incrementally create your file of commands by first executing them.
M-files can be classified into following 2 categories,

i) Script M-files Main file contains commands and from which functions can
also be called.
ii) Function M-files Function file that contains function command at the first
line of the M-file.
M-files to be created by you should be placed in your default directory. The M-files developed
can be loaded into the work space by just typing the M-file name.

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 To load and run a M-file named ybus.m in the workspace.

>>ybus

These M-files of commands must be given the file extension of .m. However M-files are not
limited to being a series of commands that you dont want to type at the MATLAB window, they can
also be used to create user defined function. It turns out that a MATLAB tool box is usually nothing
more than a grouping of M-files that someone created to perform a special type of analysis like control
system design and power system analysis. Any of the matlab commands (eg: sqrt) is really an M-file.

One of the more generally useful matlab tool boxes is simulink a drag and-drop dynamic
system simulation environment. This will be used extensively in laboratory, forming the heart of the
computer aided control system design (CACSD) methodology that is used.
>>simulink
At the matlab prompt type simulink and brings up the Simulink Library Browser. Each of the
items in the Simulink Library Browser are the top level of a hierarchy of palette of elements that you
can add to a simulink model of your own creation. At this time expand the simulink pallete as it
contains the majority of the elements you will use in this course. Simulink has built into it a variety of
integration algorithm for integrating the dynamic equations. You can place the dynamic equations of
your system into simulink in four ways.
1 Using integrators
2. Using transfer functions.
3. Using state space equations.
4. Using S- functions (the most versatile approach)
Once you have the dynamics in place you can apply inputs from the sources palettes and look
at the results in the sinks palette.

Finally the most important MATLAB features are its help. At the MATLAB Prompt simply
typing helpdesk gives you access to searchable help as well as all the MATLAB manuals.
>>helpdesk

To get the details about the command name sqrt, just type

>>help sqrt

Where sqrt is the command name and you will get pretty good description in the MATLAB
window as follows.
/SQRT Square root.
SQRT(X) is the square root of the elements of X. Complex
results are produced if X is not positive.

See also SQRTM.

Overloaded methods
help sym/sqrt.m

3
1.3 MATLAB WORKSPACE
The workspace is the window where you execute MATLAB commands (Ref. figure-1). The best
way to probe the workspace is to type whos. This command shows you all the variables that are
currently in workspace. You should always change working directory to an appropriate location under
your user name.

Another useful workspace-like command is

>>clear all

It eliminates all the variables in your workspace. For example start MATLAB and execute the
following sequence of commands
>>a=2;
>>b=5;
>>whos
>>clear all
The first two commands loaded the two variables a and b to the workspace and assigned value
of 2 and 5 respectively. The clear all command clear the variables available in the work space. The
arrow keys are real handy in MATLAB. When typing in long expression at the command line, the up
arrow scrolls through previous commands and down arrow advances the other direction. Instead of
retyping a previously entered command just hit the up arrow until you find it. If you need to change it
slightly the other arrows let you position the cursor anywhere.

Finally any DOS command can be entered in MATLAB as long as it is preceded by any
exclamination mark.
>>!dir
1.4 MATLAB Data Types

The most distinguishing aspect of MATLAB is that it allows the user to manipulate vectors (like
5+j8) and matrices with the same ease as manipulating scalars (like5,8). Before diving into the actual
commands everybody must spend a few moments reviewing the main MATLAB data types. The three
most common data types you may see are,

1) arrays 2) strings 3) structures.

As for as MATLAB is concerned a scalar is also a 1 x 1 array. For example clear your
workspace and execute the commands.

>>a=4.2:
>>A=[1 4;6 3];
>>whos
Two things should be evident. First MATLAB distinguishes the case of a variable name and
that both a and A are considered arrays. Now lets look at the content of A and a.

>>a
>>A

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 Again two things are important from this example. First anybody can examine the contents
of any variables simply by typing its name at the MATLAB prompt. Second, when typing in a matrix
space between elements separate columns, whereas semicolon separate rows. For practice create the
matrix in your workspace by typing it in all the MATLAB prompt.

>>B= [3 0 -1; 4 4 2;7 2 11];

(use semicolon(;) to represent the end of a row)
>>B
Arrays can be constructed automatically. For instance to create a time vector where the time
points start at 0 seconds and go up to 5 seconds by increments of 0.001

>>mytime =0:0.001:5;
Automatic construction of arrays of all ones can also be created as follows,
>>myone=ones (3,2)
Note:
Any MATLAB command can be terminated by a semicolon, which suppressed any echo
information to the screen.

1.5 Scalar versus Array Mathematical Operation

Since MATLAB treats everything as an array, you can add matrices as easily as scalars.
Example:
>>clear all
>> a=4;
>> A=7;
>>alpha=a+A;
>>b= [1 2; 3 4];
>>B= [6 5; 3 1];
>>beta=b+B
Of course cannot violate the rules of matrix algebra which can be understood from the following
example.
>>clear all
>>b=[1 2;3 4];
>>B=[6 7];
>>beta=b*B
In contrast to matrix algebra rules, the need may arise to divide, multiply, raise to a
power one vector by another, element by element. The typical scalar commands are used for this +,-,/,
*, ^ except you put a . in front of the scalar command. That is, if you need to multiply the elements
of [1 2 3 4] by [6 7 8 9], just type...

>>[1 2 3 4].*[6 7 8 9]

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1.6 Conditional Statements

Like most Programming languages, MATLAB supports a variety of conditional statements and
looping statements. To explore these simply type

>>help if
>>help for
>>help while
Example :
>>if z=0
>>y=0
>>else
>>y=1/z
>>end

Looping :
>>for n=1:2:10
>>s=s+n^2
>>end
- Yields the sum of 1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2+9^2
1.7 PLOTTING

MATLABs potential in visualizing data is pretty amazing. One of the nice features is that with
the simplest of commands you can have quite a bit of capability.

Graphs can be plotted and can be saved in different formulas.

>>clear all
>>t=0:10:360;
>>y=sin (pi/180 * t);

To see a plot of y versus t simply type,

>>plot(t,y)
To add label, legend, grid and title use

>>xlabel (Time in sec);

>>ylabel (Voltage in volts)
>>title (Sinusoidal O/P);
>>legend (Signal);

The commands above provide the most plotting capability and represent several
shortcuts to the low-level approach to generating MATLAB plots, specifically the use of handle
graphics. The helpdesk provides access to a pdf manual on handle graphics for those really interested in
it.

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1.8 Functions

As mentioned earlier, a M-file can be used to store a sequence of commands or a user-defined

function. The commands and functions that comprise the new function must be put in a file whose
name defines the name of the new function, with a filename extension of '.m'.A function is a
generalized input/output device. That is you can give some input.(arguments) and provides some
output. MATLAB functions allow you much capability to expand MATLABs usefulness. We will just
touch on function here as you may find them beneficial later.
We will start by looking at the help on functions :
>>help function
We will create our own function that given an input matrix returns a vector containing the admittance
matrix(y) of given impedance matrix(z)

z=[5 2 4;
1 4 5] as input, the output would be,

y=[0.2 0.5 0.25;

1 0.25 0.2] which is the reciprocal of each elements.
To perform the same name the function admin and noted that admin must be stored
in a function M-file named admin.m. Using an editor, type the following commands and save as
admin.m.
admin.m :
function y = admin(z)
y = 1./z
return
Simply call the function admin from the workspace as follows,
>>z=[5 2 4;
1 4 5]
>>admin(z)

The output will be,

ans = 0.2 0.5 0.25
1 0.25 0.2
Otherwise the same function can be called for any times from any script file provided the function M-
file is available in the current directory.

With this introduction anybody can start programming in MATLAB and can be updated
themselves by using various commands and functions available. Concerned with the Power System
Simulation Laboratory, initially solve the Power System Problems manually, list the expressions used
in the problem and then build your own MATLAB program or function.

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Result:

8
 COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES PARAMETERS
Expt.No:2
Date :

AIM
To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three
phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements .

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY

Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields
around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data,
the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

FORMULAS:
Inductance:
The general formula:
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds) mH / KM
Where,
Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD)
Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)
Single phase 2 wire system
GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r' = 0.7788 r
Where, r = radius of conductor
Three phase symmetrical spacing
GMD = D GMR = re-1/4 = r'
Where, r = radius of conductor &
GMR = re-1/4 = r' = 0.7788 r
Capacitance:
A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a transmission
line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (Deq / r) F/km
Where,
GMD is the Geometric mean distance which is same as that defined for inductance under various
cases.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program.
Step 2: Get the input values for distance between the conductors and bundle spacing of
D12, D23 and D13.
Step 3: From the formula given calculate GMD.
GMD= (D12, D23, D13)1/3
Step 4: Calculate the Value of Impedance and Capacitance of the line.
Step 5: End the Program.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New
M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor
window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results
EXERCISE: 1
A three phase transposed line has its conductors placed at a distance of 11M, 11 M & 22 M.
The conductors have a diameter of 3.625cm Calculate the inductance and capacitance of the transposed
conductors.
(a) Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the above three lines.
(b) Verify the results using the MATLAB program.

PROGRAM:

%3 phase single circuit

D12=input('enter the distance between D12in cm: ');
D23=input('enter the distance between D23in cm: ');
D31=input('enter the distance between D31in cm: ');
d=input('enter the value of d: ');
r=d/2;
Ds=0.7788*r;
x=D12*D23*D31;
Deq=nthroot(x,3);
Y=log(Deq/Ds);
inductance=0.2*Y
capacitance=0.0556/(log(Deq/r))
fprintf('\n The inductance per phase per km is %f mH/ph/km \n',inductance);
fprintf('\n The capacitance per phase per km is %f mf/ph/km \n',capacitance);

Output of the program

The inductance per phase per km is 1.377882 mH/ph/km
The capacitance per phase per km is 0.008374 mf/ph/km

EXERCISE: 2

A 345-kV double-circuit three-phase transposed line

is composed of two AC SR, 1,431,000-cmil, 45/7
Bobolink conductors per phase with vertical conductor
configuration as show in figure. The conductors have a
diameter of 1.427 inch and a GMR of 0.564 inch. The
bundle spacing in 18 inch. Find the inductance and
capacitance per phase per Kilometer of the Line. The
Following commands

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PROGRAM:
%3 phase double circuit
%3 phase single circuit
D12=input('enter the distance between D12in cm: ');
D23=input('enter the distance between D23in cm: ');
D31=input('enter the distance between D31in cm: ');
d=input('enter the value of d: ');
r=d/2;
Ds=0.7788*r;
x=D12*D23*D31;
Deq=nthroot(x,3);
Y=log(Deq/Ds);
inductance=0.2*Y
capacitance=0.0556/(log(Deq/r))
fprintf('\n The inductance per phase per km is %f mH/ph/km \n',inductance);
fprintf('\n The capacitance per phase per km is %f mf/ph/km \n',capacitance);

Output of the program

The inductance per phase per km is 1.377882 mH/ph/km
The capacitance per phase per km is 0.008374 mf/ph/km

RESULT:
Thus the positive sequence line parameters L and c per phase per kilometer of a three phase
single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangement were determined and
verified with MATLAB software.

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 MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES PARAMETER

Expt.No:3
Date :

AIM:
To understand the modeling and performance of medium lines

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields
around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data,
the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

FORMULAS:

Inductance:
The general formula:
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds) mH / KM
Where,
Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD)
Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)
Single phase 2 wire system
GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r' = 0.7788 r
Where, r = radius of conductor
Three phase symmetrical spacing
GMD = D GMR = re-1/4 = r'
Where, r = radius of conductor & GMR = re-1/4 = r' = 0.7788 r
Capacitance:
A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a transmission
line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (Deq / r) F/km
Where,
GMD is the Geometric mean distance which is same as that defined for inductance under various
cases.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the Program.

Step 2: Get the input values for conductors.
Step 3: To find the admittance (y) and impedance (z).
Step 4: To find Receiving end Voltage and Receiving end Power.
Step 5: To find Receiving end Current and Sending end Voltage and Current.
Step 6: To find the Power factor and sending ending power and Regulation.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results

PROGRAM:

%3 phase double circuit

S = input('Enter row vector [S11, S22, S33] = ');
H = input('Enter row vector [H12, H23] = ');
d = input('Bundle spacing in inch = ');
dia = input('Conductor diameter in inch = '); r=dia/2;
Ds = input('Geometric Mean Radius in inch = ');
S11 = S(1); S22 = S(2); S33 = S(3); H12 = H(1); H23 = H(2);
a1 = -S11/2 + j*H12;
b1 = -S22/2 + j*0;
c1 = -S33/2 - j*H23;
a2 = S11/2 + j*H12;
b2 = S22/2 + j*0;
c2 = S33/2 - j*H23;
Da1b1 = abs(a1 - b1); Da1b2 = abs(a1 - b2);
Da1c1 = abs(a1 - c1); Da1c2 = abs(a1 - c2);
Db1c1 = abs(b1 - c1); Db1c2 = abs(b1 - c2);
Da2b1 = abs(a2 - b1); Da2b2 = abs(a2 - b2);
Da2c1 = abs(a2 - c1); Da2c2 = abs(a2 - c2);
Db2c1 = abs(b2 - c1); Db2c2 = abs(b2 - c2);
Da1a2 = abs(a1 - a2);
Db1b2 = abs(b1 - b2);
Dc1c2 = abs(c1 - c2);
DAB=(Da1b1*Da1b2* Da2b1*Da2b2)^0.25;
DBC=(Db1c1*Db1c2*Db2c1*Db2c2)^.25;
DCA=(Da1c1*Da1c2*Da2c1*Da2c2)^.25;
GMD=(DAB*DBC*DCA)^(1/3)
Ds = 2.54*Ds/100; r = 2.54*r/100; d = 2.54*d/100;
Dsb = (d*Ds)^(1/2); rb = (d*r)^(1/2);
DSA=sqrt(Dsb*Da1a2); rA = sqrt(rb*Da1a2);
DSB=sqrt(Dsb*Db1b2); rB = sqrt(rb*Db1b2);
DSC=sqrt(Dsb*Dc1c2); rC = sqrt(rb*Dc1c2);
GMRL=(DSA*DSB*DSC)^(1/3)
GMRC = (rA*rB*rC)^(1/3)
L=0.2*log(GMD/GMRL) % mH/km
C = 0.0556/log(GMD/GMRC) % micro F/km

RESULT:
Thus the modeling of transmission line was done and the sending end parameter, regulation&
efficiency were determined and verified using MATLAB software.

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 FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES

Expt.No:4
Date :

AIM:
To determine the bus admittance and impedance matrices for the given power system network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX

Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power system studies it is
required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system parameters
depending upon the type of analysis.

Y-bus may be formed by inspection method only if there is no mutual coupling between the
lines. Every transmission line should be represented by - equivalent. Shunt impedances are added to
diagonal element corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off diagonal elements
are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of Tap changing transformers is included while forming Y-bus
matrix.

Generalized Y-bus = yii .. yid

ydi ydd

where, Yii = Self admittance

Ydi = Transfer admittance

FORMATION OF Z BUS MATRIX:

In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving point impedance
and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the buses or nodes. The bus
impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis.

The bus impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we can form the
bus admittance matrix and than taking its inverse to get the bus impedance matrix. In another method
the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the reactance diagram and this method requires
the knowledge of the modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or
addition of a new line (or impedance) between existing buses.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the Program.

Step 2: Enter the busdata Matrix in command window.
Step 3: Calculate the Formulae
Y=ybus(busdata)
Y= ybus(z)
Zbus = inv(Y)
Step 4: Format the Admittance Y bus Matrix.

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 Step 5: Format the Impedance Z bus Matrix.
Step 6: End the Program.

FLOW CHART:

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:
(i) Determine the Y bus matrix for the power system network shown in fig.
(ii) Check the results obtained in using MATLAB.

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2. (i) Determine Z bus matrix for the power system network shown in fig.
(ii) Check the results obtained using MATLAB.

Line data
From To R X B/2
Bus Bus
1 2 0.10 0.20 0.02
1 4 0.05 0.20 0.02
1 5 0.08 0.30 0.03
2 3 0.05 0.25 0.03
2 4 0.05 0.10 0.01
2 5 0.10 0.30 0.02
2 6 0.07 0.20 0.025
3 5 0.12 0.26 0.025
3 6 0.02 0.10 0.01
4 5 0.20 0.40 0.04
5 6 0.10 0.30 0.03

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 FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRIX

% Program to form Admittance and Impedance Bus Formation....

clc
fprintf('FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRIX\n\n')
fprintf('Enter linedata in order of from bus,to bus,r,x,b\n\n')
linedata = input('Enter line data : ');
fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...
z = r + i*x; % Z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...
b = i*b; % Make B imaginary...

nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % no. of buses...

nbranch = length(fb); % no. of branches...
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialise YBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end

% Formation of Diagonal Elements....

for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m | tb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
ybus = ybus % Bus Admittance Matrix
zbus = inv(ybus); % Bus Impedance Matrix
zbus

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OUTPUT

RESULT:
Thus the bus Impedance and admittance matrix for the given system were determined and
verified using MATLAB.

18
 LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEMS

Expt.No:5
Date :

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of
a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better controllers for
getting better responses.

THEORY:

Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system load in
order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of the
foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load cases a change in the
speed of all rotating masses (Turbine generator rotor systems) of the system leading to change in
system frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed initiates the governor control (primary
control) action result in the entire participating generator turbine units taking up the change in load,
stabilizing system frequency. Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control
action which adjusts the load - reference set points of selected (regulating) generator turbine units.
The primary objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the
set nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each area to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load frequency control
(LFC).

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.

EXERCISE

1. An isolated power station has the following parameters

Turbine time constant, T = 0.5sec, Governor time constant, g = 0.2sec
Generator inertia constant, H = 5sec, Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency, i.e, D = 0.8
(a) Use the Routh Hurwitz array to find the range of R for control system stability.
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 (b) Use MATLAB to obtain the root locus plot.
(c) The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 per unit.The turbine rated output is 250MW at
nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 50 MW (PL = 0.2 per unit) occurs.
(i) Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz.
(ii)Use MATLAB to obtain the time domain performance specifications and the frequency deviation
step response.

WITH OUT INTEGRAL CONTROLLER

WITH INTEGRAL CONTROLLER

EXERCISE: 1

1. An isolated power system has the following parameter Turbine rated output 300 MW, Nominal
frequency 50 Hz, Governer speed regulation 2.5 HZ per unit MW, Damping co efficient 0.016 PU
MW / Hz, Inertia constant 5 sec, Turbine time constant 0.5 sec, Governer time constant 0.2 sec, Load
change 60 MW, The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency, Determine the
steady state frequency deviation in Hz
(i) Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz.

20
(ii) Use MATLAB to obtain the time domain performance specifications and the frequency deviation step
response.

EXERCISE: 2

2. An isolated power system has the following parameter Turbine rated output 300 MW, Nominal
frequency 50 Hz, Governer speed regulation 2.5 HZ per unit MW, Damping co efficient 0.016 PU MW
/ Hz, Inertia constant 5 sec, Turbine time constant 0.5 sec, Governer time constant 0.2 sec, Load
change 60 MW, The system is equipped with secondary integral control loop and the integral controller
gain is Kf = 1. Obtain the frequency deviation for a step response

RESULT:
Modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a single area power
system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) was studied and responses are simulated
using simulation software.

21
 LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEMS

Expt.No:6
Date :

AIM:
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of
a two area power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better
controllers for getting better responses.

THEORY:

Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal operation
of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system load in order to
maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of the foremost
requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load cases a change in the speed of
all rotating masses (Turbine generator rotor systems) of the system leading to change in system
frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed initiates the governor control (primary control)
action result in the entire participating generator turbine units taking up the change in load,
stabilizing system frequency. Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control
action which adjusts the load - reference set points of selected (regulating) generator turbine units.
The primary objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the
set nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each area to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load frequency control
(LFC).

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.

22
 EXERCISE:

1. A Two- area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000 MVA common
base.
Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency sens .load coeff. D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia Constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Constant g1 = 0.2sec g1 = 0.3sec
Turbine Time Constant T1 =0.5sec T1 =0.6sec

The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing power
coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps = 2 p.u. A load change
of 187.5 MW occurs in area1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response for the
condition in part (a).

SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAM:

23
RESULT:
Modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a two area power system
without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) was studied and responses are simulated using
simulation software.

TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS SINGLE MACHINE

INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

24
Expt.No:7
Date :

AIM
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis of
Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY

Stability:
Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability:
When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss equals to the
generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed and system frequency,
voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of
load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units rotors
experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition
maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of
synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is said to be
unstable.

Small signal stability:

When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the system may be
subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change in field voltage,
change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of system response to small disturbance depends on the
operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that may
result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
(a) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.
(b) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
FORMULA
Reactive power Qe = sin(cos-1(p.f))

S*
Stator Current It =
Et*
Pe - jQe
=
Et*
Voltage behind transient condition
E1 = Et + j Xd1It
Voltage of infinite bus
EB = Et - j( X3 + Xtr )It
X1 X2
where, X3 =
X1 + X2

25
 Angular separation between E1 and EB
o = E1 - EB

Prefault Operation:
X1 X2
X = j Xd1+ jXtr +
X1 + X2
E1 x EB
Power Pe = sino
X

Pe * X
o = sin-1
E1 * EB
During Fault Condition:

Pe = PEii = 0

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during fault condition

Post fault Condition:

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during post fault condition

E1 x EB
Power Pe = sino
X

max = - o

Pm
Pe =
sinmax

Critical Clearing Angle

Pm( max - o ) + P3maxcos max - P2maxcos o

Coscr =
P3max - P2max

Critical Clearing Time

2H (cr - o)
tcr =
fo Pm Secs

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File

26
 3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools Run
5. View the results.

EXERCISE
1. A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis transient
reactance Xd1 = 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as shown in
figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is delivering
real power P e = 0.8 per unit and Q = 0.074 per unit to the infinite bus at a voltage of V = 1 per
unit.

a)A temporary three-phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line at point F.When the fault is
cleared, both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the critical fault clearing time.
.
b)Verify the result using MATLAB program.

27
RESULT
Transient and small signal stability analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system
was studied and simulated using simulation software.

ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS USING MATLAB

Expt.No:8
Date :
AIM:
To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical
method with and without line losses.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY

Mathematical Model for Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units

Without Transmission Loss

Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem:

28
 In a power system, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning thermal
generating units the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by different sets of
generation schedules

{PG1(k) , PG2(k) , PGN(K) }; k = 1,2,..NS

Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set of schedules,
which minimize the system operating cost, which is essentially the sum of the production cost of all the
generating units. This economic dispatch problem is mathematically stated as an optimization problem.

Given : The number of available generating units N, their production cost functions, their operating
limits and the system load PD,

To determine : The set of generation schedules,

PGi ; i = 1,2N (1)
Which minimize the total production cost,
N
Min ; FT = Fi (PGi ) (2)
i=1

and satisfies the power balance constraint

N
= PGi PD = 0 (3)
i=1

and the operating limits

PGi,min PGi PGi, ,max (4)

The units production cost function is usually approximated by quadratic function

Fi (PGi) = ai PG2i + bi PGi + ci ; i = 1,2,.N (5)

where ai , bi and ci are constants

Necessary conditions for the existence of solution to ED problem:

The ED problem given by the equations (1) to (4). By omitting the inequality constraints (4)
tentatively, the reduce ED problem (1),(2) and (3) may be restated as an unconstrained optimization
problem by augmenting the objective function (1) with the constraint multiplied by LaGrange
multiplier, to obtained the LaGrange function, L as
N N
Min : L (PG1 ..PGN , ) = Fi(PGi) - [ PGi PD] (6)
i=1 i=1

The necessary conditions for the existence of solution to (6) are given by

L / PGi = 0 = dFi (PGi) / dPGi - ; i = 1, 2,..N (7)

N
L / = 0 = PGi PD (8)
29
 i=1

The solution to ED problem can be obtained by solving simultaneously the necessary conditions (7)
and (8) which state that the economic generation schedules not only satisfy the system power balance
equation (8) but also demand that the incremental cost rates of all the units be equal be equal to
which can be interpreted as incremental cost of received power.

When the inequality constraints (4) are included in the ED problem the necessary condition (7) gets
modified as
dFi (PGi) / dPGi = for PGi,min PGi PGi, ,max
for PGi = PGi, ,max
for PGi = PGi, ,mi ____(9)
Economic Schedule
PGi = ( -bi)/ 2ai ; i=1,2.N (10)

Incremental fuel cost

N N
= PD + ( bi/2ai ) / (1/2ai) (11)
i=1 i=1

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the Program.

Step 2: Get the Input Values of Alpha, Bata and Gamma.
Step 3: Use the Intermediate Variable as Lammda.
Step 4: Iterate the Variables up to Feasible Solution.
Step 5: To find Total Cost and Economic Cost of Generator.
Step 6: End the Program.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:

30
 1. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004 P12; P1 in MW
C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006 P22; P2 in MW
C3 = 200 +5.8 P3 + 0.009 P32; P3 in MW
The total load , PD is 800MW.Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the optimal dispatch and
the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using MATLAB program.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
warning off;
a=[.004; .006; .009];
b=[5.3; 5.5; 5.8];
c=[500; 400; 200];
Pd=800;
delp=10;
lambda=input('Enter estimated value of lambda=');
fprintf('\n')
disp(['lambda P1 P1 P3 delta p delta lambda'])
iter=0;
while abs(delp)>=0.001
iter=iter+1;
p=(lambda-b)./(2*a);
delp=Pd-sum(p);
J=sum(ones(length(a),1)./(2*a));
dellambda=delp/J;
disp([lambda,p(1),p(2),p(3),delp,dellambda])
lambda=lambda+dellambda;
end
lambda
p
totalcost=sum(c+b.*p+a.*p.^2)

OUTPUT

Enter estimated value of lambda= 10

lambda P1 P1 P3 delta p delta lambda

10.0000 587.5000 375.0000 233.3333 -395.8333 -1.5000

8.5000 400.0000 250.0000 150.0000 0 0

lambda =

8.5000

31
p=

400.0000
250.0000
150.0000

totalcost = 6.6825e+003

EXERCISE:
2. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004 P12; P1 in MW
C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006 P22 ; P2 in MW
C3 = 200 + 5.8 P3 + 0.009 P32; P3 in MW
The total load , PD is 975MW. Generation limits
200 P1 450 MW
150 P2 350 MW
100 P3 225 MW
Find the optimal dispatch and the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using
MATLAB program.

PROGRAM

clear
clc
n=3;
demand=925;
a=[.0056 .0045 .0079];
b=[4.5 5.2 5.8];
c=[640 580 820];
Pmin=[200 250 125];
Pmax=[350 450 225];
x=0; y=0;
for i=1:n
x=x+(b(i)/(2*a(i)));
y=y+(1/(2*a(i)));
lambda=(demand+x)/y
Pgtotal=0;
for i=1:n
Pg(i)=(lambda-b(i))/(2*a(i));
Pgtotal=sum(Pg);
end
Pg
for i=1:n
if(Pmin(i)<=Pg(i)&&Pg(i)<=Pmax(i));
Pg(i);
else

32
 if(Pg(i)<=Pmin(i))
Pg(i)=Pmin(i);
else
Pg(i)=Pmax(i);
end
end
Pgtotal=sum(Pg);
end
Pg
if Pgtotal~=demand
demandnew=demand-Pg(1)
x1=0;
y1=0;
for i=2:n
x1=x1+(b(i)/(2*a(i)));
y1=y1+(1/(2*a(i)));
end
lambdanew=(demandnew+x1)/y1
for i=2:n
Pg(i)=(lambdanew-b(i))/(2*a(i));
end
end
end
Pg

OUTPUT

lambda =

8.6149

Pg =

367.4040 379.4361 178.1598

Pg =

350.0000 379.4361 178.1598

demandnew =

575

33
lambdanew =

8.7147

Pg =

350.0000 390.5242 184.4758

RESULT:
Economic load dispatch for the given problem was solved using classical method with and
without line losses and verified using MATLAB software.

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS MULTI MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

Expt.No:9
Date :

AIM
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient stability analysis of Multi -Machine-
Infinite Bus (SMIB) system

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY

Stability :
Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability:
When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss equals to the
generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed and system frequency,

34
 voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of
load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units rotors
experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition
maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of
synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is said to be
unstable.

Small signal stability:

When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the system may be
subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change in field voltage,
change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of system response to small disturbance depends on the
operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that may
result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
1. Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.
2. Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.

FORMULA
Reactive power Qe = sin(cos-1(p.f))

S*
Stator Current It =
Et*
Pe - jQe
=
Et*
Voltage behind transient condition
E1 = Et + j Xd1It
Voltage of infinite bus
EB = Et - j( X3 + Xtr )It
X1 X2
where, X3 =
X1 + X2

Angular separation between E1 and EB

o = E1 - EB

Prefault Operation:
X1 X2
X = j Xd1+ jXtr +
X1 + X2
E1 x EB
Power Pe = sino
X

Pe * X
o = sin -1

E1 * EB

During Fault Condition:

35
 Pe = PEii = 0

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during fault condition

Post fault Condition

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during post fault condition

E1 x EB
Power Pe = sino
X

max = - o

Pm
Pe =
sinmax

Critical Clearing Angle

Pm( max - o ) + P3maxcos max - P2maxcos o

Coscr =
P3max - P2max

Critical Clearing Time

2H (cr - o)
tcr =
fo Pm Secs

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools Run
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:

1. Transient stability analysis of a 9-bus, 3-machine, 60 Hz power system with the following system
modelling requirements:
I. Classical model for all synchronous machines, models for excitation and speed governing systems
not included.

36
(a) Simulate a three-phase fault at the end of the line from bus 5 to bus 7 near bus 7 at time = 0.0 sec.
Assume that the fault is cleared successfully by opening the line 5-7 after 5 cycles ( 0.083 sec) .
Observe the system for 2.0 seconds

(b) Obtain the following time domain plots:

- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 with respect to machine 1
- Angular speed deviations of machines 1, 2 and 3 from synchronous speed
- Active power variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.

(c) Determine the critical clearing time by progressively increasing the fault clearing time.

PROGRAM :

For (a)
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.65;
eacfault (Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

For( b)
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8;
eacfault (Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

37
RESULT
Transient stability analysis of Multi-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system was studied and
simulated using simulation software.

SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

Expt.No:10
Date :

AIM:
To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of power flow model in complex
form and a simple method of solving power flow problems of small sized system using Gauss-Seidel
iterative algorithm.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB7.6

THEORY:

The GAUSS SEIDEL method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non-linear load
flow equations.
The non-linear load flow equation is given by

38
 1 Pp j Qp p-1 n
Vpk+1
= - Ypq Vq - Vq
k+1 k

Ypp (Vpk)* q = 1 q=p+1

The reactive power of bus-p is given by

p-1 n
QPk+1 =(-1) x Im (Vpk)* Ypq Vqk+1 + Ypq Vqk
q=1 q=p

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program.
Step 2: Get the input Value.
Step 3: Calculate the Y bus impedance Matrix.
Step 4: Calculate P and Q by using formula,
P= Gen Mw- Load Mw;
Q= Gen MVA Load MVA;
Step 5: Check the condition for the loop
For i=2: bus and assume sum Yv =0.
Step 6: Check the Condition of for loop
if for K=i:n bus and check if i=k and calculate
sum Yv= sum Yv + Ybus (i,k)*V(k)
Step 7:
Check the condition for type if type(i)==2, Calculate Q(i)
Q(i)=-imag (conj(V(i))*(sum Yv+ Ybus (i,i)*V(i));
Step 8: Check the condition for Q(i) by using if loop
If Q(i)< Qmin(i)
Q(i)<=Qmin(i)
Else
Q(i)= Qmax(i)
Step 9: Check the Condition for type
V(i)=1/Ybus(i,i)*(P(i)-jQ(i)/Conj(V(i))-sum Yv);
Step 10: Iteration incremented
Step 11: Find the angle Value angle=180/Pi*angle(v)
Step 12: End the Program.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File.
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:

The figure shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 bus power system with generator at bus-
1. The magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are marked on

39
 the diagram. Line impedances are marked in p.u. The base value is 100kVA. The line charging
susceptances are neglected. Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load bus 2 and 3.
1) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
2) Verify the result using MATLAB.

PROGRAM:
%GAUSS SEDIAL
clc
clear all
sb=[1 1 2 4 3]; %input('Enter the starting bus = ')
eb=[2 3 4 3 2]; % input('Enter the ending bus = ')
nl=5; %input(' Enter the number of lines= ')
nb=4; %input(' Enter the number of buses= ')
sa=[1-5j 1.2-4j 1.1-2j 1.2-3j .5-4j]; %input('Enter the value of series impedance =')
Ybus=zeros(nb,nb);
for i=1:nl
k1=sb(i);
k2=eb(i) ;
y(i)=sa(i);
Ybus(k1,k1)=Ybus(k1,k1)+y(i);%+h(i);
Ybus(k2,k2)=Ybus(k2,k2)+y(i);%+h(i);
Ybus(k1,k2)=-y(i);
Ybus(k2,k1)=Ybus(k1,k2);
end

40
Ybus
PG=[0 .5 .4 .2];
QG=[0 0 .3j .1j];
V=[1.06 1.04 1 1];
Qmin=.05;
Qmax=.12;
for i=1:nb
Pg=PG(i);
Qg=QG(i);
if(Pg==0&&Qg==0)%for slackbus
p=1;
Vt(p)=V(p) ;
end
if(Pg~=0&&Qg==0)%for Generator bus
for q=1:p-1
A=Ybus(p,q)*V(q);
end
B=0;
for q=p:nb
B=B+Ybus(p,q)*V(q);
end
c=V(p)*(A+B);
Q=-imag(c)

if(Qmin<=Q&&Q<=Qmax)%check for Q limt

Qg=Q*j;
Vt(p)=V(p);
else
if(Q<=Qmin)
Q=Qmin;
else
Q=Qmax;
end
Vt(p)=1;
disp('it is load bus')
Qg=Q*j
end
QG(p)=Qg;
for q=1:p-1
A1=Ybus(p,q)*V(q);
end
B1=0;
for q=p+1:nb
B1=B1-(((Ybus(p,q))*V(q)));
end
C1=((PG(p)-(QG(p)))/Vt(p));
Vt(p)=((C1-A1+B1)/Ybus(p,p));
elseif(Pg~=0&&Qg~=0)%for load bus
A2=0;
for q=1:p-1
A2=A2-Ybus(p,q)*Vt(q);

41
 end
B2=0;
for q=p+1:nb
B2=B2-(((Ybus(p,q))*V(q)));
end
C2=(-PG(p)+(QG(p))/V(p));
Vt(p)=((C2+A2+B2)/Ybus(p,p))
end
p=p+1;
end

42
 START

INPUT
No. of buses, n =?
Line parameters, = ?

FORMULATE
Ybus using relevant rules

INPUT
3) Slack bus Voltage V(1) = ?

4) Real power specified, P(i) = ? (for PQ and PV

buses)

5) Reactive Power specified, Q(i) = ? (for PQ

buses only)

6) Voltage magnitude, Vmspec(i) = ? (for PV buses

only)
where, i = 2,3,n
INPUT
7) Reactive Power minimum limits, Qmin(i) = ?
8) Reactive Power maximum limits, Qmax(i) = ?
for PV buses only

INPUT
9) Tolerance Limit, e =?

10) Acceleration factor, a =?

43
 G

INITIAL GUESS
V(i,1) = 1+j0.0 P.U for i = 2,3,..n

SET
Iteration Count, k = 1; delVmax = 1

DO WHILE
delVmax <= e

FOR
i = 2 to n (Bus count)

IS YE
PV Bus S
COMPUTE
NO V(I,k+1) = ?
Increment Ref. : Equn.=> C
k = k+1
P

ACCELERATE
V(i,k+1) =>
V V(I,k+1) + a(V(i,k+1)-V(I,k))

COMPUTE
delV(i) = V(i,k+1)-V(i,k)

NO Is
BusFinished?

YE
S
M N

44
M
N

FIND
delVmax = max(delV)

NO
IS
delVmax <=e

YES
COMPUTE
Slack bus Power, P(1) = ?

Ref. Equn. => A

COMPUTE
REAL POWER LOSS = ?
REACTIVE POWER LOSS = ?
Ref. Equn. => 6&7

STOP

45
 OUTPUT FOR GAUSS SEIDAL LOAD FLOW METHOD

Ybus =

2.2000 - 9.0000i -1.0000 + 5.0000i -1.2000 + 4.0000i 0

-1.0000 + 5.0000i 2.6000 -11.0000i -0.5000 + 4.0000i -1.1000 + 2.0000i
-1.2000 + 4.0000i -0.5000 + 4.0000i 2.9000 -11.0000i -1.2000 + 3.0000i
0 -1.1000 + 2.0000i -1.2000 + 3.0000i 2.3000 - 5.0000i

Q=

0.1456, it is load bus

Qg =

0 + 0.1200i

Vt =

1.0600 1.0476 + 0.0397i 1.0061 - 0.0148i 0.9899 - 0.0165i

RESULT
Load flow solution for the given problem was solved using Gauss-Seidal method and verified
using MATLAB software.

46
 SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

Expt.No:11
Date :

AIM:
To determine the power flow analysis using Newton Raphson method

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates
the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylors
series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation.
The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of real
and imaginary part of bus voltages.
n
PP = ep(eq Gpq + fq Bpq) + fp (fq Gpq - eq Bpq)
q=1

n
QP = fp (eq Gpq + fq Bpq) - ep (fq Gpq - eq Bpq)
q=1

Vp2 = ep2 + fp2

where, ep = Real part of Vp

fp = Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq, Bpq = Conductance and Susceptance of admittance Ypq respectively.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the Program.

Step 2: Declare the Variable gbus=6, ybus=6.
Step 3: Read the Variable for bus, type , V, de, Pg, Qg, Pl, Ql, Qmin, Qmax.
Step 4: To calculate P and Q
Step 5: Set for loop for i=1:nbus, for k=1:nbus then calculate
P(i) & Q(i) End the Loop
Step 6: To check the Q limit Violation
(i) Set if iter<=7 && iter>2
(ii) Set for n=2: nbus

Calculate Q(G), V(n) for Qmin or Qmax .

(iii) End the Loop.

Step 7: Change from specified Value

(i) Declare dPa= Psp-P

dQa= Qsp- Q
dQ= Zeros(npq,1)
(ii) Set if type(i)==3
(iii) End the Loop.

47
 Step 8: Find Derivative of Real power injections with angles for Jacobian J1.
Step 9: Find Derivative of Reactive power injections with angles for J3.
Step 10: Find Derivative of Reactive power injections with voltage for J4 & Real power injections with
angles for J2.
Step 11: Form Jacobian Matrix J= [J1 J2;J3 J4]
Step 12: Find line current flow & line Losses.
Step 13: Display the output.
Step 14: End the Program.

EXERCISE:

1.Consider the 3 bus system each of

the 3 line bus a series impedance of
0.02 + j0.08 p.u and a total shunt
admittance of j0.02 p.u. The specified quantities at the bus are given below.
Reactive
Real load Reactive Load Real power Voltage
Bus Power
demand, PD demand, QD Generation, PG Specified
Generation, QG
1 2 1 - - V1=1.04
2 0 0 0.5 1 Unspecified
3 1.5 0.6 0 QG3 = V3 = 1.04
2. Verify the result using MATLAB

PROGRAM:

48
%NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
clc
clear all
sb=[1 1 2]; %input('Enter the starting bus = ')
eb=[2 3 3]; % input('Enter the ending bus = ')
nl=3; %input(' Enter the number of lines= ')
nb=3; %input(' Enter the number of buses= ')
sa=[1.25-3.75j 5-15j 1.667-5j]; %input('Enter the value of series impedance =')
Ybus=zeros(nb,nb);
for i=1:nl
k1=sb(i);
k2=eb(i);
y(i)=(sa(i));
Ybus(k1,k1)=Ybus(k1,k1)+y(i);
Ybus(k2,k2)=Ybus(k2,k2)+y(i);
Ybus(k1,k2)=-y(i);
Ybus(k2,k1)=Ybus(k1,k2);
end
Ybus
Ybusmag=abs(Ybus);
Ybusang=angle(Ybus)*(180/pi);
% Calculation of P and Q
v=[1.06 1 1];
P=[0 0 0];
Q=[0 0 0];
del=[0 0 0];
Pg=[0 0.2 0];
Pd=[0 0 0.6];
Qg=[0 0 0];
Qd=[0 0 0.25];
for p=2:nb
for q=1:nb
P(p)=P(p)+(v(p)*v(q)*Ybusmag(p,q)*cos(del(p)+angle(Ybus(p,q))-del(q)));
Q(p)=(Q(p)+(v(p)*v(q)*Ybusmag(p,q)*sin(del(p)-angle(Ybus(p,q))-del(q))));
Pspe(p)=Pg(p)-Pd(p);
Qspe(p)=Qg(p)-Qd(p);
delP(p)=Pspe(p)-P(p);
delQ(p)=Qspe(p)-Q(p);
end
end
P;
Q;
Pspe;
Qspe;
delP;
delQ;

%Calculation of J1
P2=[0 0 0];
for p=2:nb
for q=2:nb
if(p==q)

49
 P1=2*v(p)*Ybusmag(p,q)*cos(angle(Ybus(p,q)));
for j=1:nb
if (j~=p)
P2(q)=P2(q)+v(j)*Ybusmag(q,j)*cos(del(q)+angle(Ybus(q,j))-del(j));
PV(p,q)=P1+P2(q);
end
end
else
PV(p,q)=v(p)*Ybusmag(p,q)*cos(del(p)+angle(Ybus(p,q))-del(q));
end
end
end
PV;
% Calculation of J2
Pdel=[0 0 0;0 0 0;0 0 0];
for p=2:nb
for q=2:nb
if(p==q)
for j=1:nb
if(j~=p)
Pdel(p,q)=Pdel(p,q)-v(j)*v(q)*Ybusmag(q,j)*sin(del(q)-angle(Ybus(p,j))-del(j));
end
end
else
Pdel(p,q)=-v(p)*v(q)*Ybusmag(p,q)*sin(del(p)+angle(Ybus(p,q))-del(q));
end
end
end
Pdel;
%Calculation of J3
Q2=[0 0 0];
for p=2:nb
for q=2:nb
if(p==q)
Q1=2*v(p)*Ybusmag(p,q)*sin(-angle(Ybus(p,q)));
for j=1:nb
if (j~=p)
Q2(q)=Q2(q)+v(j)*Ybusmag(q,j)*sin(del(q)-angle(Ybus(q,j))-del(j));
QV(p,q)=Q1+Q2(q);
end
end
else
QV(p,q)=v(p)*Ybusmag(p,q)*sin(del(p)-angle(Ybus(p,q))-del(q));
end
end

end
QV;
%Calculation of J4
Qdel=[0 0 0;0 0 0;0 0 0];
for p=2:nb
for q=2:nb

50
 if(p==q)
for j=1:nb
if(j~=p)
Qdel(p,q)=Qdel(p,q)+v(j)*v(q)*Ybusmag(q,j)*cos(del(q)+angle(Ybus(p,j))-del(j));
end
end
else
Qdel(p,q)=-v(p)*v(q)*Ybusmag(p,q)*cos(del(p)+angle(Ybus(p,q))-del(q));
end
end
end
Qdel;
%Jacobian matrix
PV(1,:)=[ ];
PV(:,1)=[ ];
Pdel(1,:)=[ ];
Pdel(:,1)=[ ];
QV(1,:)=[ ];
QV(:,1)=[ ];
Qdel(1,:)=[ ];
Qdel(:,1)=[ ];
J=[PV Pdel;QV Qdel]
%Find the change in v&del
delP(1:1)=[];
delQ(1:1)=[];
delpq=[delP';delQ']
vdel=inv(J)*delpq
%Find new v&del
for i=1:nb-1
for j=2:nb
vnew(i)=v(j)+vdel(i);
delnew(i)=del(j)+vdel(i+2);
end
end
VNEW=[v(1) vnew]
DELNEW=[del(1) delnew]

51
 OUTPUT FOR NEWTON RAPHSON LOAD FLOW METHOD

Ybus =

6.2500 -18.7500i -1.2500 + 3.7500i -5.0000 +15.0000i

-1.2500 + 3.7500i 2.9170 - 8.7500i -1.6670 + 5.0000i
-5.0000 +15.0000i -1.6670 + 5.0000i 6.6670 -20.0000i

J=

2.8420 -1.6670 8.9750 -5.0000

-1.6670 6.3670 -5.0000 20.9000
8.5250 -5.0000 -2.9920 1.6670
-5.0000 19.1000 1.6670 -6.9670

delpq =

0.2750
-0.3000
0.2250
0.6500

vdel =

0.0575
0.0410
0.0088
-0.0201

VNEW =

1.0600 1.0575 1.0410

DELNEW =

0 0.0088 -0.0201

RESULT
Thus the power flow for the given problem was solved using Newton Raphson method and
verified using MATLAB software.

52
 SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Expt.No:12
Date :

AIM:
To develop a program to carry out simulation study of symmetrical three phase short circuit
on the given power system.
PROBLEM:
For the given network determine the fault current when fault occurs at bus no.1 also
determine the voltage at all the buses and all line currents.

Line No. Starting bus Ending bus Series impedance

1 1 2 0.05j
2 1 2 0.05j
3 2 3 0.06j
4 1 3 0.1j

Machine Data and Transformer Data:

Reactance of Transformer T1=0.1j
Reactance of Transformer T2=0.02j
Reactance of generator G1=0.25j
Reactance of generator G2=0.2j

ALGORITHM :
1.Read the line data, machine data and transformer data.
2.Compute the ybus matrix.
3. Form the zbus matrix by inverting the ybus matrix.
4. Compute the fault current at the faulted bus.
5.Compute the bus voltage at all the buses.
6. Compute all line currents.
7. Print the result.

PROGRAM:
disp('symmetrical fault analysis')
nb=input('enter the no. of buses')
nl=input('enter the no.of lines')
sb=input('enter the starting bus number')
eb=input('enter the ending bus number')
linez=input('enter the line impedance')
for i=1:nb
y(i,i)=0;
z(i,i)=0;
end
%formation of ybus matrix
for i=1:nl
r1=sb(i);
r2=eb(i);
y(r1,r1)=y(r1,r1)+(1/linez(i));
y(r2,r2)=y(r2,r2)+(1/linez(i));
y(r1,r2)=-(1/linez(i));
y(r2,r1)=y(r1,r2);

53
end

G(1)=input('enter generator 1 impedance value')

G(2)=input('enter generator 2 impedance value')
T(1)=input('enter Transformer 1 impedance value')
T(2)=input('enter Transformer 2 impedance value')
y(1,1)=(1/(G(1)+T(1)))+y(1,1)
y(3,3)=(1/(G(2)+T(2)))+y(3,3)
y

disp('formation of zbus matrix')

z=inv(y)
%Espec-Specified voltage
Espec(1)=complex(1,0);
%zf-Fault impedance
zf=0;i=1;
%If-fault current
If=(Espec(1))/(z(i,i)+zf)

%v-fault voltage value

for j=1:nb
v(j)=Espec(1)-(If*z(j,i));
end
v
%i-line current value
for j=1:nl
l=sb(j);
m=eb(j);
i(j)=(v(l)-v(m))/(linez(j));
end
i

OUTPUT:
symmetrical fault analysis

54
enter the no. of buses3
nb =
3
enter the no.of lines4
nl =
4
enter the starting bus number[1 1 2 1]
sb =
1 1 2 1
enter the ending bus number[2 2 3 3]
eb =
2 2 3 3
enter the line impedance[0.05i 0.05i 0.06i 0.1i]
linez =
0 + 0.0500i 0 + 0.0500i 0 + 0.0600i 0 + 0.1000i
enter generator 1 impedance value0.25i
G=
0 + 0.2500i 0 + 0.2000i
enter generator 2 impedance value0.2i
G=
0 + 0.2500i 0 + 0.2000i
enter Transformer 1 impedance value0.1i
T=
0 + 0.1000i 0 + 0.0200i
enter Transformer 2 impedance value0.08i
T=
0 + 0.1000i 0 + 0.0800i
y=
0 -52.8571i 0 +20.0000i 0 +10.0000i
0 +20.0000i 0 -56.6667i 0 +16.6667i
0 +10.0000i 0 +16.6667i 0 -26.6667i
y=
0 -52.8571i 0 +20.0000i 0 +10.0000i
0 +20.0000i 0 -56.6667i 0 +16.6667i
0 +10.0000i 0 +16.6667i 0 -30.2381i
y=
0 -52.8571i 0 +20.0000i 0 +10.0000i
0 +20.0000i 0 -56.6667i 0 +16.6667i
0 +10.0000i 0 +16.6667i 0 -30.2381i
formation of zbus matrix
z=
0 + 0.0279i 0 + 0.0150i 0 + 0.0175i
0 + 0.0150i 0 + 0.0291i 0 + 0.0210i
0 + 0.0175i 0 + 0.0210i 0 + 0.0504i
If =
0 -35.8422i
v=
0 0.4627 0.3731
i=
0 + 9.2537i 0 + 9.2537i 0 - 1.4925i 0 + 3.7313i

55
RESULT:
A program was developed to analysis symmetrical three phase short circuit on a
given power system and the output was verified.

56
 ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
Ex. No.:13
Date:
AIM:
To plot the electromagnetic transients in the power system using MATLAB
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB 6.1
FORMULA USED:
Case (i):
REACTIVE TERMINATION: LINE TERMINATED BY INDUCTOR:

Case (ii): LINE TERMINATED BY CAPACITANCE:

Case (iii): LINE TERMINATED BY A RESISTANCE EQUAL TO SURGE IMPEDANCE:

ef(s) = E
Case (iv): OPEN CIRCUITED LINE:
et = 2ef
er = e
r=-if
PROGRAM:
%line terminated by inductor for voltage
Ef=10000;
L=0.004; Zc=400;

57
n1=[2*Ef 0]; d1=[1 Zc/L];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
Et=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,Et,'r');
Er=Et-Ef;
hold on;
plot(t,Er,'b');

%line terminated by capacitor for voltage

Ef=10000;
C=0.000000009;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef/(Zc*C)];
d1=[1 1/(Zc*C)];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
Et=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,Et,'r');
Er=Et-Ef;
hold on;
plot(t,Er,'b');

%line terminated by capacitor for current

Ef=10000;
C=0.000000009;
Zc=400;
n1=[(2*Ef/Zc) 0]; d1=[1 1/(Zc*C)];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
It=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,It,'r');
hold on;

58
 If=Ef/Zc;
Ir=It-If;
plot(t,Ir,'b');

%line terminated by inductor for current

Ef=10000;
L=0.004; Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef 0]; d1=[1 Zc/L];
tf(n1,d1)
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
n2=[2*Ef/L];
d2=[1 (Zc/L)];
It=step(n2,d2,t);
plot(t,It,'r');
If=Ef/Zc;
Ir=It-If;
hold on;

RESULT:
Thus the electromagnetic transients in power system have been studied using matlab.

59