Design Flow of Operational Amplifier

Hong-Yi Huang

Department of Electronic Engineering

Fu-Jen Catholic University

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Outline
™ Op Amp Specification

™ Op Amp Parameter Calculation

™ Op Amp Simulation Method

™ Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

™ Op Amp Measurement

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Outline
™ Op Amp Specification

™ Op Amp Parameter Calculation

™ Op Amp Simulation Method

™ Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

™ Op Amp Measurement

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Op Amp Specification
™ Ideal Op. Amp. ™ Practical Op. Amp.
™ Voltage control voltage source ™ Finite gain

™ Infinite voltage gain ™ Finite linear region

™ Infinite input impedance ™ Offset voltage

™ Zero output impedance ™ CMRR

™ It is free of frequency and ™ Frequency response

temperature dependence, distortion,
™ Slew rate
and noise
™ Nonzero output resistance

™ Noise

™ Dynamic range

™ PSRR

™ DC power dissipation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Op Amp Specification

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Outline
™ Op Amp Specification

™ Op Amp Parameter Calculation

™ Op Amp Simulation Method

™ Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

™ Op Amp Measurement

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Two Stage Op Amp

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Expect Specification
™ Low-frequency gain A0=75dB

™ Unity-gain frequency GBW=10MHz

™ Slew rate SR=10 V/us

™ Common mode rejection ratio CMRR=80dB

™ Phase margin PM=60o

™ Load impedance CL=10pF

™ DC supply voltages 0~3.3V

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Two Stage Op Amp Parameters

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Device Parameter

u n = 0.05m 2 /V ⋅ s
Device
NMOS PMOS up = 0.02m 2 /V ⋅ s
Parameter
K ox ε 0
µCox 2 2 Cox =
74 µA V 24 µA V t ox
2
K ox ≅ 3.9, ε 0 = 8.854 × 10 −12 F/m
Vt0 0 .6 − 0.8
tox and Vt0 can be found in spice
model

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Hand Calculation
1
1.choose CC = CL = 3.3pF
3
2. According to the spec. of G.B.
gm2
10M =
2πCc
gm2 = 209.44 uA
V

3. Determined current bias by slew rate

I5 I
SR = = ref = 10V/us
Cc Cc

IREF = I5 = SR × CC ≥ 10 × 10 6 × (3.3 × 10 −12 ) = 33.33uA

I7 I7
SR- = = = 10 V
CL 3CC us
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞
I7 = 100uA It means ⎜ ⎟ = 3 × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠7 ⎝ L ⎠5
Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

O
4. Because of PM=60
−1 ⎛ G.B ⎞ −1 ⎛ G.B ⎞ −1 ⎛ G.B ⎞
PM= 180° − tan ⎜ ⎟ − tan ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ Z ⎠
⎛ G.B ⎞ −1 ⎛ G.B ⎞
∴ 30° = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ Z ⎠
By the small signal analysis
−1 1
Pole1= ωp1 ≅ where R1 =
gm6R 2R1Cc g ds,4 + g ds2
− gm6 1
Pole2= ωp2 ≅ R2 =
C2 gds6 + gds7
−1 C1 = Cb
Pole3= ωp3 =
R c C1
C 2 = CL
1
Zero= ωZ =
⎛ 1 ⎞
Cc ⎜⎜ − R c ⎟⎟
⎝ gm6 ⎠

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Hand Calculation (con’t)
1
set Rc=
gm6

⎛ G.B ⎞
30° = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P2 ⎠

⎛ 10M × 10p ⎞
30° = tan −1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ g m6 ⎠

gm6=1.088m

RC=0.919kΩ

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

5. Determined the gm of Mp3,Mp4

I5 100
(W/L )3 = (W/L )4 = 2 = 6=1
(W/L )6 (W/L )6 I7 100 6

up C ox ⎛ W ⎞ I5
gm3 = gm4 = 2 ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ L ⎠3 2

up C ox ⎛ W ⎞
gm6 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ I7
2 ⎝ L ⎠6

⎛ W ⎞ I5
⎜ ⎟ ×
⎝ L ⎠3 2 1 1 1
gm3 = gm4 = × gm6 = gm6 × × = × 1.088m = 181.3 uA
⎛W⎞ 6 6 6 V
⎜ ⎟ × I7
⎝ L ⎠8

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Hand Calculation (con’t)

6. Calculate the A0 and CMRR

gm1gm6 gm1gm6
A0 = =
(gds2 + gds4 )(gds6 + gds7 ) (λI5 )(2 ⋅ λI7 )

209.44 × 10 −6 × 1.088 × 10 −3
≅ ≅ 79.53dB ≥ 75dB
(0.06 × 33.33 × 10 −6 ) × (2 × 0.06 × 100 × 10 −6 )

λ = 0.06V −1 for L = 1um

2gm2 gm4 2 × 209.44u × 125.6u

CMRR = ≈
gds5 gds2 λI
λI5 × 5
2
2 × 209.44u × 125.6u
= ≈ 85.53dB ≥ 80dB
33.33u
(0.06 × 33.33u) × (0.06 × )
2

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

7. Determined the dimension of M5 and M7

It depends on the current mirror M10.

⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞ 1 ⎛W⎞

⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠10 ⎝ L ⎠5 3 ⎝ L ⎠ 7
⎛W⎞
If set ⎜ ⎟ = 10
⎝ L ⎠10

⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 10
⎝ L ⎠5

⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 30
⎝ L ⎠7

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Hand Calculation (con’t)

8.Determined the dimension of M1~M4 and M6

unCox ⎛ W ⎞ I5
gm2 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 209.44 uA
2 ⎝ L ⎠2 2 V

⎛ W ⎞ 33.33
209.44 = 2 74 × ⎜ ⎟ ×
⎝ L ⎠2 2
⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 8.89
⎝ L ⎠2
L = 1um, W1 = W2 = 8.89um
2
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞ gm4 (181.3u)2
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = = = 20.55
⎝ L ⎠3 ⎝ L ⎠ 4 4 upCox I5 4 × 24 × 33.33u
2 2 2

⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞
gm6 = 6 × gm3 ⎜ ⎟ = 6 × ⎜ ⎟ = 123.3
⎝ L ⎠6 ⎝ L ⎠3

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

9. Determined the dimension of M8

1 1
RC = 0.919kΩ = =
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞
upCox ⎜ ⎟ × Vt 48 × ⎜ ⎟ × 0.8
⎝ L ⎠8 ⎝ L ⎠8
⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 28.3
⎝ L ⎠8

L = 1um W8 = 28.3um

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Hand Calculation (con’t)

Device W L Device W L

Mn1 8.89 Mp5 10

Mn2 8.89 Mp6 123.3

Mp3 20.55 Mn7 30

Mp4 20.55 Mp8 28.3

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Outline
™ Op Amp Specification

™ Op Amp Parameter Calculation

™ Op Amp Simulation Method

™ Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

™ Op Amp Measurement

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Two Stage Op Amp

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Operational Point

.op

™ Determine the operation region

of MOS

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Frequency Response

vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 1v

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 0v

.ac dec 10 100 100000MEG

.print vdb(vout)

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Frequency Response

™ Because of stray capacitance, finite

Large Signal carrier mobilities, and so on, the
Voltage Gain
gain A decrease at high frequencies.

Gain

™ Large Signal Voltage Gain(A0) : The

Phase
gain at dc and low frequency.

PM ™ 3dB Frequency (f3dB) : The maximum

f3dB
bandwidth of dc gain.

™ Phase Margin (PM) :the stability of

Op Amp.

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Frequency Response

Vout vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 1v

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 0v
Vinp

Vout vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 0.1v

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 0v
Vinp

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Transient Operation

Input Signal Vp-p = 25mV

Frequency
=1Mhz

Frequency Frequency
=10Mhz =50Mhz

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Input Voltage Noise Density

™ Noise: because of shot noise,

thermal noise ,and so on, the MOS
generates noise.

.noise v(Y) X Z

™ Y: the point wanted to analysis

™ X: reference point

™ Z: frequency resolution

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Input Common Mode Range (ICMR)

™ Input Common Mode Range
(ICMR): the range of input
common mode voltage

.dc Vin 0 3.3 0.1

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Input Common Mode Range (ICMR)
Unity gain Response

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Input Common Mode Range (ICMR)

Vcm < ICMR-

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Output Voltage Swing

™ Output Voltage Swing:

The range of output voltage which can operate normally.

10R
VOUT = − VIN = −10VIN
R

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Output Voltage Swing

Transient response, Output saturated

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Output Voltage Swing

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Output Voltage Swing

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

™ Common Mode Rejection Ratio

(CMRR): the ability of rejecting
common mode signal.

vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 1v

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 0v

.ac dec 10 100 100000MEG

.print vdb(vout)
Common mode gain
.alter

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 1v

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
™ Power Supply Rejection Ratio
(PSRR): the ability of rejecting noise
from power supply.

.alter

vdd vdd 0 dc 3.3v ac 1v

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 1v

.alter

vss vss 0 dc 0v ac 1v

vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 1v

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

PSRR+ PSRR-

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Slew Rate & Settling Time
™ Slew Rate: the maximum rate of
change dvo/dt is called slew rate.

™ Settling Time: the time during

output signal be stable shown as
right figure.

vinp vinp 0 pulse(1v 2v 0n 0.5n 0.6n

150n 300n)

.meas tran t when v(vout)=1.9v rise=1

.meas SR param='0.9/t'

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Slew Rate & Settling Time

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Total Harmonic Distortion
vinp vinp 0 sin(1.65 0.1m 1k 0)

™ DC:1.65V

™ Amplitude: 0.1mV

™ Frequency: 1kHz

™ Delay time: 0

.four 1k v(vout)

™ Fouriur analysis for 1kHz signal

™ Fouriur analysis for vout

.fft v(vout) np=1024 start=1u stop=56u freq=1x

™ Resolution: np

™ Simulation time: stop-start

™ Fouriur analysis for 1MHz signal

™ Fouriur analysis for vout

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Operation point

.op

™ DC power dissipation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Outline
™ Op Amp Specification

™ Op Amp Parameter Calculation

™ Op Amp Simulation Method

™ Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

™ Op Amp Measurement

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Frequency Response

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Slew Rate & Settling Time

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Input Common Mode Range (ICMR)

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Output Voltage Swing

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

PSRR+ PSRR-

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Outline
™ Op Amp Specification

™ Op Amp Parameter Calculation

™ Op Amp Simulation Method

™ Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

™ Op Amp Measurement

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Input Offset Voltage

™ The offset voltage is the

difference of Vin+ and Vout

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Open Loop Gain and Frequency Response

™ R=10MΩ ™ At lower frequency, this Op Amp

is unity gain configuration.
™ C=100uF
™ At higher frequency, this Op
™ RL=1MΩ
Amp is open loop configuration.
™ CL=8pF for Probe

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Common Mode Gain

™ Eliminate the effect of offset

voltage, and import the same
input signal to the Vin+ and Vin-.

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Common Mode Rejection Ratio

Vo = A d (V+ − V− ) ± A c Vcm
Ac
= A d (Vcm − Vo − Vcm ) ± (2Vcm + Vo )
2

Vo ± Ac Ac 1
= ≅ =
1 + A d − ⎛⎜ ± ⎞
Vcm Ac Ad CMRR
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

Vo = A d (V+ − V- ) + A dd Vdd

Vo = A d (Vo ) + A dd Vdd
A dd A 1
Vo = Vdd ≅ dd Vdd = Vdd
1+ A d Ad PSRR+

Vo = A d (V+ − V- ) + A ss Vss

Vo = A d (Vo ) + A ss Vss
A ss A 1
Vo = Vss ≅ ss Vss = Vss
1+ A d Ad PSRR−

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Input Common Mode Range

™ Unity gain configuration

™ The method of measurement is

the same as the one of
simulation.

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Output Voltage Swing

™ VO= -10Vi

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Output Resistance

R∞
Vo1 = iout ×
Rout + R ∞
RL
Vo2 = iout ×
RL + Rout
RL
Vo2 = Vo1
Rout + RL

⎛V ⎞
R out = R L ⎜⎜ o1 − 1⎟⎟
⎝ Vo2 ⎠

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Slew Rate and Settling Time

™ Unity gain configuration

™ The method of measurement is

the same as the one of
simulation.

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang