Real Analysis

Previous year Questions from 2016 to 1992

Ramanasri

2017

SHOP NO-42, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAPID FLOUR MILLS, OLD RAJENDER NAGAR, NEW DELHI.
WEBSITE: MATHEMATICSOPTIONAL.COM CONTACT: 8750706262/6363/6464 1
 2016
1
1. For that the function f : (0,  )  R given by f ( x )  x 2 sin ,0  x   Show that there is a differentiable
x
function g : R  R that extends f [10 marks]
2. Two sequences { xn } and { yn } are defined inductively by the following:

1 1 1 1 1 
x1  , y1  1, xn  xn1 yn1 , n  2,3,4,...     , n  2,3,4,... and Prove that
2 yn 2  xn yn1 
xn1  xn  yn  yn1 , n  2,3,4,... and deduce that both the sequence converges to the same limtl where
1
 l  1. [10 marks]
2

( 1)n1
3. Show that the series  conditionally convergent (if you use any theorem (s) to show it then you must
n 1 n  1
give a proof of that theorem(s). [15 marks]
4. Find the relative maximum minimum values of the function f ( x , y)  x 4  y4  2x 2  4 xy  2 y2 [15 marks]
5. Let f : R  R be a continuous function such lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) exist and are finite. Prove that is uniformly
x  x 
continuous on ¡ [15 marks]

2015
  n
6. Test for convergence  ( 1)n1  2  [10 Marks]
n 1  n 1 
1 1 1
n , n 1  x  n
 1
7. Is the function f ( x )   Riemann Integrable? If yes, obtain the value of  f ( x )dx [15 Marks]
0 x 0 0


 nx
8. Test the series of functions  2 2
for uniform convergence [15 Marks]
n 1 1  n x

9. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f ( x , y )  x 2  3 y2  y over the region
x 2  2 y2  1 [15 Marks]

2014

dx
10. Test the convergence of the improper integral  x 1  e 
1
2 x
[10 Marks]

0  1 1
2x sin cos , x  0,1
11. Integrate  f  x  dx , ,where f  x    x x [15 Marks]
1 0 x 0

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 2

  f  0,0 
2
 f  0,0  2


 xy 3x 2  2 y2 
,  x , y    0,0 
12. Obtain and for the function f ( x , y)   x 2  y2
x y yx 
 0 ,  x , y    0,0 
2 f 2 f
Also, discuss the continuity and of at  0,0  [15 Marks]
x y yx
13. Find the minimum value of x 2  y2  z 2 subject to the condition xyz  a3 by the method of Lagrange
multiplies. [15 Marks]

2013
 x2
  4 if x  0

14. Let f  x    2 Is f Riemann integrable in the interval 1,2 ? Why? Does there exist a function
 x 2
 2  2 if x  0
g such that g '( x )  f ( x ) ? Justify your answer. [10 Marks]

ONE QUESTION MISSING 10 MARKS

  1n 1 ,is uniformly convergent but not absolutely for all real values of x . [13 Marks]
15. Show that the series 
n  x2
1
16. Show that every open subset of R is countable union of disjoint open intervals [14 Marks]
17. Let x  denote the integer part of the real number x , i.e., if n  x  n  1 where n is an integer, then x   n . Is
2
the function f  x   x   3 Riemann integrable in the function in 1,2 ? If not, explain why. If it is integrable,

x   3dx
2
2
compute  [10 Marks]
1

2012
 1
 0, if x 
n 1

  1 1
18. Let, fn  x   sin , if x   x  , Show that fn  x  converges to a continuous function but not
 x n 1 n
 1
 0, if x  .
 n
uniformly. [12 Marks]
 n
   6
19. Show that the series    n is convergent [12 Marks]
n 1    1 

  x  y 2
 , if  x , y    0,0  f f
20. Let f  x , y    x 2  y2 Show that and exist at (0,0) though f  x , y  is not continuous
 x y
 1, if  x , y    0,0 
at (0,0) . [15 Marks]

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 3

21. Find the minimum distance of the line given by the planes 3x  4 y  5z  7 and x  z  9 and from the origin, by
the method of Lagrange’s multipliers. [15 Marks]
1 1
1
22. Let f ( x ) be differentiable on [0,1] such that f (1)  f (0)  0 and  f 2 ( x ) dx  1 .Prove that  xf ( x )f '( x )dx  
0 0
2
[15 Marks]

23. Give an example of a function f ( x ), that is not Riemann integrable but f ( x ) is Riemann integrable. Justify your
answer [20 Marks]

2011
1
24. Let S  (0,1) and f be defined by f ( x )  where 0  x  1 (in R ). Is f uniformly continuous on S ? Justify
x
your answer. [12 Marks]
n
25. Let fn ( x )  nx 1  x  , x  [0,1] .Examine the uniform convergence of  fn ( x ) on [0,1] [15 Marks]

26. Find the shortest distance from the origin (0,0) to the hyperbola x 2  8xy  7 y2  225 [15 Marks]
nx
27. Show that the series for which the sum of first n terms fn ( x )  ,0  x  1 cannot be differentiated
1  n2 x 2
term-by-term at x  0 . What happens at x  0? [15 Marks]
 1  1
28. Show that if S( x )   , then its derivative S '( x )  2x  , for all x [20 Marks]
1  nx 
3 4 2 2
n 1 n n x n 1 n2 2

2010
 n 
sin  
29. Discuss the convergence of the sequence xn  where X n   2  [12 Marks]
8
 1  17 
30. Define xn  by x1  5 and xn 1  4  xn for n  1 Show that the sequence converges to  
 2 

[12 Marks]
 2 1
x sin , if x  0
31. Define the function f ( x )   x . Find f '( x ) . Is f '( x ) continuous at x  0? Justify your answer.
0 if x  0
[15 Marks]
 x2
32. Consider the series  2 2
. Find the values of x for which it is convergent and also the sum function. Is
n 0 (1  x )
the converse uniform? Justify your answer. [15 Marks]
n
33. Let fn ( x )  x on 1  x  1 for n  1,2.... . Find the limit function. Is the convergence uniform? Justify your
answer. [15 Marks]

2009
Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 4
34. State Roll’s theorem. Use it to prove that between two roots of ex cos x  1 there will be a root o ex sin x  1
2+10=[12 Marks]
x
  1 if x  1
2
x
35. Let f ( x )   1 if 1  x  2 What are the points of discontinuity of f , if any? What are the points where f is
2
 x
  1 if 2  x
 2
not differentiable, if any? Justify yours answer. [12 Marks]
2
2
 1   1.4 
2
 1.4.7......  3n  2 
36. Show that the series       .....     ...... converges [15 Marks]
 3   3.6   3.6.9............3n 
37. Show that if f : [ a,b]  R is a continuous function then f ([ a,b])  [c, d ] form some real numbers c and d,
c  d.
[15 Marks]
 n2x 2  n2
38. Show that: lim 
x 1 n 1 n4
 Justify all steps of your answer by quoting the theorems you are using
 x4 n 1 n
4
1
[15 Marks]
39. Show that a bounded infinite subset R must have a limit point [15 Marks]

2008
x
40. (i) For x  0, show  log 1  x   x [6 Marks]
1 x
1   3   1 
(ii) Let T   , n  N  1  , n  N  6  , n  N  . Find derived set T of T . Also find Supremum
n   2n   3n 
of T and greatest number of T. [6 Marks]
41. If f : R  R is continuous and f ( x  y)  f ( x )  f ( y ), for all x , y  R then show that f ( x )  xf (1) for all x  R.
[12 Marks]
x 1.3 2 1.3.5 3
42. Discuss the convergence of the series  x  x  ....., x  0. [15 Marks]
2 2.4 2.4.6
1 1  1 
43. Show that the series  is equivalent to  1   [15 Marks]
n( n  1) 2 2 2
n 1 
44. Let f be a continuous function on [0,1] . Using first Mean Value theorem on Integration, prove that
1
nf ( x ) 
lim 
n  0 1  n 2 2
dx 
2
f (0) [15 Marks]
x
45. (i) Prove that the sets A  [0,1], B  (0,1) are equivalent sets. [6 Marks]
tan x x  
(ii) Prove that  , x   0,  [9 Marks]
x sin x  2

2007
 xy
 ( x , y)  (0,0)
46. Show that the function given by f  x , y    x 2  2 y2 is not continuous at (0,0) but its partial
0 ( x , y)  (0,0)

derivatives fx and fy exists at (0,0) [12 Marks]

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 5

47. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, show that cos b  cos a  b  a [12 Marks]
48. Given a positive real number a and any natural number n, prove that there exists one and only one positive real
number  such that  n  a [20 Marks]
2 2
49. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the paraboloid z  36  4 x  9 y [20 Marks]

1
  1
n 1
50. Rearrange the series to converge to 1 [20 Marks]
n 1 n

2006
1
dx
51. Examine the convergence of  1/2
[12 Marks]
0 x (1  x )1/2
 1 when x is rational
52. Prove that the function f defined by f ( x )   is nowhere continuous. [12 Marks]
 1 when x is irrational
53. A twice differentiable function f is such that f ( a )  f (b)  0 and f (c )  0 for a  c  b. Prove that there is at
least one value  , a    b for which f ''    0. [20 Marks]
 x 3  2 y2
 , ( x , y)  (0,0)
54. Show that the function given by f  x , y    x 2  y2 (i) is continuous at (0,0) (ii) possesses
 0 , ( x , y)  (0,0)

partial derivative fx (0,0) and fy (0,0) [20 Marks]
x 2 y2 z 2
55. Find the volume of the ellipsoid   1 [20 Marks]
a 2 b2 c 2

2005
x y z   x , y, z 
56. If u, v, w are the roots of the equation in  and    1, evaluate [12 Marks]
a b c  u,v,w 
57. Evaluate  ln( x  y  z ) dxdydz The integral being extended over all positive values of x , y, z such that
x  y  z 1 [12 Marks]
58. If f ' and g ' exist for every x  [ a ,b] and if g '( x ) does not vanish anywhere ( a,b), show that there exists c in
f (c )  f ( a ) f '( c )
( a,b) such that  [30 Marks]
g (b)  g (c ) g '(c )

59. Show that  e tt n 1 dt is an improper integral which converges for n  0 [30 Marks]
0

2004
1 1 1
60. Show that the function f ( x ) defined as: f ( x ) 
n
, n1  x  n , n  0,1,2,..... and f (0)  0 is integrable in
2 2 2
1
2
[0,1], although it has an infinite number of points of discontinuity. Show that  f ( x )dx  [12 Marks]
0 3
 x when x is irrational
61. Show that the function f ( x ) defined on by: f ( x )   is continuous only at x  0
x when x is rational
[12 Marks]

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 6

62. If ( x , y, z ) be the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from any interior point P of triangle ABC on the sides
BC,CA and AB respectively, then find the minimum value of x 2  y2  z 2 , the sides of the triangle ABC being
a,b, c . [20 Marks]
2 2 2 2
63. Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x  y  az , the cylinder x  y  2ay and the plane z  0
[20 Marks]
64. Let f ( x )  g ( x ) for every x in [ a ,b] and f and g are both bounded and Riemann integrable on [ a ,b] . At a point
b b
c  [ a,b], let f and g be continuous and f (c )  g (c ) then prove that  f ( x ) dx   g( x ) dx and hence show that
a a

b 3
1 x cos5x 1
  dx  [20 Marks]
2 a 2  x2 2

2003
65. Let a be a positive real number and xn  sequence of rational numbers such that lim x n  0 .Show that
n 

lim ax n  1 [12 Marks]

n 

66. If a continuous function of x satisfies the functional equation f ( x  y)  f ( x )  f ( y) then show that
f ( x )   x where  is a constant. [12 Marks]
c2
67. Show that the maximum value of x 2 y2z 2 subject to condition x 2  y2  z 2  c2 is . Interpret the result
27
[20 Marks]
68. The axes of two equal cylinders intersect at right angles. If a be their radius, then find the volume common to
the cylinder by the method of multiple integrals. [20 Marks]

dx
69. Show that  1  x sin x is divergent
0
2 2
[20 Marks]

2002

70. Prove that the integral  x m1e  x dx is convergent if and only if m  0. [12 Marks]
0

 an 
n

71. Find all the positive values of a for which the series  n!
converges. [12 Marks]
n 1

sin nx
72. Test uniform convergence of the series  , where p  0 [20 Marks]
n 1 np
73. Obtain the maxima and minima of x 2  y2  z 2  yz  zx  xy subject to condition
x 2  y2  z 2  2x  2 y  6z  9  0 [25 Marks]
74. A solid hemisphere H of radius ' a ' has density  depending on the distance R from the center of and is given
by   k  2a  R  where k is a constant. Find the mass of the hemisphere by the method of multiple integrals
[15 Marks]

2001
 /2
xn
75. Show that  sinm x
dx exists if and only if m  n  1 [12 Marks]
0

a1  a2  ...an
76. If lim an  l, then prove that lim  l, [12 Marks]
n n n

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 7

77. A function f is defined in the interval ( a,b) as follows
1 p
 q 2 when x  q

f (x )   where p, q relatively prime integers. f ( x )  0 for all other values of x . Is f
 1 when x  p
 q3 q
Riemann integrable? Justify your answer. [20 Marks]
78. Show that U  xy  yz  zx has a maximum value when the three variables are connected by the relation
ax  by  cz  1 and a,b, c are positive constants satisfying the condition 2(ab  bc  ca)  (a2  b2  c2 )
[25 Marks]
 
79. Evaluate  ax 2  by2  cz 2 dxdydz taken throughout the region x 2  y2  z 2  R2 [15 Marks]

2000

80. Given that the terms of a sequence an  are such that each ak , k  3, is the arithmetic mean of its two
immediately preceding terms. Show that the sequence converges. Also find the limit of the sequence.
[12 Marks]

 1 
81. Determine the values of x for which the infinite product  1  x 2n  converges absolutely. Find its value
n 0  
whenever it converges. [12 Marks]
82. Suppose f is twice differentiable real valued function in (0, ) and M 0, M1 and M2 the least upper bounds of
f ( x ) , f '( x ) and f ''( x ) respectively in (0, ) . Prove for each x  0, h  0 that
1
f '( x )  f ( x  2h)  f ( x )  hf '(u) for some u  ( x , x  2h) . Hence show that M12  4M0 M2. [20 Marks]
2h 
  x 
3
83. Evaluate dydz  x 2 ydzdx  x 2 zdxdy by transforming into triple integral where S is the closed surface
S

formed by the cylinder x 2  y2  a2 ,0  z  b and the circular disc x 2  y2  a2 , z  0 and x 2  y2  a 2 , z  b

[20 Marks]

1999

84. Let A be a subset of the metric space ( M ,  ) . If ( A,  ) is compact, then show that A is a closed subset of
(M ,) [20 Marks]
85. A sequence Sn  is defined by the recursion formula Sn1  3Sn , S1  1 . Does this sequence converge? If so,
find lim Sn [20 Marks]
1 q
 1
86. Test for convergence the integral  x p  log  dx [20 Marks]
0  x
87. Find the shortest distance from the origin to the hyperbola x 2  8xy  7 y2  225, z  0 [20 Marks]
xy
88. Show that the double integral  ( x  y)3 dxdy does not exist over R  [0,1;0,1] [20 Marks]
R

89. Verify the Gauss divergence theorem for F  4 xe x  2 y2 e y  z 2 e z taken over the region bounded by
x 2  y2  4, z  0 and z  3 where e x , e y, e z are unit vectors along x , y  and z  directions respectively.
[20 Marks]

1998
Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 8
90. Let X be a metric space and E  X . Show that
(i) Interior of E is the largest open set contained in E
(ii) Boundary of E =(closure of E ) (closure of X  E ) [20 Marks]
91. Let ( X , d) and (Y , e) be metric spaces with X compact and f : X  Y continuous. Show that f is uniformly
continuous. [20 Marks]
4 2 2
92. Show that the function f ( x , y)  2x  3x y  y has (0,0) as the only critical point but the function neither has
a minima nor maxima at (0,0) [20 Marks]

sin x
93. Test the convergence of the integral  e  ax dx , a  0 [20 Marks]
0 x

x
94. Test the series  (n  x 2 )2 for uniform convergence. [20 Marks]
n 1

1
95. Let f ( x )  x and g ( x )  x 2 . Does  fog exist? If it exists then find its value [20 Marks]
0

1997
96. Show that a non-empty set P in Rn each of whose points is a limit-point is uncountable. [20 Marks]
a 2b2c2 x 2 y2 z 2
97. Show that  xyz dxdydz  where domain D is given by 2  2  2  1 [20 Marks]
D
6 a b c
2
2u 2u 2

  2 u
1/5 
98. If u  sin 1  x 2  y2  , Prove that x  2xy  y2  tan u(2tan2 u  3) [20 Marks]
2 x y 2 25
  x y

1996
99. Let F be the set of all real valued bounded continuous functions defined on the closed interval [0,1] . Let d be
1
a mapping of F  F into R, the set of real numbers, defined by d( f , g )   f ( x )  g ( x ) dx f , g  F . Verify
0
that d is a metric for F [20 Marks]
100. Prove that a compact set in a metric space is a closed set. [20
Marks]
101. Let C[ a,b] denote the set of all functions f on [ a ,b] which have continuous derivatives at all points of
 
I  [ a ,b] .For f , g  C[ a,b] define d( f , g )  f (a)  g(b)  sup f '( x )  g '( x ) , x  I . Show that the space
(C[ a ,b], d ) is a complete
[20 Marks]
102. A function f is defined in the interval ( a,b) as follows:
q 2 when x  pq 1

f (x )  
 
1/2
3
q when x  pq 1

where p, q are relatively prime integers; f ( x )  0, for all other values of x . Is f Riemann integrable? Justify your
answer. [20 Marks]
 2n x 2n 1
103. Test for uniform convergence, the series  [20 Marks]
n 1 1  x 2n
 /2  /2
104. Evaluate   sin x sin 1  sin x sin y  dxdy [20 Marks]
0 0

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 9

 1995
1. Let K and F be nonempty disjoint closed subjects of R2 . If K is bounded, show that there exists   0 such
that d( x , y )   for x  K and y  F where d( x , y ) is the usual distance between x and y . [20 Marks]
2. Let f be a continuous real function on R such that f maps open interval into open intervals. Prove that f is
monotonic. [20 Marks]
3. Let cn  0 for all positive integers n such that is convergent. Suppose Sn  is a sequence of distinct points in
( a,b) For x  [ a ,b], define  ( x )   cn n : x  Sn  . Prove that  is an increasing function. If f a continuous
b
real function on [ a ,b], show that  fd   cn f (Sn ) [20 Marks]
a

4. Suppose f maps an open ball U  Rn into Rm and f is differentiable onU . Suppose there exists a real number
M  0 such that f ( x )  M x  U . Prove that f (b)  f ( a )  M b  a a,b U [20 Marks]

5. Find and classify the extreme values of the function f ( x , y)  x 2  y2  x  y  xy [20 Marks]

( x 2  2xy cos   y2 ) 
6. Suppose  is real number not equals to n for any integer n . Prove that  e dxdy 
00
2sin 
[20 Marks]

1994
7. Examine the (i) absolute convergence (ii) uniform convergence of the series (1  x )  x(1  x )  x 2 (1  x )  ... in
[ c,1], 0  c  1 [20 Marks]
1
8. Prove that S ( x )   , p  1 is uniformly convergent for all values of x and can be differentiate term
p
n  nq x 2
by term if q  3 p  2 [20 Marks]
1 1
9. Let the function f be defined on [0,1] by the condition f ( x )  2rx when  x  , r  0 Show that f is
r 1 r
1
2
Riemann integrable in [0,1] and  f ( x ) dx  [20 Marks]
0
6
n
10. By means of substitution x  y  z  u, y  z  uv, z  uvw evaluate  ( x  y  z ) xyz dxdydz taken over the
volume bounded by x  0, y  0, z  0, x  y  z  1 [20 Marks]

1993
11. Examine for Riemann integrability over [0,2] of the function defined in [0,2] by
x  x 2 , for rational valuesof x
f (x )   [20 Marks]
x 2  x 3 , for irrational values of x

sin x
12. Prove that  dx converges and conditionally converges. [20 Marks]
0
x
dxdydz
13. Evaluate  x  y  z  1 over the volume bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane x  y  z  1
[20 Marks]

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 10

 1992
b
2
14. If we metrize the space of functions continuous on [ a ,b] by taking p( x , y)   x(t )  y(t ) dt then show that
a
the resulting metric space is NOT complete [20 Marks]
2 2 2
15. Examine 2xyz  4 zx  2 yz  x  y  z  2x  4 y  4 z for extreme values [20 Marks]
1  nx 1  (n  1)x d d
16. If Un 
nx

( n 1)x
, 0  x  1 Prove that
dx
Un  Un Is the series uniformly convergent in
dx
ne (n  1)e
(0,1)? Justify your claim. [20 Marks]
17. Find the upper and lower Riemann integral for the function defined in the interval [0,1] as follows

 1  x 2 when x is rational
 and show that is NOT Riemann integrable in [0,1] . [20 Marks]
1  x
 when x is irrational

x
18. Discuss the convergence or divergence of  dx ,     0 [20 Marks]
2
0 1  x sin x

a 2b2  b2x 2  a 2 y2 x2 y2
19. Evaluate  dxdy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse  1 [20 Marks]
a 2b2  b2x 2  a 2 y2 a2 b2

Reputed Institute for IAS, IFoS Exams Page 11