Pescetarianism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japanese nigiri-sushi; many cultures offer pescetarian-friendly cuisine.

Pescetarianism (/ˌpɛskəˈtɛəriənɪzəm/; also spelled pescatarianism)[1] is the practice of following

a diet that includes fish or other seafood, but not the flesh of other animals.
Those on pescetarian or pollotarian diets may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may
identify with vegetarianism.[2][3] Most pescetarians maintain a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet with the
addition of fish and shellfish, described as "fish but no other meat".[4] The common
use association between such diets and vegetarianism has led groups such as the Vegetarian
Society to state that diets containing these ingredients are not vegetarian.[5]

Contents
[hide]

 1Etymology
 2Rationale
o 2.1Ethics
o 2.2Health considerations
 3Abstinence in religion
o 3.1Judaism
o 3.2Hinduism
o 3.3Islam
 4Comparisons to other diets
 5List of notable pescetarians
 6See also
 7References
 8External links

Etymology[edit]
"Pescetarian" or "pescatarian" is a neologism formed as a portmanteau of the Latin word piscis
("fish") and the English word "vegetarian".[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The English pronunciation of both
"pescetarian" and "pescatarian" is /ˌpɛskɪˈtɛəriən/, with the same [sk] sound present
in pescato (Italian: [peˈskaːto],[13][14] derived from piscatus, the perfect passive participle of the Latin
verb piscor meaning "to fish"), though not in the word pesce (Italian: [ˈpeʃʃe]).
Pesce in turn derives from the Latin piscis,[9][10] which has the form pisci- when it serves as a
prefix, as it often does in scholarly terms (e.g. "pisciculture", "piscivore"). A piscivore, a type of
carnivore, subsists on a diet primarily of fish, whereas a pescetarian eats plant derivatives as well
as fish. A similar term for the latter is "vegequarian".
The Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the origin of the term pescatarian to 1993 and defines it
as: "one whose diet includes fish but no other meat".[9]

Rationale[edit]
Ethics[edit]
Some pescetarians adopt their diet because of the inefficiency of other meat sources. For
example, in the United States most cattle, chickens and pork were not free-range and fed with
grains specifically grown for their food.[15] Therefore, the environmental impact and the amount of
energy needed to feed a cow, a chicken or a pig greatly exceeds its nutritional value.[15] Such
pescetarians might prefer to eat wild-caught fish, as opposed to farmed carnivorous fish that
require food input of other fish. They might use guides such as the Seafood Watch to determine
the sustainability of their seafood source.[15]
Other pescetarians might regard their diet as a transition to vegetarianism, an ethical compromise
(ethical pescetarianism),[16] or a practical necessity to obtain nutrients absent or not easily found
in plants.[17]
Furthermore, pescetarianism may be percived as more ethical because fish, along with certain
other animals such as insects, may not associate pain and fear as more complex animals like
mammals do.[18][19] Researchers find that unlike humans, fish do not have the neuro-physiological
capacity for a conscious awareness of pain. Fish do not possess a neocortex, which is the first
indicator of doubt regarding whether they have pain-awareness. In other words, certain nerve
fibres in mammals (known as c-nociceptors) involved in the sensation of intense experiences of
pain are not present in primitive cartilaginous fish. In many bony fish, some do contain traces,
such as in sharks and rays, yet there is a complete lack of development in these fibres. To test
this, painkillers such as morphine that are effective for humans were given to fish and were either
ineffective or were only effective in astronomically high doses that would have meant immediate
death from shock. In this respect, although fish do of course show reactions to injuries and other
interventions, the physiological prerequisites for the conscious experience of pain is not present.
This, in combination with the pharmacological data, has supported the notion that fish have
absolutely no awareness of pain in human or biological terms.[18][19]
Health considerations[edit]
Further information: Mercury in fish
One commonly cited reason is that of health,[20] based on findings that red meat is detrimental to
health in many cases due to non-lean red meats containing high amounts of saturated
fats,[21][22] choline and carnitine.[23] Eating certain kinds of fish raises HDL levels,[24][25] and some fish
are a convenient source of omega-3 fatty acids,[26] and have numerous health benefits in one food
variety.[27]
A 1999 meta-analysis of five studies comparing vegetarian and non-vegetarian mortality rates in
Western countries found that in comparison with regular meat-eaters, mortality
from ischemic heart disease was 34% lower in pescetarians, 34% lower in ovo-lacto vegetarians,
26% lower in vegans and 20% lower in occasional meat-eaters.[28]
Concerns have been raised about consuming some fish varieties containing toxins such
as mercury and PCBs,[29] though it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and
moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.[30][31]

Abstinence in religion[edit]
Judaism[edit]
Pescetarianism (provided the fish is ruled kosher – i.e., fish with fins and scales, and usually
caught without bloodshed, as well as having no worms or insects inside; cut with a kosher knife
and cooked in kosher utensils) conforms to Jewish dietary laws, as kosher fish is "pareve" (or
"parve") – neither 'milk' nor 'meat'. In some Sephardic Jewish homes, fish is never served with
foods made with milk products. All non-fish seafood is non-kosher.[32]. Mammalian 'fish' such
as dolphins and whales, as well as Elasmobranchii such as sharksand stingrays, are not kosher
because they have dermal denticles and not bony-fish scales. The definition of a fish in Judaism
is broader (sea-life) than the common usage of the term 'fish' (non-mammals).
In 2015, a member of the Liberal Judaism synagogue in Manchester founded The Pescetarian
Society.[33]
Hinduism[edit]
By tradition, most Hindu Brahmin communities follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet. However, there
are a number of Brahmin sub-groups that allow fish eating. These include the Goud Saraswat
Brahmin community from Coastal South-Western India.[34] This community regards seafood in
general as vegetables from the sea. They refrain from eating any land-based animals. Other
Hindu communities who consume seafood in great quantity are the Maithili Brahmin and
the Bengali Brahmin.[35] The latter also eat meat on special occasions. Among the northeast
Indian Hindus of Assam, Tripura, and Manipur, it is common for pescatarians to include poultry in
their diets.[citation needed]
Islam[edit]
Muslims aren't vegetarians, but their meat has to be Halal, killed in a certain way. If they are
taking food from somewhere that doesn't serve Halal food, they take their food on a pescetarian
diet, since they are allowed to eat fish.

Comparisons to other diets[edit]

Pescetarianism is similar to many traditional diets emphasizing fish as well as fruits, vegetables,
grains, nuts, seeds, edible fungi, legumes, bread etc. Many coastal populations tend to eat this
way. In common with some vegetarians, pescetarians often eat eggs, dairy
products and packaged foods in addition to fruits, vegetables and grains.[citation needed]
Pescetarians are sometimes described as vegetarian or pesco-vegetarian, but vegetarians
commonly do not consider the pescetarian diet to be vegetarian. The Vegetarian Society – whose
members historically did not object to the consumption of "eggs, milk or fish"[36] – now does not
consider pescetarianism to be a vegetarian diet.[5] Despite this, definitions of vegetarian in
mainstream dictionaries sometimes include fish in the diet.[37] The Pescetarian Society evolved
separately from The Vegetarian Society to better represent the lifestyle and interests of
pescetarians.[33]

List of notable pescetarians[edit]

See also: List of vegans and List of vegetarians

 Pedro Aznar[38]
 Brigitte Bardot[39]
 Rowan Blanchard[40]
 Kari Byron[41]
 Montserrat Caballé[42]
 Parvesh Cheena[43]
 Tracy Chapman[44]
 Common[45]
 Misty Copeland[46]
 Jeremy Corbyn[47]
 Billy Corgan[48]
 Fearne Cotton[49]
 Chuck D[50]
 Ted Danson[51]
 Sierra Deaton[52]
 Ellen DeGeneres[53]
 Nate Diaz[54]
 Nick Diaz[55][56]
 David Duchovny[57]
 Susie Essman[58]
 Claire L. Evans[59]
  Jon Fitch[60]
 Martin Freeman[61]
 Robert Fripp[62]
 Johnny Galecki[63][64]
 Ben Gibbard[65]
 Lee Hyori[66]
 Samantha James[67]
 Steve Jobs[68]
 Anthony Kiedis[69]
 Alejandro Jodorowsky[70]
 Daniel Johns[71]
 Mark Kermode[72]
 Daniel Kessler[73]
 Alex Kinsey[52]
 Karlie Kloss[74]|
 Kristin Kreuk[75]
 Lousewies van der Laan[76]
 Harvey Levin[77]
 Caroline Lucas[78]
 Wendie Malick[79]
 Novak Djokovic
 Eva Mendes[80]
 Alyssa Milano[81]
 Dannii Minogue[82]
 Mary Tyler Moore[83]
 Cam Newton[84]
 Conor Oberst[85]
 Amanda Palmer[86]
 CM Punk[87]
 Grigory Rasputin[88]
 A$AP Rocky[89]
 Lluvia Rojo[90]
 Olesya Rulin[91]
 Brytni Sarpy.[92][93]
 Andy Serkis[94][95]
 Queen Sofía of Spain[96][97]
 Tom Scharpling[98]
 Hal Sparks[99]
 Howard Stern[100]
 Ben Stiller[101]
 Sonny Strait[102]
 Wendy van Dijk[103]
 Ben Weinman[104]
 Hayley Westenra[105]
 David Zabriskie[106]

See also[edit]

 Food portal
 Semi-vegetarianism – other forms of semi-vegetarianism that include occasional meat
consumption
 Legal Sea Foods – Boston, Massachusetts–based network of seafood restaurants that uses
the "pescatarian" term in their TV advertising

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