10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 497 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

Answers

Detailed, fully worked solutions to all the questions in this textbook (c)
y 2x − y = 4 (d) 3x − 2y + 6 = 0
appear in the matching Teacher’s Worked Solutions book. Students
y
can obtain worked solutions to the even-numbered questions in the
3
Exercises plus all the questions in the Prep Zones, Chapter Reviews
and Cumulative Practice Examinations in the matching Student x
2
Worked Solutions book.
-4
Chapter 1 -2 x

Prep Zone (p. 2)

1 (a) x = -----
8-
(b) x = 81
------ (c) x = - -----
1-
11 13 20 Exercise 1.1 (p. 13)
2 (a) (x − 7)(x + 3) (b) (a + 5) 2 (c) (2y − 1)(3y + 2)
1 (a) x4 + 12x3 + 54x2 + 108x + 81
(d) (2d + 3)(5d − 2)
(b) x4 − 8x3 + 24x2 − 32x + 16
3 (a) [-3, 5] (b) [2, 10) (c) [0, ∞)
(c) x5 − 10x4 + 40x3 − 80x2 + 80x − 32
4 (a) R+ ∪ {0} (b) R \{3} (c) R− (d) R+
(d) x5 + 25x4 + 250x3 + 1250x2 + 3125x + 3125
5 (a) (b) (e) 15 625x6 − 37 500x5 + 37 500x4 − 20 000x3 + 6000x2 −
-1 3 -2 0 960x + 64
(f) 729x6 + 5832x5 + 19 440x4 + 34 560x3 + 34 560x2 +
(c) (d) 18 432x + 4096
3 2 5 x 6 3x 5 15x 4 5x 3 15x 2 − 3x + 1
(g) -----
- – -------- + ----------- – -------- + -----------
64 16 16 2 4
(e) (f) (h) 16x4 + 160x3y + 600x2y2 + 1000xy3 + 625y4
5 0 1 2 3 4 5 (i) 243p5 − 1620p4q + 4320p3q2 − 5760p2q3 + 3840pq4 −
1024q5
6 (a) ( x – 5 ) ( x + 5 ) (b) ( x + 2 – 2 3 ) ( x + 2 + 2 3 ) 13 19
2 (a) 2x + 7 + ----------- (b) 2x – 8 + -----------
(c) ( 2y – 1 – 2 2 ) ( 2y – 1 + 2 2 ) x–1 x+2
7 (a) (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4) (b) (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) 24 26
(c) (x + 3)(x2 − 6x + 21) (c) 5x 2 + x + 5 + ----------- (d) x 2 – 6x + 4 + -----------
x+3 x–8
37 37 4 4
8 (a) (x – 3--- – ---------- )(x – 3--- + ---------- ) (e) 2x 2 – 6x – 12 – ----------- (f) 2x 2 – 2x + 5 – -----------
2 2 2 2 x–2 x+1
5 19 145 145 2 16
(b) (x + --- ) 2 + ------ (c) 3(x – 5--- – ------------- )(x – 5--- + ------------- ) (g) 5x 2 – 7x – 8 + ----------- (h) 3x 2 – 5x + 1 + -----------
2 4 6 6 6 6 x–5 x+3
− 3 ± 29
3 (a) -22 (b) -14 (c) 53 (d) 18 (e) 18 (f) 13
9 (a) - 1--2- , 3 (b) -3, 1, 5 (c) -1, 3---
(d) ---------------------- (g) 0 (h) 0
2 2
4 (a) (x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 6) (b) (x − 2)(x + 3)2
15 (c) (x + 1)(x − 6)(x + 5) (d) (x − 2)2(x + 4)
(e) 1, 5 (f) 2 ± ----------
3 (e) (x + 4)(x − 8)2 (f) (x − 2)(x + 4)2
10 (a) y (b) y (g) -2x(x + 6)(2x + 3) (h) 2x(x + 4)(3x − 1)
(i) (x + 4)(2x + 5)(5x − 8) (j) (x + 4)(2x − 5)(4x − 1)
(k) -(x + 4)(4x − 7)(5x + 6) (l) -(x + 7)(x − 8)(5x + 4)
1
3
x 3 y = - 12 x + 3 5 (a) (x − 2)(x2 + x + 4) (b) (x + 3)(x2 + x + 2)
(c) (x – 2)( x + 2 – 2)( x + 2 + 2)
-1
6 x (d) (x + 2)( x + 2 – 2)( x + 2 + 2)
y = 3x − 1
5 37 37
(e) (x + 1)( x + --- – ---------- )(x + 5--- + ---------- )
2 2 2 2
5 5
(f) (x + 3)( x + 3--- – ------- )(x + 3--- + ------- )
2 2 2 2

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 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 498 Tuesday, April 28, 2009 2:00 PM

(b) {(2, 3), (5, 24), (7, 48), (8, 63)};

(g) - (x – 4)( x – 1--- – ---------
17 1 17
- )(x – --- + ---------
-) dom {2, 5, 7, 8}, ran {3, 24, 48, 63}
2 2 2 2
(c) {(- 2, 6), (0, 2), (2, 6), (3, 11)];
(h) - (x + 3)( x – 2 – 6)( x – 2 + 6)
dom {-2, 0, 2, 3}, ran { 2, 6, 11}
(i) (x + 1)( x + 3 + 5)( x + 3 – 5)
2 (a) 1 : 1 (b) many : 1 (c) many : 1
6 (a) r = 6, -1 or -4 (b) q = 6 or -3 3 (a) R, R (b) R, {y: y  7} (c) R, {y: y  5}
(c) λ = 1, -1 or - 7--2- (d) μ = 4, 3--4- or − 3---
4 (d) R, R (e) {x: x  -2} ∪ {x: x  2}, R− ∪ {0}
(e) Q = -4 or - 4--5- (f) y = 2 or -1 (g) w = 3 or -1 (f) {x: x  -3}, R+ ∪ {0} (g) {x: x  10}, R+ ∪ {0}
(h) [-6, 6], [-6, 0] (i) [-5, 5], [0, 5]
(h) s = 1 (i) z = 3 (j) H = 4
(j) {x: x  -7} ∪ {x: x  7}, R+ ∪ {0} (k) x  1, R+
− 3 ± 29 − 3 ± 17
(k) x = 3 or ---------------------- (l) x = 2 or ---------------------- (l) {x: x  -3}, R−
10 4 4 (a) [0, 2], [3, 7] (b) (1, ∞), (-∞, 3) (c) (0, 3) ( 7, 4)
7 (a) y = 10x3 + 39x2 + 20x − 21 (b) y = 5x3 − 17x2 + 9
(d) (-2, ∞), ( 2, ∞) (e) (-∞, 3], [5, ∞)
(c) y = 8x4 + 13x3 − x2 − 6
(f) (2, 10], [5, 41] (g) (-2, 0], [-2, 0)
(d) y = 2x4 − 7x3 − 56x2 + 44x + 35
(h) [5, 12], [64.5, 866] (i) (3, 5] (0, 4]
8 (a) No solutions (b) An infinite number of solutions
(c) An infinite number of solutions (d) No solutions (j) [0, 3] [-1, 80]
(e) An infinite number of solutions (f) No solutions 5 (a) function (b) relation (c) relation
6 R+, (-∞, - 3) 7 D 8 E 9 B
− 11 ± 97
9 x = ------------------------- 10 x = − 1--3- 11 x = − 2--3- , x = -1 10 (a)
12 y
12 (a) -2187y7 + 25 515y6 − 127 575y5 + 354 375y4 − 590 625y3
+ 590 625y2 − 328 125y + 78 125 2 y = 2 − 4x2
x4 3 2
(b) --------- + 3x -------- + 27x
----------- + 216x + 1296
256 8 2
(c) 6561p8 + 87 480p7q + 510 300p6q2 + 1 701 000p5q3 +
-1 0 1 x
3 543 750p4q4 + 4 725 000p3q5 + 3 937 500p2q6 + 1 875 000pq7
+ 390 625q8
5 223
13 (a) 3x + 2 + ----------- (b) 2x2 − 10x + 46 − ----------- (b) R, y  2 (c) many : 1 function (d) R+ ∪ {0}
x–2 x+5 (e) y  2 (f) f: R+ ∪ {0} → R where f(x) = 2 − 4x2
67
(c) 6x2 − 13x + 21 − --------------- 11 (a) 12 (b) Dom: [0, 10] Ran: [0, 6]
2x + 3
14 (a) (x + 3)(x − 5)(2x − 1) (b) -(4x + 1)(3x + 8)(2x − 3) (c) Dom: (10, 15] Ran: [0, 2 5) (d) 2 (e) Yes
(c) (x − 11)(3x + 2)(4x − 3)
15 (a) p = -0.2, 1.5, 2 (b) x = 1.69 Exam focus 2 (p. 23): A
(c) y = -1.14, 1.52, 4.63
Exercise 1.3 (p. 35)
16 Does not exist
17 D 18 B 19 B 1 (a) Dilation of factor 2 parallel to the y-axis, or from the
20 (a) P(x) = (x − 1)(x2 + 4x + k + 4) = 0 when x = 1 x-axis, translation of 3 units in the positive direction from
(b) {k: k  0} the x-axis.
21 (a) Highest power is 4 (b) P(x) = x4 − x2 − 12 (b) Dilation of factor 3 parallel to the y-axis, reflection in
(c) (x − 2)(x + 2) (x2 + 3) the x-axis, translation of 1 unit in the negative direction
(d) (a − 4)(a + 3) = (x2 − 4)(x2 + 3) from the x-axis.
22 (a) C(x) = (x − 3)2(x − k) (b) When k = 3, C(x) = (x − 3)3 (c) Translation of 2 units in the positive direction from the
x-axis, translation of 4 units in the negative direction from
23 (a) h(t) the y-axis.
(d) Dilation of factor 3 parallel to the y-axis, reflection in
the x-axis and y-axis, translation of 2 units in the positive
direction from the x-axis and a translation of 4 units in the
15
positive direction from the y-axis.
(e) Dilation by factor 1--2- parallel to the x-axis, reflection in
the y-axis, translation of 3--2- units in the positive direction
from the y-axis and a translation of 1 unit in the positive
direction from the x-axis.
June Jan Feb t (f) Dilation by factor 1--3- parallel to the x-axis, reflection in
2001 2002 2003
the x-axis and a translation of 2 units in the positive
(b) h(t) = 0.000 765 3(t − 7)2(t − 20)2 (c) 1.37 m direction from the x-axis.
(d) 27 months = September 2003 (g) Dilation by factor --13- parallel to the x-axis, translation of
4---
units in the negative direction from the y-axis and a
Exam focus 1 (p. 15): B 3
translation of 1 unit in the negative direction from the
Exercise 1.2 (p. 22) x-axis.
1 (a) {(-1, 3), (1, -1), (3, -5), (5, -9)}; (h) Dilation by factor --12- parallel to the y-axis, reflection in
dom {-1, 1, 3, 5}, ran {-9, -5, -1, 3} the x-axis, translation of 1 unit in the positive direction
from the x-axis.

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(i) Dilation by factor --23- parallel to the y-axis, translation of 4 (a) y  -3 (b) y  1 (c) y  63 (d) y  -3
1 unit in the positive direction from the y-axis and a (e) y  29 (f) y  -1
translation of 1 unit in the positive direction from the 5 (a) (b) y = (x + 2)8 − 3 y
y y = 2(x − 1)7 + 1
x-axis.
253
2 (a) 2 y (b) y
y = 3(x + 2)
y = (x + 3)4 − 2

x 1
-2 x x x
(-3, -2) -1 1 2
(-2, -3)
(c) y = 12 (x − 1)3 + 1 (d) y
y (c) y (d) y = 1 (x + 4)6 − 6 y
x y = -3(x − 2)5 + 4 2
1 100 2042

(1, 1)
x

y = -2(x − 1)2 4
(e) y (f) y x x
(1, 1) 2
(-4, -6)
x
x
(e) y = -2(x – 3)10 + 20 (f) y
y y = 4(3 − x)9 − 5
(4, -3) 78 727
(3, 20)

y = -2(x − 1)4 + 1 x
y = 12 (x − 4)3 − 3

3 (a) y (b) y y = 2(3 – x)2 + 1

19
-1
x 3 x
3 - −1
1 -1
3
-118 078 -5
-4

(3, 1) x 6 (a) y = -(x − 3)2 + 4 (b) y = -(x + 2)3 + 3

(c) y = (x + 2)4 − 1 (d) y = 3(x − 3)3 + 2
y = -3(x + 1)3 – 1 (e) y = 2(x − 2)5 + 3 (f) y = - 1--2- (x + 2)6 − 1
(c) (d) 7 (a) y = -3(x + 2) 2 (b) y = (-2x)3 − 3 (c) y = (4 − 2x)4
y = (4x + 3)4 − 1 y y y = 12 (2 − x)2 – 1
8 B 9 D 10 B
80 11 (a) y (b) y = 3(x − 2)3
y = -bx3 (c) k = 9
(2, -1)
1
(- 34 , -1) x
2− 2
-1 - 12 x
2+ 2

(e) (f) x
y = -2(3 – x)3 + 2 y y = (3 − 2x)4 – 2
y
79

(3, 2)
2 x
( 32 , -2)

0.91 2.1 x
-52

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(d) y [-15, 90] (e) y = (x + 1)(x − 3)(2 − x) R, R

y
100

80
-1 2 3 x
60
y = 3(x − 2)3 + 9
40
-6
20

(f) f(x) = 2x3 − 7x2 + 9 R, R

1 2 3 4 5 x
-15 f(x)
9
2
12 (a) h = 5, c = 2 (b) a = - ------ (c) 7.92 km
25
2
(d) y = - ------ (x − 8)3 + 2 (e) 30.96 km
25
-1 1.5 3 x
Exercise 1.4 (p. 47)
1 (a) y = 2x2 + 5x + 2 R, y  - 1 1--8-
y (g) f(x) = x3 + 2x2 − 5x − 6 R, R
f(x)
2

-3 -1 2 x
-2 - 12 x

(-1 14 , -1 18 ) -6

(b) f(x) = (2x − 3)(1 − x) R, y  --1-

8
f(x) (h) y = (x + 2)(x − 1)(5 − x) R, R
y
(1 14 , 18 )
1 12
1 x

-3
-2 1 5 x
-10

(c) y = (x + 4)(3 − x) R, y  12 1--4-

y (i) f(x) = (3x + 2)2(x – 2) R, R
(- 12 , 12 14 )
f(x)
12
- 23

2 x
-8

-4 3 x

(d) f(x) = 3x2 + x − 2 R, y  - 2 -----

12
1-

f(x) (j) y = 21x − 9 + 4x3 − 16x2 R, R

y

-1 2 x 1 1.5 x
3

-2
(- 16 , -2 121 )
-9

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(k) f(x) = 25 − 5x − 21x2 + 9x3 R, R (e) y = (2x + 1)2(x − 2)2 (f) f(x) = (x − 1)3(2x + 3)
f(x) y f(x)
25
- 32 1 x

4 -3

- 12 2 x
-1 1 23 x

(l) y R, R 3 (a) y = x4 − 10x3 + 37x2 − 60x + 36

1 y
5

-4 x 36
-16

2 3 x
y = (x + 4)2(5x − 1)

2 (a) f(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 3)(x + 5)

f(x) (b) f(x) = x4 − 17x2 + 16
f(x)
16

30
-4 -1 1 4 x
-5 -3 1 2 x

(b) y = (x + 1)(x + 3)(x − 2)(x − 4)

y (c) y = x3 + 9x2 + 11x − x4 + 4 (d) f(x) = 4x4 − 17x2 + 4
24 y f(x)
4
-2 - 12 1
2 2 x
-3 -1 2 4 x

4
-1 4 x
(c) f(x) = (2x + 1)(x − 3)2(2 − x)
f(x) (e) f(x) = 2x4 + 6x3 + 6x2 + 2x (f) y = 3x4 − 18x3 + 36x2 − 24x
f(x) y
18

- 12 2 3 x 2 x
-1 x

(d) y = (3x − 2)2(x + 1)(3 − x)

y 4 (a) y = x(x − 1)2(x + 3)(x + 5) (b) y = (2 − x)(x − 1)3(x + 5)
y y

(0, 12)

-5 -3 1 x -5 12 x
-1 2 3 x
3

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(c) y = (x − 4)5(x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)2 Exercise 1.5 (p. 60)

y 1 (a) x=2 R \ {2}, R \ {3}
f(x)

-2 -1 3 4 x 1 y=3
22

13
2 x

(d) y = -2(x − 1)3(4 − x)(x + 2)5

1
y f(x) = +3
x−2
(b) x = -1 R \ {-1}, R \ {-2}
y

-2 -1 1 4 x

-1.25 x

y = -2
(e) y = - 1 (x − 1)7(x + 2)(x + 5)3 (f) y = -3(3 − x)2(x − 1)(x − 2)3 -2.5
2
y y
1
y=- −2
2(x + 1)
1 2 3 x
(c) x= 3
2
R \ { --32- }, R \ {1}
-5 -2 1 x y

1 23
y=1
5 (a) (2.09, -6.28)
(b) (-1.61, 5.16), (-0.68, 0.94), (1.09, 2.38) x
2 12
(c) (-2.92, -8.56), (0, 0), (1.04, -1.09), (6.88, -47.36)
6 C 7 C 8 B
9 (a) y 2
y = (x + 1)(x − 2) y= +1
3 – 2x
4
(d) x = 53 R \ { 5--3- }, R \ {-1}
2 y

x
-2 -1 1 2 2 13
-2 x
y = -1
(b) dom: R ran: y  -2.25 (c) y = (x − 1)(x − 4) -125
(d) y  -2.25 (e) y = 2x2 − 10x + 5
10 (a) t(t − 7)(t − 10) 2
y=- −1
5 − 3x
(b) x= 1
20 (19t3 − t4 − 104t2 + 140t)
x
(e) x=1 R \ {1}, R \ {2}
y

2x + 5
y=
x−1
y =2
2 7 10 t
-2.5 x

-5

(c) 7.75 m (d) 2.75 m (e) 3.39 m/s

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(f) x = -2 R \ {-2}, R \ {3} (e) x = - 12 R \ { − 1--2- }, R \ { 5--2- }

y
y The graph is dilated
7
6 by 11 ------ from the
4
5 y = 52
4 y =3 x-axis, translated
1---
3
3x − 1 2
left and 2 1--2- units
2 y=
1
1
x+2 x up.
y = 5x − 3
3 3
5

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x 2x + 1
-3
-2 - 12
-3
-4 (f) y
R \ { − 3--2- }, R \ {-2}
-5 x = - 32
7 The graph is dilated
-6 6
-7 --9- from the x-axis,
5 2
4 translated 3
--- left and
3 2
2 (a) x=3 R \ {3}, R \ {2} 2 3 2 down.
y 1
4
The graph is dilated
by 4 from the x-axis, -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
2
3 translated 3 right -2 y = -2
y=2 and 2 up. -3 y = 3 − 4x
-4 2x + 3
1 x -5
-6
-7
4
y=
x−3
+2 3 (a) y R \ {0}, y  2
y = - 32 + 2
(b) x=3 R \ {3}, R \ {1} x y=2
f(x)
The graph is dilated
2 from the x-axis, x
- 3 3
123 reflected in the 2 2
y=1
x-axis, translated
x 3 right and 1 up.
5
(b) R \ {0}, y  1
f(x) = 12 + 1
x
2 +1 f(x)
f(x) = -
x−3

(c) x = 32 R \ { 3--2- }, R \ {-3}

f(x) The graph is dilated
1 125 by 1--4- from the
x y=1
-2 56 x-axis, translated
y = -3 3--- x
2
to the right and
3 down.
(c) x=2 R \ {2}, (1, ∞)
f(x)

1
f(x) = −3
6 − 4x

(d) x = 23 R \ { 2--3- }, R \ {2} 134 y=1

f(x) The graph is
1
translated 2--3- right x
2
and 2 up. 3
f(x) = +1
y=2 (x − 2)2
1 x
6

f(x) = - 3 +2
2 − 3x

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(d) 2 R \ {-3}, (-1, ∞) (i) y R \ {0}, (-2, ∞)

y= −1
(x + 3)2
y

- 3 3
2 2

- 2–3 2–3 x x

y = -2
y = -1 - 79 2
y = -2x 2+ 3
x
x = -3
4 (a) y [0, ∞), [0, ∞)
(e) x= 3
2
R \ { --32- }, (-∞, -1) y=2 x
f(x)
x
y = -1
2
-1 9
x

(b) y [0, ∞), [0, ∞)

f(x) = - 2 –1 y= 3x
(3 − 2x )2

(f) x=1 R \ {1}, (-∞, 2)

y
y=2
x
113

1 1
x
- 3
+ 1 3
+ 1 (c) y [0, ∞), (-∞, 0]

2 x
y=- +2
3(x − 1)2

(g) x=2 R \ {2}, (4, ∞) y=- 5x

y

4 38 (d) y [0, ∞), (-∞, 0]

y=4
x
x x
y=-
3 2
y= +4
2(x − 2)2

(h) f(x) R \ {0}, (-3, ∞)

(e) y [-1, ∞), [-3, ∞)

1 1
- 3 3
y= x+1−3
x
-2 8 x
y = -3
(-1, -3)
2
f(x) = -3x 2+ 1
x
(f) y [2, ∞), [1, ∞)
y= x−2+1

(2, 1)
x

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(g) y (-∞, 5], [3, ∞) 5 f(x) (-3, -1]

5−x+3 2
y= f(x) = −3
x+1
3+ 5 x
-1
(5, 3)

x
y = -3

(h) y (-∞, 3], [-2, ∞) 6 f(x) (1, 3)

y=3

x 1
-1
(3, -2) x
-2 + 3 2
3−x −2 f(x) = - +3
y= (x − 1)2

(i) y [-3, ∞), (-∞, -1] 7 f(x) [ − 3 + 2, 2]

(3, 2)

2− 3
x
-1 − 3 x
(-3, -1)
f(x) = - 3 − x + 2

y=- 3+x−1 8 1--9-

9 Dilation of factor 3 units parallel to the y-axis, or from the
(j) y [-2, ∞), (-∞, 3]
x-axis, dilation of factor --15- from the y-axis, reflection in the
y=- 2+x+3 y-axis, translation of 1 unit in the positive direction from
(-2, 3) the x-axis, translation of 2--5- units in the positive direction
3− 2 from the y-axis.
3 −4
7 x 10 (a) y = - ----------- − 1 (b) y = ------------------2 + 3
x+2 (x – 2)
1
(c) y = ------- 1 – x + 3
(k) (-∞, 5--2- ], (-∞, 3] 5
y
11 B 12 C 13 A 14 B 15 E
(52 , 3)
16 (a) Dilation of factor a parallel to the y-axis, translation of
1 unit in the positive direction from the y-axis and a
3− 5
translation of b units in the positive direction from the
x-axis. (b) b = 1 a = 3
-2 x (c) (-2, 0), (0, -2) dom: R\{1} ran: R\{1}
3
(d) y = ------------------2 + 1 (e) 3
(x – 1) y=
(x − 1)2
+1
y = - 5 − 2x + 3
y
(l) y (-∞, --32- ], (-∞, -1]
4

x
( 32 , -1)
y=1
x
- 3−1
x=1
dom: R\{1} ran: y ⬎ 1
y = - 3 − 2x − 1
17 (a) a = 4166 2--3- b = -1 2--3-
(b) dom: [-50, -10] ∪ [10, 50] ran: [0, 40] (c) 3.87 m
16 666 1--3-
(d) y = ------------------
- – 1 2--3- ; top 40 m; bottom 100 m.
x2
Not very feasible proposal as it will take up too much
space: the slope is more appropriate.

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 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 506 Monday, May 4, 2009 1:29 AM

Exercise 1.6 (p. 65) (m) y = 3 − 2x y = 2x + 3 (n) y

y
1 (a) y = -x y=x (b) y = -x − 3 y=x+3
y
y x
3
3 y = 3x y = -3x

x
-3 x
x

(o) y (p) y
(c) y = -2x − 1 y = 2x + 1 (d) y = 2 − x y=x−2
y y
1 -1 x y = 7 − 2x y = 2x − 5
-1 y = -x − 1 1
y=x+1 x
- 12 x x 3
2

2 (a) y (b) y

(e) y = -3x − 1 y = 3x + 1 (f) y y = -4x y = 4x

y y = -2x + 5 y = 2x − 5
y = -2x 8 y = 2x 2
1 5

- 13 x x
5 x -4 4 x - 12 1
2
2

(c) y (d) y

(g) y = -x − 3 y = -6x y = 6x
y y = x + 3 (h) y = -2x y y = 2x y = 2x
4
3 2
y=0 x

-3 x
- 23 2 x
3
-1 1 x
(e) y

(i) (j) 1
y y
y = -10x − 6 y = 10x + 6 y = 3 − 2x y = 2x − 3
6 1 3 2 x
3 -1
2

x 3 x (f) y
- 35 2
y = 4x − 2
14
(k) y (l) y

y = -x − 3 y=x−3 y = -2x − 1 y = 2x − 1 y = 2x + 6
y = 2 − 4x 6
-3 -3 x x
- 12 1
2
4 23
-3
-1
- 23 4 x

3 B 4 A
5 (a) x if x > 0, 0 if x = 0, -x if x < 0
(b) x + 1 if x > -1, 0 if x = -1, -x − 1 if x < -1

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 507 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

(c) y 4 y = -(3 − 2x)3 + 1

ran: y  -26
y
x⭓0
y = -2x − 1 y = 2x + 1
1
1 1 32 x

-1 x
-26
(d) y
5 y
y = -3x − 3 y = 3x + 3

-3 (1.37, 0.35)
y = -x + 1 y=x+3

-1 1 2 x

-2 -1 x
-4
6 (a) x = -3, 3 (b) x < -3, x > 3 (c) y = 9 − x2 (-0.37, -4.85)
(d) y
6 x = -2
9 y
1
y=1
2

x
- 2−2
2−2

-3 3 x

2
y=- +1
(x + 2)2
(e) y
dom R \ {-2}, ran (-∞, 1)
7 x  -2, y = 1 − 2x
4
-2  x  3, y = 5
x  3, y = 2x − 1
8 D 9 D 10 A 11 E 12 E 13 E
(2.5, 2.25)
14 B 15 B 16 A 17 D 18 D
3
19 (a) y = - ----------- + 3 (b) [0, 3)
x–2
3
(c) y = ----------- + 3
x+2
1 4 x 20 (a) (b)
y y

7 (a) y = |3x − 4| (b) y = |3x + 2| y = |3x − 10| h

(c) No x x
y = -ax4
Exam focus 3 (p. 66):
a. y

(c) y = -4(x + 1)4 + 1

(d) (-1, 1)
y dom R, ran y  1

-3 O x
-1.71 -0.29 x
b. [0, 20]
Chapter Review (p. 67)
1 (x + 1)(x − 7)(3x + 1) (-2, -3) -3
2 (a) 8 + 2k − 8 − 2k = 0 independent of k (b) k  1
3 (a) dom: R ran: y  3 (b) dom: R \{-1} ran: R\{0} 21 (a) Δ = -28, hence no factors over R
(c) dom: -4  x  4 ran: 0  y  4 (b) (8x2 − 20x + 16) dm3 (c) x3

ans we rs 507
 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 508 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

(d) x3 = 8x2 − 20x + 16 ⇒ x = 2 dm or 4 dm a2 y6

(e) x = 4 dm (if x = 2, surface area = 4 dm2) 6 (a) loge ----- (b) loge x4 (c) loge -----
3 3
Exam focus 4 (p. 70): D 72 16
(d) loge 10a3 (e) loge ------ (f) loge ------
x b
Exam focus 5 (p. 71): B (g) loge 4x (h) loge --89-

Exam focus 6 (p. 71): C 7 (a) 3a (b) loge c (c) log10 b (d) 4k
e d log 10 q log e k
(e) ---- (f) ---------------- (g) -------------
- (h) 3ek
5 5 2
Chapter 2 8 (a) true, f(x) × f(y) = 3f(x + y) = 9ex + y
Note: Answers in this chapter may vary in the last decimal x x
(b) true, f(x) − f(y) = f( --) = 4 log e ( --)
place, depending on the stage at which rounding is performed. y y
(c) false, f(x) + f(y) = loge (xy)2, f(x2y2) = loge (xy)4
Prep Zone (p. 74) (d) false, f(x) ÷ f(y) = 2x − y, 2f(x − y) = 2 × 2x − y
1 (a) a5b8 (b) m2n4 (c) 4 (d) g10 (e) r15s6 (e) true, f(x) × f(y) = f(x + y) = 53x + 3y
d 12
(f) ------
- (f) false, f(x) + f(y) = log2 25xy, f(xy) = log2 5xy
e3 9 D 10 E 11 B 12 C 13 B
2 (a) 0.25 (b) ±4 (c) -1, 4 (d) - 1--3- , 1---
2
(e) 2, 3 14 (a) loge (e3x) + loge (x + 7) − loge (x3)
(f) 0, 4
(b) 3x + loge ⎛ -----------
x + 7⎞
3 (a) y (b) y ⎝ x3 ⎠
y = (x + 3)2 y = 2(x − 1)2
15 (a) (i) loge y + 4 (ii) 4 (b) (i) e7y − 2 (ii) e-2
Exercise 2.2 (p. 87)
1 (a) 3 (b) 5--3- (c) 3 (d) 3 (e) 20
------
3
(f) 1
---
8

x x
(g) -1 (h) - --72- (i) 3 or 0 (j) 2 or -2
(-3, 0) (1, 0)
(k) 2 ± 2 2 (l) 4 or -2
(c) y (d) y 2 (a) 10 (b) 0 (c) 12 (d) 10 (e) 2
y = 3(2x + 1)2 (-4, 1) (f) 6 (g) -4 (h) 4 (i) 2
x
3 (a) x = 9--4- (b) x = -----------
1 -
2000
(c) x = -1 (d) x = 4
(e) x = 2 (reject negative solution) (f) x = 2
(g) x = 2 6 (h) x = 6
x 4 (a) x = 1.43 (b) x = 0.86 (c) x = -0.21
(-0.5, 0) y = 1 − (x + 4)2 (d) x = 0.65 (e) x = -1 (f) x = 1--4- (g) x = -0.60
(h) x = -2 (i) x = -5 (j) 0.97
(e) y (f) y
y = 8(3 − x)2 (k) 6.17 × 10-5 (= 0.00 to two decimal places)
(1, 4) (l) 0.10 (m) 8.32 (n) no solution
(o) no solution (p) 4.39 (q) 2.70
(r) exactly -1019 (s) -3.69
20 479
x (t) exactly - ---------------- (= -1.67) (u) 1.80
x
12 288
(3, 0) (v) -0.64 (w) -0.91 (x) 0.23
y = 4 − 2(1 − x)2 5 (a) 1 or 3 (b) 2 or 3 (c) 1 (d) 2
4 (a) m = 1, n = 3 (b) x = -2, y = 4 x = 2, y = -4 (e) loge 5--2- or loge 6 (f) loge 3 (g) loge 3--2-
(c) a = 5, b = 2
(h) loge 2--3- or -loge 3
Exercise 2.1 (p. 80) 6 (a) x  1 (b) x  2 (c) x  1.1931 (d) x  0.3289
1 (a) a15b14 (b) ----5
1
(c) 23 or 8 (d) ---------
1
(e) x7c (e) no solution (f) no solution (g) x  3.3219
x 200 (h) x  3.1063 (i) x  13.1576
2ab 6 y 13 9 7 A 8 E 9 D 10 x  0.305
(f) 2-a33b (g) ----------- (h) -------9- (i) -----------
125 2x 4x 5 y
Exam focus 7 (p. 88): C
1 q 88 - b 11 -
2 (a) ---------------------------
13
-6 (b) -------------- 218
(c) ------------ (d) 315x − 2
18 432x y 81p 26a 32 Exam focus 8 (p. 88): E
1
(e) 217 − 24n (f) -------------------------
- Exercise 2.3 (p. 96)
5 6 + 22p + 17q
3 (a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 100 (d) 27 (e) 32 (f) 27 1 (a) 2 units left, 5 units down y
4 (a) -3 (b) -5 (c) -4 (d) 3 (e) 2 (f) 6
(g) -4 (h) -2 (i) -1 y=e x+2 −5
5 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 3 (e) 3--2- (f) 1--2-
(g) loge 3 + 2 (h) 2 (i) 1 x

(-2, -4)

-5

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 509 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

(b) 4 units right, 1 unit up x−4 + 1 (c) x (d) (x + 1)

y y=e y = 2(2) 3 − 4 y = 13 e 2 +1
y y

(4, 2) (3, 0) (0, 1.55)

(0, -2) x 1
1
x -4 x

(c) Dilation of factor 1--3- parallel to x-axis; translations:

1---
units right, 1 unit up asymptote at y = -4 asymptote at y = 1
3

y = e3x − 1 + 1 (e) y (f) y y = 5 − 1 (10)1 − 2x

2
y
1
5
(-0.56, 0) x

(0, 0) x
( 13 , 2) (0, -4.44)
1
x y = 1 − 2e3x + 1

asymptote at y = 1 asymptote at y = 5
(d) Dilation of factor 2 parallel to y-axis; dilation of factor
1--- 3 (a) y (b) y
2
parallel to x-axis; translation of 0.5 units left
y
y = ( 14 )x + 4 y = ( 12 )x − 2
(0, 5)
(-1, 0) x
y = 2e2x + 1 4 (0, -1)
(-0.5, 2) x
-2
x
asymptote at y = 4 asymptote at y = -2
1---
(e) Dilation of factor parallel to y-axis; dilation factor of (c) y (d) y
2
1---
parallel to x-axis; translation: 2--3- units left y = 2( 13 )1 − x
3 (0, 17)
y y = ( 14 )x – 2 + 1

(0, 23 )
1 3x + 2
y= e 2
0 x 1
(- 23 , 12 ) x
x asymptote at y = 0 asymptote at y = 1
(e) y (f) y

(f) Dilation of factor 6 parallel to y-axis; reflection in y = ( 101 )2 − 5x − 2 y = 3( 12 )3x + 4 + 1

y-axis; translation: 2 units right
(0.460, 0)
y (0, 1.1875)
x
y = 6e2 − x (0, -1.99) 1
x
-2
(2, 6)
asymptote at y = -2 asymptote at y = 1
x
4 (a) y y = e2x + 4 − 3

2 (a) y (b) y (0, e4 − 3)

loge3 − 4
( , 0)
y = 3e2x − 2 2
x
(0, -0.2) x
(0, 1) y = -3
(-0.2, 0)
x log e 3 – 4
-2 y-intercept (0, e 4 − 3), x-intercept ( ---------------------
-, 0)
y = -4e 3x − 3 2

asymptote at y = -2 asymptote at y = 0
ans we rs 509
 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 510 Tuesday, April 28, 2009 2:03 PM

(b) (c) Dilation of factor 2 parallel to y-axis and factor

y
y = 102 − 5x + 6 --3- parallel to x-axis
8

(0, 106) y
y = 2 loge 8x
6 3

y-intercept (0, 106), no x-intercept ( 38 , 0) x

(c)
y = 2(5)3x − 4
y (d) Dilation of factor 1--3- parallel to y-axis and factor
1---
2
parallel to x-axis
loge 2
( 3 log 5 , 0) y
e

(0, -2) x y = 13 loge 2x

-4
( 12 , 0) x
log e 2
y-intercept (0, -2), x-intercept ( ---------------
- , 0)
3log e 5
5 (a) (0, 2) (b) (3.45, 0.58) (c) (0.30, 6.78)
6 D 7 B 8 C (e) Dilation of factor 1--4- parallel to x-axis, reflection in
9 (a) 2 (b) -1 (c) y = 0 y-axis, translation of 3--4- units right
(d) y = (x − 2)2x − 1 y y = loge (3 − 4x)
y

3 x
x ( 12 , 0) 4
2
-1

Exercise 2.4 (p. 105) (f) Dilation of factor 1--5- parallel to x-axis, reflection in
1-
1 (a) Translation of 2 units left, 3 units down x-axis, translation of -----
10
units left
y
y = loge (x + 2) − 3
y y = -loge (5x + 12 )

-2 x (101 , 0)
- 101 x
(-1, -3)

2 (a) y = loge (x − 1) + 4 (b) y = log10 (4x + 2)

(b) Translation of 4 units right, 1 unit up y y

y = loge (x − 4) + 1
y (0, 0.301)
(1.018, 0)
1 x -0.5 x
(-0.25, 0)
(5, 1)
4 x

(c) y = loge (8 − 3x) (d) y = 2 log10 (2x + 1)

y y
(0, 2.08)

8 x -0.5 (0, 0) x
( 73 , 0) 3

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(e) (f) 4 (a) (-0.43, 0.94), (0.50, 1.25) (b) (0.06, -1.39)
y y = -8 loge (x + 5)
y = 14 loge 8x + 1 y (c) (0.01, 0.25), (4.30, 18.43)
5 C 6 B 7 D
8 (a) (0, 0) (b) (-∞, 1--2- )
(-4, 0) 9 (a), (b), (d) y
-5 x y = loge (-2x)
(0.002, 0) x (0, -12.88)

y = 0.693

(g) y = - 12 log2 (2x − 4) (h) y = 5 − 3 loge (-x)

y y x

(2.5, 0)
y = -loge (-x)
2 x
(-5.29, 0) (c) y = loge 2, x  0
x (e) By adding the corresponding y values of the graphs of
y = loge (-2x) and y = -loge (-x), you get the graph of
y = loge (-2x) − loge (-x) = loge 2.
(i) y = 2 − 4 log2 (4 − x) Exam focus 9 (p. 107): C
y

(2.59, 0)
Exercise 2.5 (p. 109)
1 A = 0.629, C = 7.371 2 A = -4.198, k = 0.175
4 x 3 A = 5.771, b = -1 4 A = 4, B = -4
(0, -6) 5 A = 1--2- , B = -2 6 b = 1, c = 2
7 A = -9.32, b = 3, c = 9 8 A = 3.931, k = 0.135
9 k = 0.9061, b = 3 10 f(x) = -loge (2.105 − x) − 1.256
11 E 12 D
13 (b) 5 (c) loge 5
3 (a) y = loge (x + 2)
y Exercise 2.6 (p. 115)
1 N = 1000 (4)t
loge 2
2 (a) D0 = 20, k = 0.27 (b) 298.5 mm (c) 5.13 years
-2 x 3 (a) M = loge [-238.07(t − 92.52)] (b) 7.490 g
-1 (c) 91.898 years
4 (a) 5000 (b) -0.0923 (c) 8151 (d) 1999
5 (a) T = 0.2141et − 0.082 (b) 7.008 million
(c) In 5.455 years, i.e. 2003
x-intercept (-1, 0), y-intercept (0, loge 2), 6 (a) S = loge (t + 355.023) − 5.8722
asymptote is x = -2 (b) 0.055 km/s (c) 41.73 s
7 C 8 E 9 D
(b) y = 2 loge x + 5 10 (a) 2 (b) 68.18 g (c) 3.99 years (d) 10.95 g
y
(e) M (g)
68.18

0 e-2.5 x

0 t (years)
x-intercept (e-2.5, 0), no y-intercept, asymptote is x = 0
(c) y = 2 + loge (1 − x) domain [0, ∞), range (0, 68.18]
y (f) M = 0
x=1 11 (a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 0.1668 (d) 36.2°C
2 (e) 12 h 10 min

0 x
1 − e-2

x-intercept (1 − e -2, 0), y-intercept (0, 2),

asymptote is x = 1
ans we rs 511
 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 512 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

(f) T (°C) 24 (a) A = 42.82, b = -39.04 (b) 76.92 units

(c) 25.72 μs (d) 187.84 units

0.4 Chapter 3
Prep Zone (p. 126)
7π π 13π 5π
1 (a) ------ (b) --- (c) --------- (d) - ------
3 3 12 4
0 10 t (min) π π 45 120
2 (a) --- (b) --- (c) ------ (d) ---------
4 5 2 π
Chapter Review (p. 118)
48 2π
(x – 2 ) 3 3 (a) x = 3
--- (b) t = ------ (c) n = ------ (d) n = 3---

1 loge -----------------
-
2
7 3 4

x2
2 log e 2 4 (a) 5 units (b) 2 5 units
2 (a) u = 0, 1, 3, 4 (b) x = 0, 1, ------------------
-
log e 3 π 5π π
5 (a) x = 2nπ + --- or x = 2nπ + ------ (b) x = nπ + ---
6 6 3
3
π 7π
y (c) x = 2nπ + --- or x = 2nπ + ------
y=2 4 4
6 (a) 17.654 m (b) 7.128 m (c) 43.34° or 0.7565c
(-0.307, 0) Exercise 3.1 (p. 134)
x
π π 5π 2π 11π 7π
(0, -0.718) 1 (a) --- (b) --- (c) ------ (d) ------ (e) --------- (f) ------
3 2 4 3 6 4
y = 2 − ex + 1 3π π 5π π 23π 19π
(g) ------ (h) ------ (i) ------ (j) --- (k) --------- (l) ---------
2 12 6 4 12 12
4 y = loge (1 − x) − 3 2 (a) 120° (b) 150° (c) 225° (d) 315° (e) 330°
2
y (f) 240° (g) 504° (h) 375° (i) 300° (j) 405°
(k) 480° (l) 72°
-38.17
3 2
2 x 3 (a) ------- (b) - ------- (c) 1 or -1
2 2
(0, -3) 1 1
4 (a) 1 (b) ------- (c) - 3 (d) -1 (e) - -------
3 3
5-
(f) - 3 (g) -----
12
(h) --34-
5 Reflected in the x-axis, dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to the 5 (a) 0.906 (b) 0.819 (c) 0.906 (d) 0.819
y-axis and translated 3 units left (e) -2.747 (f) 0 (g) -0.940 (h) 0.643
6 A = 2, k = 0.5 (i) 0.643 (j) 1 (k) 0 (l) 0
7 (a) M0 = 500, k = 0.009 69 (b) 163.84 g 6 (a) 0.900 (b) -1.374 (c) -0.897 (d) -0.990
8 D 9 A 10 C 11 E 12 D 13 A (e) -0.980 (f) -0.675 (g) 1 (h) 1--2- (i) - 1--2-
14 E 15 B 16 E 17 B 18 C 19 C 1--- 1---
(j) 2 (k) 1 (l) 2
20 D 21 B 7 (a) sin 4.2 ≈ -0.8716
− 0.8716
22 (a) A = 5, k = 0.0875 (b) $7.74 (c) C = 5(1.03)t (b) cos 4.2 ≈ -0.4903, tan 4.2 ≈ 1.778 ≈ -------------------
(d) $1.94 (e) 1.7 years (1 year 8 months) − 0.4903

23 (a) b = -29.60, k = 0.210 8 B 9 C

10 (a) 0.000 123 456 (to nine decimal places); sin x ≈ x when
(b) C (mg/L) x is very small
500 (b) 0.000 098 765 (to nine decimal places); tan x ≈ x for very
small x. With calculator in degree mode, the pattern does
not occur.
(c) cos θ → 1 as θ → 0
175
Exercise 3.2 (p. 141)
0 5 t (hours) 3 3 3 1
1 (a) − ------- (b) − ------- (c) 3 (d) ------- (e) − -------
(c) 3 hours 18 minutes 2 2 2 2
−
1
− -------
1 1
(d) C (mg/L) (f) 3 (g) 1 (h) (i) ------- (j) − -------
(k) 1
(l) 1 2 2 3
750 ---
2
---
2
2 (a) 0 (b) -1
(c) -1 (d) 0 (e) 0 (f) 0
500 − 1---
1 1 1
(g) (h) -------
2
(i) ------- (j) --12- (k) − ------- (l) 1
2 3 2
250 3 (a) 0.9010 (b) 0.6428 (c) 0.3927

0 3.3 6.6 t (h)

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1 1 (g) y (h) y
4 (a) --- ( 6 – 2) (b) --- ( 2 – 6) (c) 3 + 2
4 4 0.5 y = sin πx
1
2
4 y = 4 sin 4πx
1 1
(d) --- ( 6 – 2) (e) 2 – 3 (f) --- ( 2 + 6)
4 4
5 Students need to supply their own proofs.
1 1 1
1
2 1 1
12 2 x 1
4
1
2
x
6 (a) ------- (b) ------- (c) 1 (d) - 3 (e) -------
2 2 2
-0.5 -4
3
(f) -------
2
7 (a) 1 (i) y
3 2 5
(b) ---------- (sometimes we rationalise the denominator)
2
3 2
− ----------
3 3
(c) (d) -2 (e) 2 (f) ---------- (g) 2 3 1 1 x
2 2 6 3
(h) -2 (i) -5
8 sin 1 ≈ 0.8415, sin 2 ≈ 0.9093 ≠ 2 × sin 1 -5
y = 5 cos 6πx
9 D 10 B 11 E 12 A
4π 3 (a) y (b) y
13 (a) ------ (b) 3rd (c) 18.5
3 1
5π 4 22
14 (a) 2nd (b) ------ (c) -2 − 3
12
Exercise 3.3 (p. 147)
π π x π π x
π 2π -
1 (a) 2, --- , R, [-2, 2] (b) 3, ------ , R, [-3, 3] 4 2 3 3
2 3 -4 1
-2 2
(c) 1--2- , 4π, R, [- 1--2- , 1--2- ] (d) 1, 8π, R, [-1, 1]
(e) 0.7, 2, R, [-0.7, 0.7] (f) 2--5- , 1, R, [- 2--5- , 2--5- ] range [-4, 4] range ( − 2 --12- , 2 --12- )
(g) 1, 6, R, [-1, 1] (h) 10, 4, R, [-10, 10]
(i) 3, 8, R, [-3, 3] (c) y
7
2 (a) y (b) y
x 4 y = 4 sin 4x
2 y = 2 sin
3
3π x
4
3π 6π x π π x
4 2 -7

-2 -4
range (0, 7]
4 (a) y (b) y x
(c) y (d) y y = sin 2x y = 3 cos
1 3 4
2 y = 2 sin 3x 3

π π 3π 2π x -2π 2π x
π 2π x π π x
2 2
3 3 4 2
-1
-2 -3
y = 3 cos 4x
(c) y (d) y
(e) y (f) y y = 0.2 cos 3x
πx 0.2 1
2
y = 0.8 cos
y = 12 sin πx
2 4
0.8
2

π 2π π x -2 1 x
π 2π 3π 4π x 2 4 6 8 x 3 3
-0.2 - 12
x -0.8
-2 y = 2 cos
2

ans we rs 513
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(e) y (c) y
y = cos 3πx
1 y = tan 3x
1

-1 - 23 - 13 0 1
3
2
3
1 x 0 π π π 2π x
6 3 2 3
-1
-1

π π π
(f) y period = --- , asymptotes are x = --- , x = ---
y = 5 sin πx 3 6 2
5
(d) y
y = tan πx
1
0 1 2 3 x

-5 0 1
1 3
2 x
2 2

-1
5 C 6 E 7 C
8 (a) 0.017 39 s (b) 57 s-1 (c) 1.5 mm
(d) dA = 1.2 cos 1382.300 77t 1 3
period = 1, asymptotes are x = --- , x = ---
2 2
Exam focus 10 (p. 149):
(e) y
a. amplitude = 5, period = π
b. y y = tan 2πx
1
6
5
4 0 1 1 3 x
1
3 4 2 4
2 -1
(- 7π , 0) 1
12 O
-π πx
(-π, -2.5) (- π , 0) -1 ( 5π , 0) ( 11π, 0) 1 1 3
12 -2 12 12 period = --- , asymptotes are x = --- , x = ---
-3 (0, -2.5) (π, -2.5)
2 4 4
-4
-5
(f) y
-6 πx
y = tan
1 3
Exercise 3.4 (p. 150)
0 3
3 9
6 x
1 (a) y 2 2

y = tan 2x -1
1

3 9
0 π π 3π π x period = 3, asymptotes are x = --- , x = ---
2 2
4 2 4
-1 2 (a)
y y = tan x
2
1
π π 3π
period = --- , asymptotes are x = --- , x = ------
2 4 4
(b) y
0 π 2π 3π x
x -1
y = tan
1 4

0 x period = 2π, asymptotes are x = π, x = 3π

2π 4π 6π 8π
-1

period = 4π, asymptotes are x = 2π, x = 6π

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(b) y y = tan x (b) y range is (-1, 1)

1 x
g(x) = tan
1 4

-π π π
0 x -π 0 x
-1
2 2
-1

π π
period = π, asymptotes are x = - --- , x = --- (c) y range is R
2 2
(c) y h(x) = tan 2πx
1
x
y = tan
3
- 12 - 14 0 x
1
x -1
0 3π 3π
-1
2
4 A 5 D
x
6 (a) x = π, x = 3π (b) 1---
(c) g(x) = a tan ---
3π
2 3
period = 3π, asymptote is x = ------ Exercise 3.5 (p. 156)
2
(d) y 1 (a) y
πx f(x) = -0.5 sin (-2x)
y = tan 0.5
4

-4 -2 0 2 x π π π 3π x
-1 -
2 2 2

-0.5

period = 4, asymptotes are x = -2, x = 2 amplitude = 0.5, period = π, range = [-0.5, 0.5],
domain = R
(e) y = tan 4πx
y
g(x) = 4 cos (- πx )
(b) y
2
1 4

0 1 1 3
1 x x
4 2 4 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-4

1 1 3 5 7
period = --- , asymptotes are x = --- , x = --- , x = --- , x = --- amplitude = 4, period = 4, range = [-4, 4], domain = R
4 8 8 8 8
(c) y πx
(f) πx h(x) = -2 sin (
3
)
y = tan 2
y 2

1
-6 -3 0 3 6 x

0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
-1
amplitude = 2, period = 6, range = [-2, 2], domain = R
period = 2, asymptotes are x = 1, x = 3, x = 5
3 (a) y range is [0, 2.414)

1
f(x) = tan 3x

0 π x
12
-1

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 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 516 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

2 (a) y (b) y
y = 5 + 3 cos (-2x)
8
3
2.5
5
2
π
2 y = -0.5 cos (2x + ) + 2.5
2

0 π π 3π x
2 2 0 π π x
amplitude = 3, period = π, reflected in the y-axis, 2
translated 5 units up, range = [2, 8], domain = R, (c) y
dilated by a factor of 3 from the x-axis and by a factor y = 5 − 4 sin (πx + 3π)
of 1--2- from the y-axis. 9
(b) y

-2 -1 0 1 2 x
5

y = - 12 sin (πx) − 3
-2.5 1
0 1 2 x
-3.5
4 (a) y = 2 cos x (b) y = 2 − cos x (c) y = -sin x − 1
amplitude = 1--2- , period = 2, reflected in the x-axis, (d) y = -2 sin x (e) y = 3 sin 2x (f) y = -4 cos 2x
(g) y = 3 cos x − 2 (h) y = 2 sin x + 3
translated 3 units down, range = [-3.5, -2.5],
5 (a) A = -2, n = 2π, h = 3, k = -1
domain = R, dilated by a factor of --12- from the x-axis π
1 (b) A = 4, n = 2, h = − --- , k = 3
and by a factor of --- from the y-axis. 2
π
π
(c) y (c) A = -8, n = 3, h = --- , k = 10
6
y = 4 cos (- x ) + 2
3 1
6 (d) A = -1, n = -2π, h = ------, k = 1
2π
6 (a) Dilation factor 2 parallel to y-axis, translation right by
π
2 --- , translation up by 2
6
(b) Dilation factor 3 parallel to y-axis, translation left by
0 x
3π 6π 9π π
-2 --- , translation up by 2
3
(c) Reflected in x-axis, translation right by 2, translation up
amplitude = 4, period = 6π, reflected in the y-axis, by 2
translated 2 units up, range = [-2, 6], domain = R, (d) Dilation factor --12- parallel to x-axis, translation left by
dilated by a factor of 4 from the x-axis and by a factor π
--- , translation up by 6
of 3 from the y-axis. 2
(e) Dilation factor 0.3 parallel to y-axis, dilation factor
3 (a) y 1
y = - 12 cos (πx − π) --- parallel to x-axis, translation right by 1, translation up
1 π
2 by 0.1
(f) Reflection in x-axis, reflection in y-axis, translation right
1 2 x by π, translation up by 12
1
(g) Reflection in x-axis, reflection in y-axis, dilation factor
- 2 π
3
--- parallel to x-axis, translation right by --- , translation up
2 2
by 3
(h) Reflection in y-axis, dilation factor 8 parallel to y-axis,
3
dilation factor ------ parallel to x-axis, translation right by 4,
2π
translation up by 8
7 (a) [-4, 12] (b) [-1, 7] (c) [-12, -2] (d) [8, 32]

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 517 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

8 (a) y (b) y (ii) y

y = -3 cos x y = |sin x|
2 3 2 1

2π 4π 6π 8π x π 2π 3π 4π x -2π -π 0 π 2π x

x
-2 y = -2 sin -3 -1
4

(c) y πx (d) y (iii) y

y = 2 cos +1
3 2 1
11 y = 5 sin πx + 6
y = sin |x|
1 0 x
6 -2π -π π 2π
2 4 x
-1 -1

1
(iv) y = |sin x| is the graph of y = sin x with any parts below
1 2 x the x-axis reflected above the axis. For x  0, the graph of
y = sin |x| is the same as the graph of y = sin x. For x  0, the
y = 2 − cos 2(x − π )
(e) y (f) y π graph of y = sin |x| is the graph of y = sin x, x  0 reflected in
4 y = 4 − 3 sin (x + 3)
3 2 the y-axis.
7
2 (b) (i) y
y = cos x
1 4 1

π π x 1
2 0 x
1 2 3 4 x -2π -π π 2π

(g) y (h) y y = 2 cos (3x − π) − 2 -1

π
y = 3 sin (3x + ) − 1
2
π 2π x
2 3 3 y
y = |cos x|
-2 1
-1 π 2π x
3 3
-4 -4 0 x
-2π -π π 2π

(i) y -1
π
8 y = 3 sin (2x − ) + 4
7 2
y
6 y = cos |x|
5 1
4
3
2
1 -2π -π 0 π 2π x

-1 0 π π 3π π x
4 2 4 -1
9 A = 3, n = k=1
1---
, 10 C 11 E 12 B
2
3π (ii) y = |cos x| is the graph of y = cos x with any parts below
13 (a) A = 3, n = ------, h = 0, k = 32 (b) 32 dB (c) 35 dB the x-axis reflected above the axis. The graph of y = cos |x| is
2
4
(d) --- s (e) 45 the same as the graph of y = cos x.
3
14 (a) (i) y
Exercise 3.6 (p. 163)
1 π 2π π 7π 3π 7π 4π 5π
1 (a) --- , ------ (b) --- , ------ (c) ------, ------ (d) ------, ------
3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3
y = sin x π 5π π 5π 5π 7π 2π 4π
(e) --- , ------ (f) --- , ------ (g) ------, ------ (h) ------, ------
0 x 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3
-2π -π π 2π
5π 7π π 3π π 4π 5π 11π
(i) ------, ------ (j) --- , ------ (k) --- , ------ (l) ------, ---------
-1 6 6 4 4 3 3 6 6

ans we rs 517
 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 518 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

2 (a) 0.7342, 2.4074 (b) 1.4606, 4.8226 Exercise 3.8 (p. 169)
(c) -2.0376, 2.0376 (d) -5.3559, -2.2143, 0.9273
(e) 1.6715, 3.0409 (f) -0.3805, 2.7611 1 h (m) πt 4s
h(t) = 11 + 7 sin ( )
4
(g) -7.1243, -5.4421 (h) -4.2403 (i) 5.5255 18
(j) 4.0689, 5.3559
2π π 4π 5π
3 (a) − ------; − --- ; ------; ------ 11
3 3 3 3
7π 11π 19π 23π 31π 35π
(b) ------; ---------; ---------; ---------; ---------; ---------
6 6 6 6 6 6 4
2π 4π 8π 11π − 9π − 7π − π π 7π
(c) ------; ------; ------ (d) − ---------; ------; ------; --- ; --- ; ------
3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 8 10 t (s)
π 3π 9π 11π 5π 2 A = 3, k = 26 3 A 4 E
(e) --- ; ------; ------; --------- (f) ------ (g) 0; 2π; 4π; 6π; 8π
4 4 4 4 6 5 (a) Maximum is 11 m, minimum is 5 m
π 5π 13π 17π
(h) no solution (i) ------ ; ------; ---------; --------- (b) h(t)
18 18 18 18
7π 5π 5π 7π 3π 9π 27π 33π 11
(j) − ------; − ------; ------; ------ (k) ------; ------; ---------; ---------
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
−
11π − 7π − 5π − π π 5π 7π 11π 8
(l) ---------; ------; ------; ------ ; ------ ; ------; ------; ---------
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
4 (a) 5.947 (b) -0.336 5
(c) CAS gives answer to part (b)
5 0.024; 0.642; 2.119; 2.737
3π
6 (a) ------ (b) 10π 14 28 42 t
2
7 D 8 D (c) 3.30 a.m. and 5.30 p.m. (d) 5.08 m
9 (a) 18ºC, 12ºC (b) 4.00 p.m. (c) 4.00 a.m. (e) (5th solution) 5.10 a.m. (f) 4 hours 40 minutes
(d) midday, 8.00 p.m. (g) 7.10 p.m.
6 (a) 15 cm (b) 12 s
Exam focus 11 (p. 164): B
(c) P(t)
(1, 15)
Exercise 3.7 (p. 166) 15
2π 4π
1 0; π; 2π 2 0; ------; ------; 2π
3 3
3π 7π π 5π π
3 (a) ------; ------ (b) --- ; ------ (c) --- ; 2π ------; 7π 5π
------; -----
- 2 4 6 8 10 t
4 4 4 4 6 3 6 3
(d) 3π (e) 3π π 7π 13π 19π-
(f) ----- -15
------ ------ - ; ------; ---------; --------
2 4 12 12 12 12 (7, -15)
4 (a) 0.42 or 1.46 (b) 0.09 or 0.72 (c) -8.03; 1.39 15 3
(d) -11.28; 1.29 (e) -0.95; -0.45; 0.05; 0.55; 1.05; 1.55 (d) (i) 130 mm (ii) ------------- cm (e) 6 full (6 --23- )
(f) 628.32 cm 2
(f) -2.65; -1.65; -0.65; 0.35 (g) 1.30; 3.30; 5.30
(h) -2.69; 0.31; 3.31 7 (a) V(t)
------; 4π
2π
5 ------; 8π
------ 6 (7.2105, 2.4) 18
3 3 3
(23, 16.5)
7 k  3.0777 8 C 9 D 16.449
10 (a) y
y = 2 cos x
2

1 x 13.5
y = sin
2

0 π π 3π 2π x 5 11 17 23 t
2 2
-1 (b) 13.82 L (c) 12.60 L
(d) Until 11 am the next day, i.e. 18 1--2- hours
-2 (e) 86.18 L at $1.30/L = $112.03
(f) 87.4 L at $1.30/L = $113.62; it will cost $1.59 more
(b) 2 (c) (1.27, 0.59), (5.01, 0.59) (g) It will cost 84.6 L × $1.32/L = $111.67. He will spend
less money if he waits.
Exam focus 12 (p. 167): A 8 (a) [-250, 100] (b) -68.14°
(c) Oremus Crater has a minimum of -252°
(d) Both have periods of 27.3 days
(e) It could be the Earth’s Moon as its period is correct.

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(f) (Use graphics calculator to find points of intersection) 9 (a) 26ºC (b) 5 a.m., 9 p.m.
10 days, 3 hours and 23 days, 23 hours 10 B 11 C 12 E 13 D 14 A 15 B
(g) 2 days, 2 hours, 29 minutes 16 C 17 C 18 B 19 C 20 E 21 D
22 (a) 6 m (b) b = 4 s (c) 8 s or 12 s (d) 1.0709 s
Chapter Review (p. 172) (e) 8.4646 s
1 1
3π (f) y
2 As the marked angles are both ------ then the vertical and
14 8
π 2π 3π
horizontal will be equal. --- – ------ = ------ 6
πt
2 7 14 f(t) = 2 − 3 sin
4 2
y
2
π 2π 3π g(t) = 0.25t
− =
2 7 14
2 4 6 8 10 12 t
-2
x
(g) y
8
6
3 y [0, 2]
4
2 2

2 4 6 8 10 12 t
-2
-π 0 π x
6 6 (Note that only the general shape is required.)
23 (a) period = --43- seconds, amplitude = 4
4 y (b) t = --13- , --53- , 3, 13-
----- seconds
3
y = tan 2x
1 (d) t = 1, 2 --17- , 3 2--7- , 4 --37- , 5 --47- , 6 --57- , 7 --67-
(e)
0 π π 3π π x
h (cm)
4 2 4
-1
j(t)
30

π π 3π 24
period = --- , asymptotes are x = --- , x = ------
2 4 4 20
18
5 y 16
πx h(t)
y = 10 + k sin
10 + k 2

10

10 − k 0 2 4 6 8 10 t(s)

-2 2 4 6 8 10 x (f) t = 2 (g) The springs are the same height and on the
way down at t = 2 and t = 10 ∴ There are 8 seconds
between these events.
6 f(x) f(x) = 1 − 2 sin π (x + 1)
4 Chapter 4
Prep Zone (p. 178)
2
1 (a) y (b) y

2 (1, 0)
(- 56 , 0) 1 2 x
2
(- 16 , 0)
1 (0, 1)
-2 0 1 2 4 6 x
-2 0 2 4 6 x
7 0.643; 1.452; 2.737; 3.546; 4.832
8 (a) Amplitude is 1, period is 8
8 20
(b) Amplitude is 3, period is 8 (c) --- ; ------
3 3

ans we rs 519
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(c) (f) Dilation by a factor of 2 from the x-axis, dilation by a

y
1
factor of ------ from the y-axis, translation 4--3- units in the
3π
2 positive direction from the y-axis.
1.26
3 (a) y
-2 0 2 4 x
-2
-17π -3π -π 7π 5π 23π
12 4 12 12 4 12
x
-2 π
3 3 -–2 y = cos (3x + )−1
2 (a) -1.5 (b) -1.25 -–2
(c) ----------- (d) ------------- 4
a+4 a2 + 4
3 (a) y = ± x – 1 (b) y = 1--3- ( − 2x – 4) (c) y = 10x − 3 (b) y y = ex
− 3x –5 x
(d) y = --------------------- (e) y = ------ (f) y = x2 − 3
2 10 y = 0.2e3x − 4
4 (a) y = x2 + 1 (b) y = 2x − 1 (c) y = sin 2x + 1 (1, e)

Exercise 4.1 (p. 180) 1 ( 43 , 15 )

1 (a) Dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis, dilation by a 1 0 x
1
factor of 1--2- from the y-axis, reflection in the y-axis, 5e4
translation 3 units in the negative direction from the y-axis,
translation 4 units in the positive direction from the x-axis. (c) y
(b) Dilation by a factor of 0.5 from the x-axis, dilation by a
y = √4x + 2 − 1
factor of --13- from the y-axis, translation by 1 unit from the (0, √2 − 1)
x-axis in the positive direction, translation 2 units in the 2
positive direction from the y-axis.
- 1
4 -2
0 2 4 x
(c) Dilation by a factor of 2 from the x-axis, dilation by a
1
factor of 5--2- from the y-axis, reflection in the y-axis, (- , -1)2

translation by 3 units in the negative direction from the

y-axis, translation by 0.2 in the negative direction from the (d) y
x-axis. 10
(d) Dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis, dilation by a
8
factor of 1--2- from the y-axis, reflection in the x-axis, y = 3(x − 4)4 + 5
translation by 2 units in the positive direction from the 6
x-axis, translation by 1--2- unit in the negative direction from 4
the y-axis. 2
2 (a) Dilation by a factor of 4 from the x-axis, dilation by a
factor of 1--2- from the y-axis, translation 3 units in the 0 2 4 6 x
negative direction from the y-axis, translation by 5 units in
the negative direction from the x-axis.
(e) y
(b) Dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis, dilation by a
factor of 1--2- from the y-axis, reflection in the x-axis,
translation 4 units in the positive direction from the x-axis. 6
(c) Dilation by a factor of 2 from the x-axis, dilation by a
factor of 1--3- from the y-axis, translation 4--3- units in the
-11π -7π -π π 5π 3π x
negative direction from the y-axis, translation by 5 units in
6 6 2 6 6 2
the positive direction from the x-axis.
y = 3[-sin(3x − 2π) + 1]
(d) Dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis, dilation by a
factor of --12- from the y-axis, reflection in the x-axis,
translation 2 units in the negative direction from the y-axis,
translation by 1 unit in the positive direction from the
x-axis.
(e) Dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis, dilation by a
factor of 1--2- from the y-axis, translation 5--2- units in the
negative direction from the y-axis, translation by 2 units in
the negative direction from the x-axis.

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 521 Monday, May 4, 2009 1:42 AM

(f) y π
y=
3
+4
- ---
5−x x′ -3 0 x 4
10 4 (a) = +
y′ 0 1 y -3
8
1 π
4.6
(b) f(x) = sin[- --- (x + --- )] – 3
6 3 4
y=4 5 (a) (i) dilation by a factor of 2 from the y-axis, reflection in
4
the x-axis and translation 1 unit left and 3 units up
2 (x – 1) 3
5.75 (ii) y = - ------------------ + 3
8
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x (b) (i) Dilation by a factor of 3 from the y-axis, reflection
-2 in the y-axis and translation 2 units down
-x 3
x=5 (ii) y = ------- – 2
27
(c) (i) Dilation by a factor of 0.3 from the x-axis and
(g) y (h) y = 4(2x + 3)4 − 3 translation 2 units right and 1 unit down.
8 y (ii) y = 0.3(x − 2)3 − 1
6 10 (d) (i) Dilation by a factor of 2 from the x-axis, reflection
4 8 in the x-axis and translation 2 units left and 4 units down
2 6 (ii) y = -2(x + 2)3 − 4
4
6 E 7 C
0 x x′ 0.5 0 x 3
-2
2 4 6 8 10 2 8 (a) = +
y′ 0 2 y -4
-4 0 x π
-4 -2
-2 (b) (i) (3, -4) (ii) (3 + --- , -2)
-6 -3 4
-8 4
(
2
, -3) -4 (c) y ′ = 2 sin 2(x ′ − 3) − 4
x= (d) (i) Substituting x ′ = 3 gives y ′ = -4
7
π
(i) y (ii) Substituting x ′ = 3 + --- gives y ′ = -2
4
y = cos (π − 2x) + 3 9 (a) y = -ex − 3 + 2 (b) y = -ex − 3 − 2
4 (c) The answers are different because the reflection occurs
at different times, so the first equation has been translated
2 down 2 units and then is reflected in the x-axis so that the
asymptote becomes y = 2; for the second equation the
reflection occurs prior to the translation down 2 units and
-3π -π -π 0 π π 3π x
2 2 2 2
so the asymptote is moved down 2 units and is y = -2
4 E 5 D 6 C Exam focus 14 (p. 186): A
1 1
--- (x – 2) - --- (x + 2)
7 (a) f(x) = (b) f(x) =
e3 4e 3 Exercise 4.3 (p. 192)
(c) Dilation by a factor of 4 from the x-axis, dilation by a
factor of 3 from the y-axis, reflection in the y-axis and 1 (a) f(x), g(x) f(x) + g(x)
translation 2 units in the negative direction from the y-axis. f(x)
g(x)
8 (a) f(x) = sin 2(x − 3) (b) h(x) = 5 sin 4x
3
(c) Dilation by a factor of 1--2- from y-axis, dilation by a factor
of 5 from the x-axis and translation by 3 units in a negative
direction from the y-axis. 3 x

-3
Exam focus 13 (p. 182):
a. x = 2, 5---
2
b. x = 7--4-
Exercise 4.2 (p. 185) (b) f(x) + g(x)
π
1 (a) (x + 3)2 + (y − 2)2 = 2 (b) y = sin (x − --- ) − 2 f(x), g(x) g(x)
3
(c) y = loge(x − 4) − 0.5 (d) y = (x + 3)3 + 6
2
2 (a) y = -x2 (b) y = tan(-x) (c) y = --- (d) y = -2x
x
3 (a) y = 2x2 (b) y = 3 cos 2x (c) y = 4 loge 0.5x
3 f(x)
(d) y = -------------2-
250x
x

ans we rs 521
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(c) f(x), g(x) (c) f(x) (d) f(x)

f(x) + g(x)
f(x) g(x) h(x)
h(x)
f(x)
g(x) g(x)
x x
g(x) f(x)

x
(e) f(x) (f)
g(x) f(x) h(x)

f(x) h(x)
g(x)

f(x) x
(d) f(x), g(x)

42

4 C 5 E 6 B 7 C
f(x) + g(x) 8 (a) y
6
4
f(x)
2
15

-1 0 1 2 3 x
-2
2 -4
5 x
-6
g(x)

(b) y
2 (a) h(x) (b) h(x)
4
2

-1 0 1 2 3 4 x
x x -2
-4
s(x)
-6

(c) h(x) (d) h(x) (c) dom: R

y

4
2

x x -1 0 1 2 3 x
-2
-4
-6
h(x)
3 (a) f(x) (b) f(x)
h(x)
f(x)
h(x)
g(x)
g(x)
x x

f(x)

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 523 Monday, May 4, 2009 1:46 AM

9 (a), (b) y (d) y dom: R\{1}

6 10
h(x) = x + 3
8 1
4 6 g(x) =
x–1
2 4 f(x)
2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 t -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-2 -4
-4 -6
-8
-6 -10

(c) in 2 years and 3 months (e) y dom: R

Exercise 4.4 (p. 197) 10
h(x) = x2
8
1 y 6 g(x) = e3x
6 f(x) 4
h(x) 2 f(x) = x2e3x
4 x
-4 -2 -2 2 4
2 -4
g(x)
-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 x -8
-2 -10
-4
-6 (f) y dom: R+
g(x) = x + 1
10
8
f(x) = x3 g(x) = loge(x) h(x) = f(x)g(x) 6
4 f(x) = (x + 1) log10
2 (a) y dom: R\{3} h(x) = log10 x
2
6
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
4 f(x) -4
2 1 -6
g(x) = -8
x–3
-10
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 x
-2
3 (-0.73, 6.5) and (0.23, 4.75) (-4.75, -12.88); the turning
-4
h(x) = 2x points of the function are not the turning points of the
-6 product of the function with another function.
4 (a) y
(b) y f(x) dom: x  -1 10
g(x) = ex 8
f(x) = 10x x + 5
6
6 4
h(x) = x+1 2
4
-4 -2 -2 2 4 x
2
-4
x -6
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -8
-2
-10
-4
dom: x  -5, ran: R+ ∪ {0}
(c) y dom: R\{2} (b) y dom: R, ran: R
10 f(x)
g(x) = 3x 2 10
8 8
f(x) 6
6 1 4
h(x) = 2 f(x) = x5 cos x
(x – 2)2
4
-4 -2 -2 2 4 x
2
-4
-6
-4 -2 0 2 4 x
-8
-2 -10
-4

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(c) y dom: R, ran: R Exercise 4.5 (p. 202)

70 x
1 (a) f[g(x)] = (x − 5)2, g[f(x)] = x2 − 5
f(x) = e sin 2x
60 (b) f[g(x)] = ( x + 1 ) 2 , g[f(x)] = x + 1
50
x3 x3
40 (c) f[g(x)] = ----, g[f(x)] = ----
30 2 8
20 (d) f[g(x)] = 2(x − 2)2 + 3, g[f(x)] = (2x + 1)2
10
(e) f[g(x)] = x 4 + 1 , g[f(x)] = x2 + 1
-4 -2 -10 2 4 x (f) f[g(x)] = 3x3 − 2, g[f(x)] = (3x − 2)3
-20 2 (a) yes, yes (b) yes, no (c) yes, no (d) yes, no
-30 (e) yes, no (f) yes, yes
-40
-50 3 (a) f[g(x)] = cos (ex), g[f(x)] = e(cos x)
-60 (b) f[g(x)] = |sin x|, g[f(x)] = sin |x|
-70 (c) f[g(x)] = doesn’t exist, g[f(x)] doesn’t exist
(d) f[g(x)] = sin(logex), g[f(x)] doesn’t exist
(e) f[g(x)] = e3x, g[f(x)] = e x 3
(d) y (f) f[g(x)] = doesn’t exist, g[f(x)] = (logex)2
10 4 4
8 ex 4 (a) --------------- (b) g [ f ( x ) ] is not defined (c) ---
6 f(x) = 2x + 1 9
x+1
4 1 2x + 11 1
2 5 (a) ------------------------- (b) ------------------ (c) ---
x+2+5 x + 5 5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x 6 C 7 B 8 C
-4 9 (a) Df: R\{0} Rf: R\{0}; Dg: R\{-2} Rg: R\{0}
-6
2(x + 2) 5x
-8 (b) f ° g = -------------------- (d) x ≠ -1 g ° f = ---------------
-10 5 2 + 2x
10 (a) A = 2000 (b) 24 500 (c) c(t) = 20 000 × 2t + 4500
dom: R\{-1}, ran: R\[0, 1) (d) $164 500
(e) y Exam focus 15 (p. 203): D
0.6
0.5 Exam focus 16 (p. 203): B
0.4 x
0.3 f(x) =
(x + 2)2 Exam focus 17 (p. 204): B
0.2
0.1 Exam focus 18 (p. 204): E
-6 -4 -0.1 2 4 6 8 10 x Exercise 4.6 (p. 212)
-0.2
x–1
1 (a) f -1(x) = ----------- , x ∈ R
5
dom: R+ ∪ {0}, ran: [0, 0.11]
3–x
(f) y (b) f (x) = ----------- , x ∈ R
-1
2
4
(c) f -1(x) = 3 x – 2, x ∈ R
2 (d) f -1(x) = 3 4 – x, x ∈ R
cos 2x
f(x) = 2 (a) f -1(x) = x – 1, x  1
x
x x+3
-4 -2 2 4 (b) f -1(x) = -----------, x  -3
2
-2 (c) f -1(x) = x2 + 1, x ∈ R+ ∪ {0}
(d) f -1(x) = 5 − x2, x ∈ R+ ∪ {0}
-4
3
3 (a) f -1(x) = ----------- + 2, x ∈ R \ {1}
x–1
dom: R\{0}, ran: R
5 C 6 B f -1(x)
πt
7 (a) m(t) = 20 × 1.2t(sin ----- + 1) f (x)
6 f(x)
(b) m(t)

1590
2 y=2
1 y=1
20 1 2 x
9 21 24 t
(c) max = 1590 min = 0
x=2
x=1
524 He i ne m a nn VCE Z O N E : M A T H E M A T I C A L M E T H O D S 3 & 4 CAS E N H A N C E D
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5 5 (a) (b)
(b) f -1(x) = ----------- – 1, x ∈ R \ {2} f -1(x) f -1(x)
x–2
5 4
f (x)
f (x)
7 (-3, 2)
x -1 x
f -1(x)
2
−3.5 7
− 1 2 (c) f -1(x) (d) f -1(x)
x
− 1
5
− 3.5 2

-2 x 1 x
-1
(c) f -1(x) = (x − 1)3, x ∈ R
f (x) f -1(x) = (x − 1)3
(e) f -1(x) (f) f -1(x)
3
1.5
f (x) = 3 x + 1
1 2
-1 1 x
−
1 1 x x
−1 -1 2 -1.5

x–1
6 (a) f -1(x) = loge ----------- ; Domain is {x: x  1}, Range is R
3
(d) f -1(x) = (1 − x)3, x ∈ R x
(b) f -1(x) = loge --- + 3 ; Domain is x: x  0, Range is R
4
f (x)
x +3
(c) f (x) = loge -----------
-1 – 2; Domain is x: x  -3,
4
Range is y: y  -10
x+1
1
(d) f -1(x) = -loge -----------; Domain is x: x  1,
2
1 Range is y: y  0
x (e) f -1(x) = 1--2- loge (1 − x); Domain is x: x  0.8647,
f (x)
Range is y: y  -1
x
(f) f -1(x) = -loge (2 – --- ); Domain is x: x  6, Range is R
3
f -1(x)
7 (a) f(x)
4 (a) (0, ∞), f -1(x) = x – 1, x  1 f(x)
y=x
x+3
(b) (0, ∞), f -1(x) = -----------, x  -3 4
2
f -1(x)
(c) [1, ∞), f -1(x) = x + 2 + 1, x  -2
x
(d) (0, ∞), f -1(x) = 2 ( x – 1 ) – 1, x  1 1--2- 4

1
(e) (0, ∞), f -1(x) = ----------- , x  1
x–1
1
(f) (2, ∞), f -1(x) = ----------- + 2, x  3
x–3 (b) f(x)
(g) (0, 4], f -1(x) = 16 – x 2 , [0, 4)
(h) (0, 5], f -1(x) = 25 – x 2 , (-5, 0]
(i) [2, ∞), f -1(x) = 4 + x2, x  0 (2.55, 2.55)
(j) [1, ∞), f -1(x) = 1+ x2, x0
f(x) (0.26, 0.26)
(k) [2, ∞), f -1(x) = x – 1 + 2, x  1
x
(l) [3, ∞), f -1(x) = x + 2 + 3, x  -2 f -1(x)
y=x

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(c) f(x) f(x) 9 (a) f(x)

y=x f -1(x)
y=x
f(x)
(2.54, 2.54)
-2.3
x
-3 (0.26, 0.26)
f -1(x) x
-3 -2.3

(d) f(x) (b) f(x) f -1(x)

(-0.97, 4.29) y=x
f(x)
y=x (2.42, 2.42)
f -1(x)
f(x) - 43
(0.37, 0.37) x
(-1.24, -1.24)
-1 x
- 43
-1 (4.29, -0.97)

(c) f(x)
f -1(x) y = x
(e) f(x)
y=x (6.8, 6.8) f(x)

(0, 0) 1 f(x) x
f -1(x) x
(0.25, 0.25)

(d) f(x)
(f) f(x)
f(x) (25.02, 25.02)
6
(5.99, 5.99)
(-0.82, -0.82) 11.99
f -1(x)

6 x
f -1(x) 2
2 11.99 x
y=x
f(x) y=x

(e) f(x)
ex
8 (a) = ---- ; Domain is R, Range is {y: y  0}
f -1(x)
5 y=x
(b) f -1(x) = 1--3- (e x – 4) ; Domain is R, Range is {y: y  − 4--- }
3 (0, 1)
(x – 3)- f -1(x)
---------------
(c) f -1(x) = e 2 ; Domain is R, Range is {y: y  0} 1
--x- 2
(d) =
f -1(x) 6
+ 1) ; Domain is {x: x  11.99},
1--- 5
(e 1
(1, 0) x
2
Range is {y: y  2}
(e) f -1(x) = 12--- ( e 4x + 1 ); Domain is R, Range is {y: y  1--2- }
f(x)
(f) f -1(x) = 1--3- (1 – e 3 – x ) ; Domain is R, Range is {y: y  1--3- }

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 527 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

(f) 3 (a) power (b) hyperbolic (c) linear

f(x)
(d) exponential
y=x 4 a ≈ 0.28 5 a ≈ 3.7 6 A 7 E 8 A
(0, 3) 9 (a) George:
Time (t weeks) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f(x)
1 Distance travelled
3
(d km) 1 2.5 4 5.5 7 8.5 10 11.5
1
(3, 0) x
3 Renée:
Time (t weeks) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance travelled
(d km) 1 1.5 2.3 3.4 5.1 7.6 11.4 17.1
f -1(x)

10 f -1(x) = − x + 1 – 1, x  -1 (b) Distance travelled

(d km) George
11 -1, f -1(x) = x + 1 – 1, [-1, 8]
12 (a) (5, 5) (b) (2, 2) (c) (2.62, 2.62) (d) (1.52, 1.52)
13 B 14 C 15 B 16 E 17 D 18 B 10
19 B
20 (a), (e) y 8

6 6
(2 – loge 2, 4)
4 f(x) = 2 – 0.5 loge x 4
2
(4, 2 – loge 2)
2
x

0 2 4 6 8 Time
(b) f -1 exists because f is a 1 : 1 function
(t weeks)
(c) f -1(x) = e4 − 2x (d) [2 − loge 2, ∞)
21 (a) x2 (b) f -1(x) = x + 4 + 2 Distance travelled
(c) dom: x  -4 ran: y  2 (d) (5, 5) (d km)

7 7 15 20
22 (a) a = --- ; b = 5 (b) dom: [5, 20]; ran: [0, ------------- ] 18 Renée
2 2
4x 2 7 15 16
(c) y = -------- + 5 (d) ------------- (e) no 14
49 2
12
Exam focus 19 (p. 216): D
10
Exam focus 20 (p. 217): 8
a. a = 1 because y = 1 is the equation of the horizontal 6
asymptote. b = -1 because when x = 0, y = 0 and so 4
a + b = 0. 2
b. [0, 1 − e−2]
c. i. h−1: [0, 1 − e−2] → R where h−1(x) = -loge(1 − x) 0 2 4 6 8 Time
y (t weeks)
ii.
2 (1 – e–2, 2) (c) George: linear Renée: exponential
(d) George: d = 1.5t − 0.5 Renée: d = 1.5(t − 1)

1 Chapter Review (p. 224)

1 (a), (b) g(x) = 2 x+1+5
y

-2 -1 O 1 2 x
8

-1 6

4 1
5 f(x) = x
Exercise 4.7 (p. 221) 2
1 (a) hyperbolic (b) power (c) logarithmic
(d) circular (e) power (f) exponential -2 2 4 x
2 (a) circular (b) exponential

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2 Dilation by a factor of --12- from the y-axis, dilation by a factor 18 D 19 B 20 C 21 D 22 E

of 3 from the x-axis, translation 2 units in a positive 23 (a) h(t) = 2t2 + 5 (b) h(t) = 4t2 + 15
direction from the y-axis, and 7 units in a positive direction (c) s(h) = 2h + 1.5 (d) n(h) = 2h + 1.5
from the x-axis. 24 (a) Dilation by a factor of 0.5 from the y-axis, translation
x′ 2 0 x -1 2 0.5 units in the negative direction from the y-axis
3 (a) = + (b) y = - ----------- + 2
y′ 0 -1 y 2 x+1 x′ 0.5 0 x -0.5
(b) = +
4 h(x) y′ 0 1 y 0
e x–1
(c) f -1(x) = -------------
2
x′ 0 1 0.5x − 0.5
(d) = so x′ = y and y′ = 0.5x − 0.5
y′ 1 0 y
∴ x′ = loge[2(y′ + 0.5)] giving a final equation of
x y′ = 0.5ex′ − 0.5
Exam focus 21 (p. 229): E

Chapter 5
Prep Zone (p. 232)
5 (a), (b) y
h(x) = x2ex 1 (a) 4x2 + 12x + 9 (b) 8x3 + 36x2 + 54x + 27
g(x) = ex (c) 1 − 6x + 12x2 − 8x3 (d) x4 − 2x2 + 1
(e) x2 − 2x3 + x4 (f) 25 + 10x2 + x4
x2
f(x) = x2 2 (a) loge [3x(x + 1)] (b) loge ( ----)
2
x
(c) loge [3x(x + 1) ] 2 (d) loge ( --- )
8--- 4
3 (a) e2 (b) e 3 (c) e5 − 2 (d) 1
x π 7π π 2π π 11π
4 (a) --- , ------ (b) --- , ------ (c) --- , ---------
4 4 3 3 6 6
6 (a) f[g(x)] = e2x g[f(x)] = e x 2 π 5π 13π 17π
(d) ------ , ------, ---------, ---------
(b) f[g(x)] = sin |x| g[f(x)] = |sin x| 12 12 12 12
(e) 0.8414, 2.8238, 3.9830, 5.9653 (f) 3.5845, 5.8403
7 x  1.5, f -1(x) = x + 9--4- + 3--2- , x  − 9---
4 5 (a) (3.5, -1.5) (b) (1, 1) (c) (12, 5) (d) (9, -1)
8 (a) [-4, 4] (b) (0, 4] (c) f -1(x) = 16 – x 2 , [0, 4) 6 (a) e x 2 + 3x (b) e5x + ex (c) e 3x 2 – 2x + 2 (d) e5x − ex
9 (a) f(x) f -1(x) y=x Exercise 5.1 (p. 242)
1 (i) (a) x = 3 (b) x = 2 (c) [-2, 2]
f(x) (d) [0, 2) ∪ [4, ∞) (e) x = -3
(0, 1.2) (f) (∞, -5] ∪ {-3} ∪ (4, ∞)
(-1.35, 0) (ii) (a) x ∈ R \ {3} (b) x ∈ R \ {2}
-3
(c) x ∈ R \ [-2, 2] (d) (-∞, 0) ∪ [2, 4)
x
(-2, -1) (1.2, 0) (e) x ∈ R \ {-3} (f) (-5, -3] ∪ (-3, 4]
(0, -1.35) 2 (a) (-∞, 1) ∪ [3, ∞) (b) (-∞, -1) ∪ (0, ∞)
(c) x ∈ R \ {0} (d) x ∈ R \ {1}
(-1, -2)
(e) (-∞, -2] ∪ (0, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)
-3 (f) (-∞, -1] ∪ (-1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞)
(x + 1)
3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 2 (e) 37 (f) 0
---------------- 4 8 1 1
(b) f -1(x) = e 2 − 3; Domain is R, Range is (-3, ∞) (g) -----
17
- (h) ------
17
(i) -2 (j) 7 (k) ---
4
(l) ---
2

10 (a) 4 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 27 (e) 1

f(x) f(x) = 3e2x – 1 + 1 (f) --15- (g) - --16- (h) - --12- (i) 3 (j) -2
5 D 6 D
7 (a) x + 3, x ≠ 2
(0, 2.1) (b) f(x)
1
x 3

x–1
(b) f -1(x) = 1--2- (log e ---------- -3 0 2 x
- + 1) (c) 24 310.252
3
11 (a) circular function (b) linear function
12 C 13 D 14 D 15 D 16 C 17 C (c) x ∈ R \ {2} (d) 5

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 529 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

8 (a) x − 2 , x ≠ -4 Exercise 5.3 (p. 255)

(b) f(x) 1 (a) -3 (c) -10x − 9x2
(b) -7 (d) 6x2 − 6x + 4
4 c 3ax 2
(e) 12ax2 − 2bx + --- (f) -c − 3bx − -----------
4 2
2 (g) 3x2 + 2x − 3 (h) 3x2 + 2x + 1
(i) 3x2 − 4x3 (j) 6x5 + 6x2
-2 2 4 x (k) -4abx + 4a2x3 (l) 4abx + 4b2x3
-2
3 6 5 6 4 1
2 (a) − ----4 – ---- (b) − ----2 – ---- (c) − ----3 + 4 + ----
-4 x x3 x x4 x x2
3 3
(d) − ----2 + ----4 (e) 64x − 16 (f) -72x2 + 72x − 18
(c) (∞, -1] ∪ (0, ∞) x x
(d) (i) 1 (ii) undefined (iii) -1 (iv) 2 4 3
(g) 3 3x 2 (h) ------ (i) ---------- (j) 2 2x
Exercise 5.2 (p. 248) x 2 x
1 (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 2x (d) 2x (e) 6x + 2 8 9 1 2
(k) − -------5- (l) − -------7- (m) − -------3- – -------4- – 5
(f) 4x + 4 (g) 3x2 (h) 3x2 --- --- --- ---
3x 3 4x 4 6x 2 3x 3
(i) 3x2 − 2x − 7 (j) 2x − 6x2
(k) 3x2 + 4x − 1 (l) 3x2 + 2x − 4 1 1- 1
(n) -------3- – ----
4
(o) 2 − 5x2 − -------3-
2 (a) (i) 6 (ii) (2, 12) --- --- ---
4x 2 x3 6x 2
11
(b) (i) 77 (ii) ( --13- , − ----- 1 11
- ), ( − --- , ------ )
9 3 9 3
3 (a) 5 + ---- (b) 3 – ---- 1 (c) 3 + ---- 1 – ----
3
25-
(c) (i) 20 (ii) (1, -----
6
), ( -3 35-
----- , -----
2 8
) x2 x2 x2 x4
3 (a) h2 + 12h + 48 (b) 48 4
(d) 4x + ----3
1 1
(e) ------ + 3 – ----2
3
(f) − -------3- – 4x + ----2
2
4 (a) 3x2 − 1 (b) 11 x x x --
- x
2x 2
3 − 2 3 – 18 − 3 2 3 – 18 4
(c) ( ------- , ------------------------- ), ( ------- , ---------------------- ) (g) 1 (h) 3 (i) -1 (j) -1 (k) 1 – ----2
3 9 3 9
x
(d) (2, 4), (-2, -8) m – 1---
(l) 1 – ---- 4 (m) (m + 1--2- ) x 2 – (m + 1) x m
5 -2
------ , 7---
9 3 x 2
6 B 7 E 8 C m – 1--- 3 x m – 1--- 5
(n) (m + 1--2- ) x 2 + ---------- (o) (m + 1--2- ) x 2 + -------1-
9 (a), (d) y 2 ---
dy 6x 6
y=
dx
4 (a) 12x + 2 (b) 38, -22 (c) − --16- (d) ( − --18- , − -----
37
32
-)
2 y = x2 + 2x – 3 5 (a) x ∈ R \ {3} (b) x ∈ R \ {2}
(c) (-∞, -2) ∪ (2, ∞) (d) (-∞, 0) ∪ (2, 4)
-3 0 1 x (e) x ∈ R \ {-3} (f) (-5, -3) ∪ (-3, 4)
1 1
-3 6 (a) ------------ – ------------ (b) 0.06, 0.033
3 x 2 x3
3 2
(-1, -4)
7 x = -1, − 4--7- f(x) = (-1, 6)( − 4--7- , 3 --------
66-
)
(b) (i) x  -1 (ii) x  -1 (iii) x = -1
343

dy g(x) = (-1, -7 1--6- ) ( − 4--7- , − 4 -----------

275-
)
(c) ------ = 2x + 2 (e) Where the turning point occurs in y, 1029
dx 8 C 9 D 10 D 11 D 12 D
dy
the graph of ------ cuts the x-axis (gradient of y is zero here). 13 (a) (0, -1), ( − 4--9- , − 211
--------- ) (b) ( − 2--9- , − 227
--------- )
dx dy 243 243
The gradient of y is negative for x  -1 so the graph of ------ 5--- --------
32-
dx (c) (-1, -2), ( 9 , 243 )
is below the x-axis for x  -1. The gradient of y is positive 14 (a) (-1.5437, -1.912 36), (0, -7), (0.658 982, -6.8381),
dy
for x  -1 so the graph of ------ is above the x-axis for x  -1. (0.884 719, -6.849 54)
dx -19
10 (a) x-intercepts are at (5, 0) and (1, 0) (b) (-2, -------- ), (1.838 74, -0.349 653)
3
(b) The gradient at x = 3 is zero.
(c) (-0.252 244, -6.873 14), (- 3--2- , - 31
------ )
(c) For values of x less than 3 the gradient of f(x) is 16

positive. (d) For values of x greater than 3 the gradient Exam focus 23 (p. 257): B
of f(x) is negative.
(e) y y = f(x) Exercise 5.4 (p. 261)
1 (a) 3(x + 2)2 (b) 4(x + 3)3 (c) 16(4x − 1)3
(d) -18(2 − 3x)5 (e) 4(9x2 + 2)(3x3 + 2x + 1)3
(f) 5(3x2 + 6x)(x3 + 3x2 − 2)4 (g) 40x(2x2 + 1)4
0 x − 27x (x 3 + 2) 2
2
1 3 5 (h) 36x2(x3 − 1)3 (i) -----------------------------------
2
(j) 4x2(1 − x3)3 (k) an(ax + b)n − 1
Exam focus 22 (p. 249): D (l) -an(b − ax)n − 1

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9x 2
− ---------------------
− 8(x – 1) 4 Exercise 5.5 (p. 265)
2 (a) (b) ----------------------- (c) ---------------------2
(x + 1) 4
3 (x 2 – 2x) 5 (3 – 2x) 1 (a) 2e2x (b) 4e4x (c) 3e3x + 1 (d) 2e2x − 5
2x 4x
10 12x - 12x - ------ ------
(d) --------------------- (e) ----------------------- (f) ----------------------- (e) 2 3
--- e (f) 4 3
--- e (g) 4e4x (h) -5e5x
(1 – 2x) 2 (1 – 3x 2 ) 3 (3 – 2x 2 ) 4 3 3
− 12(x + 1) (i)16xe 8x 2
(j) 6xe 3x 2
(k) 6(x – 1) e 3x 2 – 6x + 2
24(x + 1)
(g) ------------------------------------ (h) -------------------------------- 2
(2x 2 + 4x + 1) 3 (1 – 2x – x 2 ) 4 (l)2(4x + 1) e 4x + 2x – 3 (m) - 12xe 1 – 2x 2
1 1 1
)(2x + 1--- ) 3
3
(i) 4(2 – ---- (j) 3(3 + ----)(3x – --- ) 2 (n)- 4(9x 2 + 2) e 3x + 2x – 1 (o) 12e 4x + 6xe 3x 2
x2 x x2 x (p) 4e 2x – 8xe 4x 2
(q) - 24xe 4x 2 + 2e x
1 2 1 -4 1 1 (r) 3
36x 2 e 3x + 20e 2x 2
(k) − 6(x – ----)(x + ----) (l) 8( ----3 + x)( ----2 – x 2 ) -5
x3 x2 x x
1 1 e – 2x 1 4x
1 2 2x +3 2 (a) ---------- e x (b) - ---------- e – x (c) - ----------- (d) ------e
3 (a) − ------------------- −
(b) ------------------- (c) ------------------------
2
2 x 2 x 2x x
3 – 2x 1 – 4x 2 x + 3x
3e 2x 6
(d)
x
------------------
1
(e) − --------------------------
1
(f) -------------------------- (e) ------------ (f) ------- e 6x (g) -4e-4x + 1 (h) -3e-3x − 2
2x x
x2 – 4 2 (x + 3) 3 2 (4 – x) 3
12 3 4x (i) - 18x 2 e -2x 3 + 1 (j) - 20xe -2x 2 – 1
(g) − -------------------------- (h) − -------------------------- (i) ---------------------------- (k) 6(2x + 1) 2 e (2x + 1) 3 (l) - 9(1 – 3x) 2 e (1 – 3x) 3
(6x + 1) 3 (2x – 1) 3 (2x 2 – 1) 3
2
3x 2 4(6x + 1) 3 (a) 2e2x − 6e-6x (b) ex + 4e-4x (c) e x – 6e -3x + 3x
--------
(j) -----------------------3- (k) ---------------------------------------1- 4
--- --- (d) 3e3x − 6e-2x + 6x2 (e) 3e3x − ex (f) 3e3x
2(x 3 + 1) 2 3(6x 2 + 2x – 1) 3 (g) 2e + 6e + 4e
2x 3x 4x (h) 6e + 8e + 2e
6x 4x 2x
1---
(i) -16e4x(3 − e4x)3 (j) -6e2x(1 − e2x)2 (k) 4e4x
4(4x – 3)( 2x 2 – 3x + 2) 3 9x
(l) ----------------------------------------------------------- (m) -----------------------7- (l) 7e7x (m) 2e2x − 3e-3x (n) ex − 5e-5x
3
(1 – 3x 2 ) 4
---
(o) -14e-2x − 12e-6x
3x 2 4x 4 D 5 E 6 A
(n) --------------------4- (o) --------------------4-
(2 – x 3 ) 3
---
(4 – x 2 ) 3
---
7 (a) 8e8x + 1 (b) 8e17 (c) [ 1--8- (log e 5--8- – 1) , 5--8- ]
x+1 5 8 (a) f(x)
4 (a) ------------------------------ (b) ---------- (c) 26 (d) -1
2
x + 2x + 2 26
− 2x 8
5 (a) --------------------3- (b) − ------ (c) 2.1213
--- 27
(x 2 – 7) 2 f(x) = 2 + e(1 – x)
6 C 7 B 8 B
2
9 (a) a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 (b) f’(x) is never negative. The
numerator will always be positive because of x2, and the 0 x
denominator will always be positive because it uses only
the positive square root of (x3 + 4x). (b) The gradient will never be zero. The graph continues to
(c) The gradient of f(x) is never zero. get closer to the asymptote so there is always a slight
3x 2 – 14x + 2 3x 2 – 14x + 2 slope. (c) -e(1 − x)
10 (a) (i) ------------------------------------------------ (ii) --------------------------------------------------2-
2 x 3 – 7x 2 + 2x + 1 ---
(d) f (x) = -e(1 – x)
3(x 3 – 7x 2 + 2x + 1) 3
2
3x – 14x + 2
(iii) --------------------------------------------------3- f(x)
---
4(x 3 – 7x 2 + 2x + 1) 4
3x 2 – 14x + 2 3x 2 – 14x + 2
(b) (i) --------------------------------------------------4- (ii) --------------------------------------------------5-
--- ---
5(x 3 – 7x 2 + 2x + 1) 5 6(x 3 – 7x 2 + 2x + 1) 6
3x 2 – 14x + 2 x
(iii) --------------------------------------------------------
n–1
- -e
------------
n(x 3 – 7x 2 + 2x + 1) n f (x) = -e (1 – x)

6x 5 – 15x 4 + 2 2x – 7
(c) (i) --------------------------------------------------6 (ii) -----------------------------------8- t log e 3⎞
--- --- ⎛ ------------------
-
7(x 6 – 3x 5 + 2x – 7) 7 9(x 2 – 7x + 5) 9 log e 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
9 (a) 1500 (b) -------------- (c) N‘(t) = 500e loge 3
x3 – x + 1 (d) 6.5 h 3
(iii) -------------------------------------------
15
-
------
(4x 4 – 8x 2 + 16) 16 Exercise 5.6 (p. 270)
1--- 1---
2 8 (x 3 – x + 1) 28 1- 9 −6 8 9 9x 2 -
(d) ---------------------------------------------, ----- = ------ 1 (a) --------------- (b) -------------- (c) --- (d) --- (e) ----------------
15
------ 4
15
------
3x + 1 1 – 3x x x 3x 3 – 4
4[x(x 3 – 2x + 4)] 16 4 16 6x 1 3 1 3
Use indices of the same base to prove this. (f) ----------------
- (g) --- (h) ----- (i) ----- (j) -----
3x 2 – 5 x 2x 2x 2x
1 1 1 1 5
(k) - --- (l) - --- (m) - ----- (n) - ----- (o) -----
x x 2x 2x 2x

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16x + 4 - 18x – 18 - 1 1 (f) -3 sec2 (7 − 3x) (g) 14 sec2 7x − 9

2 (a) ---------------------------- (b) ---------------------------- (c) --- + ----------- (h) 3 + 2 sec2 6x (i) (-12 − 8x) sec2 (3x + x2)
4x 2 + 2x – 3 3x 2 – 6x + 1 x x+1
1 1 6x - – 1--- (j) (15x − 70x) sec (x3 − 7x2 + 2)
2 2
(d) ---------- - + 1--- (e) --- (f) ---------------- (k) 3 tan2 x sec2 x (l) 4x3 sec2 x4
x–3 x x 3x 2 + 1 x
(m) 10x sec2 5x2 (n) 15 tan2 5x sec2 5x
6 1 4 3 2x + 4 -
(g) --- + ----------- (h) ----------- + --- (i) ------------------------- 1 sec 2 x
x x+1 x+3 x x 2 + 4x + 3 (o) ---------- sec 2 x (p) --------------------
2 x 2 tan x
2x + 2 8 3(log e x) 2
(j) -------------------------
- (k) − ----------- (l) ------------------------
x 2 + 2x – 8 1–x x 3 sec 2 x 5 sec 2 x + 2
(q) -------------------- (r) ---------------------------------
4(log e x) 3 9 − 2x 2x 6tan x x+2
(m) ------------------------ (n) − ----------- (o) ------------- - (p) -------------2 5 (a) -sec2 x sin (tan x) (b) sec2 (sin x) cos x
x 2–x x2 + 3 2–x
4xe x 2 + 6 (c) -3 sin 3x + 3 cos x (d) 4 cos 4x + 6 sin 2x
3 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 4 (e) --------------------------- (e) -10 sin 2x − 18 cos 3x (f) -sin x + 8 cos 4x
e 2 + 3x + 1
x
12e + 6xe4x x 2
(g) -sin (sin x) cos x (h) -cos (cos x) sin x
(f) ------------------------------
- (g) 21 (h) 2 sin (log e x)
e 4x + e x 2 sin x
(i) − ---------------------------- (j) − ------------ (k) − sin (e x 2 ) 2xe x 2
4(6x 2 + 5) 20 22 x cos x
4 (a) ----------------------------- (b) ------ (c) ------
2x 3 + 5x – 7 −7 −7 (l) 3e3x cos (e3x) (m) -sin x e cos x cos (ecos x)
5 B 6 A 7 A sec 2 (log e x)
(n) -cos x esin x sin (esin x) (o) ------------------------------
-
8 (a) (4, 0), (0, loge 5) (b) (-∞, 5) x
−1 −1
(c) f’(x) = ----------- , as x  5 then 5 − x  0, ∴ -----------  0 (p) ⎛ ---------------------------⎞
1
(q) sec2 (e x 3 ) 3x2 e x 3
5–x 5–x ⎝ sin x cos x⎠
Exercise 5.7 (p. 276) (r) sec2 (ex) ex
6 (a) 3 sin 3 (b) 6 cos 3 (c) 0.2854, 1.8562
x x
1 (a) 3 cos 3x (b) 7 cos 7x cos ---
(c) --1-
2
(d) --13- cos --- 7 (a) -15 sin 3x − cos x (b) -1 (c) 1
2 3
8 D 9 E
(e) 18 cos (6x + 1) (f) 14 cos (2x + 1) dT π
2x 3x 10 (a) 26° (b) 2 p.m. (c) ------ = --- sin π(t + 4)
-------------------
(g) − 8--3- cos ----- (h) − 3--2- cos ----- (i) -2 cos (1 − 2x) dt 3 12
3 4 dT
(d) when t = 8, ------ = 0
(j) cos (2 − x) (k) 18x2 cos (3x3 + 1) dt
(l) (9x2 + 12x) cos (x3 + 2x2) 11 (a) y
(m) -12x2 cos (x3 − 2) (n) -8x3 cos (x4 + 1)
(o) 60x5 cos 2x6 1
2 (a) 3x2 cos x3 (b) 2x cos x2 (c) 15(sin 5x)2 cos 5x
0
(d) 12 sin2 4x cos 4x (e) 6 sin 3x cos 3x π π 3π 2π x
cos x -1 2 2
(f) 8 sin3 2x cos 2x (g) -------------------
2 sin x y = tan x
cos x cos x 1
(h) ---------------------2- (i) ------------ (j) --- cos (log e x) (b) The gradient is always positive, so f’(x) will have
--- sin x x
3(sin x) 3 1
positive values. (c) cos2 x ≠ 0, or --------------
- would be
(k) ex cos ex (l) cos x esin x cos 2 x
(m) cos x esin x cos (esin x) (n) 5e 5x cos e 5x undefined. cos2 x = (cos x)2, so cos2 x is always positive,
3 cos 3x 1
(o) 3x 2 cos x 3 + -------------------- ∴ --------------
- 0
sin 3x cos 2 x
3 (a) -7 sin 7x (b) -4 sin 4x (c) 5 sin (5x + 1)
Exercise 5.8 (p. 280)
2x 5x
(d) -2 sin (3 − 2x) 2---
(e) 3 sin ----- (f) − 5--2- sin ----- 1 (a) 4x3 + 6x2 − 48x − 50 (b) 4x3 − 6x2 + 6x − 14
3 2
(c) (x2 − 3)2(7x2 + 6x − 3) (d) (1 − x2)3(1 − 9x2 − 16x)
3x x
(g) − sin ----- 1
(h) --9- sin --- (e) 2(x2 − 1)(x + 5)(3x2 + 10x − 1)
2 3
(f) 2(x2 + 1)(x + 1)(3x2 + 2x + 1)
(i) -(15x + 10) sin (x3 + 2x − 1)
2
2x + 6x 2 3x 2 + 2x 3 6x 2 – 35x 3
(j) (4x − 6x2) sin (1 + x2 − x3) (k) -4 cos3 x sin x (g) ---------------------4 (h) ----------------------5 (i) -------------------------
(l) -4x3 sin x4 (m) -6x2 sin 2x3 (n) -8 sin 2x (cos 2x)3 (1 – 6x) (1 – 2x) 2 1 – 5x
5x 2 + 4x 5x 2 + 4x + 1 5x 2 – 1 – 4x
1 sin x sin x (j) -------------------- (k) ----------------------------- (l) -----------------------------
(o) − ---------- sin x (p) − -------------------- (q) − ---------------------
2 x 2 cos x 2 cos x 2x + 2 2 x+1 2 x–1
− 4 sin
2 (a) 6ex(1 + x) (b) e6x(1 + 6x) (c) -e-3x(3x + 2)
sin x x+3 sin x + 1
(r) − ---------------- (s) -------------------------------- (t) ------------------------- (d) e4x(9 + 4x) (e) xex(x + 2) (f) x2ex(x + 3)
cos x x+3 x+1 (g) esin x(cos2 x − sin x) (h) ecos x(cos x − sin2 x)
− 2 sin (x + 1) (i) cos2 x − sin2 x (j) 5 cos x cos 5x − sin x sin 5x
(u) ---------------------------------
cos(x + 1) cos x sin x
(k) -sin x loge x + ------------ (l) cos x loge x + -----------
1 x x x
4 (a) 2 sec2 2x (b) 8 sec2 8x (c) --- sec2 --- (m) ex(cos x − sin x) (n) ex(cos x + sin x)
3 3
tan x
(d) 3--- 3x
sec2 ----- (e) -2 sec2 (2x + 5) (o) loge x sec2 x + ------------
4 4 x

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e 3x (6x + 4) Chapter Review (p. 285)

3 (a) 3e3x(2x + 1)2(2x + 3) (b) ---------------------------
2x + 1 1 (a) -5 (b) 5 (c) 1
x2
e 2x (4x – 3)
(c) -------------------------- (d) -4e4x(1 − 2x)3(2x + 1) 2 6 3 y = ---- − x
4
2 x–1 54x - 3x 2 + 1
4 (a) 3(x + 4)2 (b) ----------------------- (c) ------------------------------
(e) x2(3 cos x − x sin x) (f) 3 cos2 x(cos x − 3x sin x) (3x 2 + 1) 4 2 x3 + x – 3
(g) ex cos2 x (cos x − 3 sin x) 5 (a) -3.03 (b) t  -60
(h) 3e3x (cos x3 − x2 sin x3) − 3x – 8 − 6x
6 (a) ----------- – 4--- = ----------------
1
1 1 - (b) ------------- (c) 17
(i) ---------- log e 2x + ----- - (j) 2 log e x + 1 x + 2 x x 2 + 2x x2 – 5
2 x x − 3 sin x + 2
(k) -2e-x(sin x + cos x) (l) e-2x(cos x − 2 sin x) 7 (a) 8 cos (4x + 5) (b) ------------------------------
4 (a) 15 cos x cos 5x − 3 sin x sin 5x (b) 15 2 x+2
(c) -3 (c) 18 tan2 x sec2 x (d) -sin x sec2 cos x
5 2 sin x cos x 6 D 7 A 8 E 9 C 8 e-cos x (cos x + sin2 x), 0.6226
10 (a) f’(x) = 3x2e-x − x3e-x (b) (0, 0), (3, 27e-3) 9 0.524
–2
10 ---------------------------------
(c) For x  3, the gradient of f(x) is less than zero. (x – 1)(x + 1)
11 B 12 E 13 C 14 B 15 E 16 A
Exam focus 24 (p. 281): 17 D 18 C 19 D 20 E 21 A
a. f ′(x) = -sin(x)e cos(x) 22 E 23 B 24 D 25 B 26 A
3 3 + 2π 27 C 28 B 29 D 30 C
b. -----------------------
9 31 (a) -9 (b) (i) 1, 3, 5 s (ii) 2, 5.3028 and 1.697
(c) 3t2 − 18t + 23 (d) 7 s
Exercise 5.9 (p. 283) 32 (a) 0°C (b) 1316.34°C
5
1 (a) ------------------2
3
(b) ------------------2
5
(c) ------------------2 (c) (i) 12e0.6t + 0.4e-0.02t (ii) 800.6°C/h
(x + 5) (3 – x) (1 – x) (d) 3.53 h
4 − x 2 – 2x + 1 − 2x 2 – 8
(d) ---------------------2 (e) --------------------------- 2
- (f) -------------------- Exam focus 26 (p. 289):
(1 – 2x) 2
(x + 1) (x 2 – 4) 2
e 2 – 10
− 2(x + 2) 2
10x + 22x + 7 a. x = ----------------
(g) --------------------- - (h) ----------------------------------- 6
(x + 1) 3 (3x 2 + x – 1) 2 b. 2
2(x + 1)( 2x – 1) 2 − x 2 + 4x x+2
(i) ----------------------------------------- (j) ------------------4- (k) ------------------3- Exam focus 27 (p. 289): E
x3 (x + 2) ---
−x – 6
(x + 1) 2
(l) ------------------------
8x 2 x + 3
Chapter 6
e x (x – 1) 1 – x- e 2x (4x – 5)- Prep Zone (p. 292)
2 (a) -------------------- (b) ---------- (c) -------------------------
x2 ex --3- 1 (a) 6x2 + 14x − 5 (b) 4x + 5
(c) (x + 3)2(5x2 + 6x)
2(x – 1) 2 3 6
13 – 6x 4e x − 2e x 2 (a) 2e2x − 3 (b) 2xe x 2 + 5 (c) ----------- (d) − --------------
(d) -------------------------- (e) ------------------- -2 (f) ------------------- - x+1 3x – 5
2e 3x x – 2 x
(e + 2) (e – 1) 2
x
3 (a) 2y + x − 8 = 0 (b) y = 2x − 7 (c) 3y − 2x − 10 = 0
sin x – x cos x − x sin x – cos x
(g) ---------------------------------- (h) ------------------------------------
- 4 (a) f(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 4 (b) f(x) f(x) = -x2 + 5x + 2
sin 2 x x2 x⬎0
f(x)
− 2x sin x log x – 2 cos x sin x – x log e x cos x
e
(i) -------------------------------------------------------------
- (j) --------------------------------------------------
-
x(log e x) 2 x sin 2 x
− sin x – cos x
(k) -------------------------------- - cos x – sin x-
(l) ----------------------------- -3.14 0.64 x
ex ex 2
2x cos x – sin x − 2x sin x – cos x -4
(m) -------------------------------------- (n) ---------------------------------------- 5.37 x
2 x3 2 x3
1 – sin x cos x sin x cos x – 2x
(o) ---------------------------------- - (p) --------------------------------------
e x cos 2 x 2 x sin 2 x (c) f(x) = 15 – x3 + x2 + 17x (d) f(x) = x(x – 2)3
f(x)
2
21x log e x – 112x
2
− 112 f(x) -3 ⭐ x ⭐ 5 x⭓0
3 (a) ----------------------------------------------
- (b) -----------
(log e x – 5) 2 25
4 C 5 D 6 C
d d
7 (a) sin x (b) ----- (sin x) = cos x ----- (cos x) = -sin x 15
dx dx
x
8 (a) (i) 18x2(x3 + 5) (ii) 12e4x (iii) -6 sin x cos x x
2
-3 -1 5
(iv) 12xe 6x 2 (v) 6x 2 e 2(x 3 + 5) (vi) -2 sin xe2 cos x
(b) (i) 162x5 (ii) 6e6x (iii) -3 sin x cos2x
(iv) -6x sin (3x2) (v) -3x2 sin (x3 + 5) (vi) -2e2x sin (e2x) x
5 (a) cos x sin ---
(b) − 1---
4
(c) ex + xex
Exam focus 25 (p. 284): 4
(e) 2xe-0.03x − 0.03x2e-0.03x
3x 2 sin(x) – x 3 cos(x) 6 (a) 13 (b) 92
f ′(x) = ----------------------------------------------------
-
sin 2 (x)

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7 (a) -373 (b) 21 2 (a) maximum (0, 5); minimum (2, -3) (b) minimum
8 y = -2x2 + 3x − 1 2 4 5 2187
( ---, - ------ ); maximum (0, 0) (c) minimum (- ---, - ------------ );
3 27 4 256
Exercise 6.1 (p. 297) stationary point of inflection (1, 0) (d) maximum (-2, 0);
1 (a) -1 (b) (i) -2 (ii) 0 4 500
minimum ( ---, - --------- ) (e) stationary point of inflection
2 (a) 26 m/s2 (b) 73 m/s2 3 27
3 (a) 230 (b) 6.37 people/day (4, 0); maximum (-2, 0); minimum (0.4, -268.739)
(c) 28.5 days; 30th January, 2006 (f) minimum (0, 5); stationary point of inflection (1, 6)
4 (a) (i) (ii)
3 (a) (i) y = 4x2 – 12x + 15 (b) (i) f(x) = 5 + 7x – 6x2
h dh y
dt f(x)
(127 , 169
24
)
15 5

- 12 123 x
(1.5, 6)
t t x
(b) (i) (ii) 7
h dh
(ii) x  1.5 (ii) x  ------
12
dt
(c) (i) y = (2x + 3)(x – 2)(x + 1) (d) (i) f(x) = x(5 – x)(x + 1)
y f(x) (3.19, 24.19)
(-1.26, 0.41)
- 32 -1 2 x
-6
t t -1 0 5 x
(0.93, -10.04)
(c) (i) (ii) (-0.52, -1.38)
h dh
dt (ii) -1.26  x  0.93 (ii) x  -0.52 and x  3.19
(e) (i) y = -5x3 + 14x2 + 3x (f) (i) f(x) = 2x3 – 11x2 + 2x + 15
y (1.97, 22.02) f(x)
(0.09, 15.09)
15

-1 1.5 5 x
3
t t
-0.2 (-0.1, -0.2) x
5 (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) - 4--7-
6 (a) 250 (b) 91 people/year (3.57, -27.06)
(c) In 26.5 years, i.e. in 2027
(ii) x  -0.1 and x  1.97 (ii) 0.09  x  3.57
7 (a) 6 (b) 2
8 15
------ m/s 9 B 10 C 11 B (g) (i) f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 29x + 30 (h) (i) y = 4x3 + 4x2 + x
7 y
f(x)
12 (a) -1375 m3/day (b) 2000 m3/day (c) t = 2, 5, 8
(d) 0  t  2, 5  t  8 (-2.75, 90.8)
13 (a) 1198 (b) 27.3 (c) 11 days (d) 6.4 days (-0.17, -0.074)
14 (a) -4.5 cm3/s (b) -4.75 cm3/s (c) 14.57 seconds
(d) 15 seconds - 12 x
30
Exam focus 28 (p. 299): C
-5 1.5 2 x
Exercise 6.2 (p. 307)
1 (a) (- 7--6- , -9 -----
12
1-
) (b) ( 15
------ , - 17
8
------ )
16
(c) ( 9--4- , -15 1--8- ) (1.75, -0.84)
(d) (- 3--4- , 21 1--8- ) (e) (0, 7) (f) (0, -5) (ii) -2.75  x  1.75 (ii) -0.5  x  -0.17

(g) ( 3, 17 – 18 3) , (- 3, 17 + 18 3)
(h) (- 4--3- , 18 14
------ ), (2, 0)
27
(i) (-2, 0), (- 2--3- , - 32
------ )
27

(j) (0, 11), ( 5--3- , 6 10

------ )
27
(k) (-2, 25), (1, -2)
(l) (- 11
------ ,
3
14 22
------ ),
27
(1, -36)

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(i) (i) (j) (i) 10 (a) minimum at -3, maximum at -1, minimum at 3
f(x) = x2(2x – 1) y = -x2(3 – 2x)
y
(b) stationary point of inflection at -2, maximum at 1,
f(x)
stationary point of inflection at 3
11 E 12 A 13 C
1
2
14 (a) 2 = d 0 = a + b + c + d
(b) 0 = 3a + 2b + c (c) a = 1, b = 0, c = -3, d = 2
x
( 13 , -0.04) 112 x
(d) y = x3 – 3x + 2
(1, -1) f(x)
(-1, 4)
2
(ii) 0  x  0.33 (ii) 0  x  1
(k) (i) f(x) = -x3(5 – x) (l)(i) y = (x + 2)2(x – 3)2
-2 -1 1 x
f(x) y
( 12 , 39 161 )
36

5 x
15 (a) f(x) (b) y = x3 + 3x2
4

-2 3 x
(3.75, -65.9)
(ii) x  0, 0  x  3.75 (ii) x  -2 and 0.5  x  3
4 f(x) -3 -2 x
6

(c) 20 (d) -16

Exam focus 29 (p. 309): C
-3 1 2 x
Exercise 6.3 (p. 314)
1 (a) (i) (-2, 10) (1.5, 4) (5.5, -10) (9, 13)
(ii) {x: -∞  x  -2} ∪ {x: 5.5  x  9} (iii) -0.5
5 (a) y y = x5 – 3x2 (b) 0 (c) 216 (d) -4
(b) (i) (0, -5) (3.5, 3) (6.5, 10) (9.25, 0) (12, 8)
(ii) {x: 0  x  3.5} ∪ {x: 3.5  x  6.5} ∪
{x: 9.25  x  12} (iii) 2
2 (a) (i) -1.05 (ii) Maximums at (4.68, 1.64),
3 x (7.84, 1.38), minimums at (3.21, -0.06),
3
(1.06, -2.03)
(6.30, -0.52), (9.43, -0.68)
(iii) {x: 0  x  3.21} ∪ {x: 4.68  x  6.30} ∪
{x: 7.84  x  9.43}
6 (b) (i) -8.15 (ii) Maximums at (0.77, 8.81),
f(x)
(3.91, 8.11), (7.06, 7.51), minimums at (2.37, 0.44),
4
(5.51, -0.20), (8.65, -0.75)
(iii) {x: 0.77  x  2.37} ∪ {x: 3.91  x  5.51} ∪
{x: 7.06  x  8.65}
(c) (i) 1.48 (ii) Maximums at (0.52, 4.62),
-2 1 x (3.32, 10.98), (6.41, 14.60), (9.53, 17.39), minimums at
(1.28, 3.99), (4.56, 8.77), (7.74, 11.96)
(iii) {x: 0.52  x  1.28} ∪ {x: 3.32  x  4.56} ∪
{x: 6.41  x  7.74} ∪ {x: 9.53  x  10}
7 f(x)
(d) (i) -1.09 (ii) Maximums at (1.14, 4.95),
13 (3.73, -3.54), minimum at (2.06, 4.23)
10
(iii) {x: 1.14  x  2.06} ∪ {x: 3.73  x  10}
3 (a) 295.8 (b) 8.94 (c) 10.05 (d) 3.037
6 (e) 3.98 (f) 193.2 (g) 3.96 (h) 517.76
4 (a) 8.7 (b) 84.24 (c) 2.001 (d) 1.998
(e) 0.242 (f) 4.05 (g) 10.818 (h) 8.877
x 5 A 6 C 7 B
-3 -1 1 5
8 (i)(a) 7.937 (b) 7.874 (c) 7.810 (d) 7.746
(ii)(a) 7.938 (b) 7.875 (c) 7.813 (d) 7.75
(iii)(a) 0.013% (b) 0.013% (c) 0.038%
8 - 1--3- , -3, 2 9 1, -1, -8, 12
(d) 0.052% (iv) The larger the h value, the larger the
percentage error.

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 535 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

Exercise 6.4 (p. 320) (d) f (x)

1 (a) dy (b) dy
dx dx
2

x x -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-1

4 (a) {x: x  -0.5} (b) no values of x

π
(c) {x: ---  x  π} (d) R
(c) dy 2
dx 5 C 6 D 7 B
8 (a) f(x)

3 x -2 -1 2 4 x

2 (a) dy (b) dy
dx dx

x x -5
-2 3 -4 1

(b) x = -1 x = 2
(c) g(x)
(c) dy (d) dy
dx dx

-1 2 x

-1 2 x -1.5 2 4.5 x

Exam focus 30 (p. 322):

3 (a) f (x)
a. f ′(x)
3
4

-4 1 3 x

-2 -3 O 3 x

(b) f (x)

b. R\{0, 3}

x Exercise 6.5 (p. 328)

-1 5
1 37.5 m
2 (a) 35x − 2.5x2 − 45 (b) $77 500, $15 000
3 6.25 m2 4 r = 3.26 cm, h = 6.52 cm
5 A point 2.43 km from the surf club.
(c) f (x) 6 3.59% at 20.5 minutes 7 At 3.33 hours
8 r = 3.41 cm, h = 6.83 cm
9 (a) 10 − 2x (b) A = (10 − 2x)x (c) 12.5 m2
10 (a) 0  x  10 (b) 2030.34 cm3 (c) 2016 cm3
11 (a) 5, 5 (b) 5, 5
x 12 760.73 cm3 13 1 m2
-4 -2 2 4 5
14 2.12 m by 4.24 m
15 D 16 B 17 C
18 (b) 8w2 − 6w3 (c) 8--9- × 16
------ × 4--- m
9 3

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19 (a) 2.5 m, 3 hours from 8.00 a.m. at 11.00 a.m. Chapter Review (p. 341)
(b) 6 hours 1 (a) 745 239 (b) 1.812 × 1010
20 (a) L = 120 − 4x, w = 80 − 2x, h = x 3π
(b) V = 9600x − 560x2 + 8x3 (c) 0  x  30 2 (a) ---------- (b) 3
6
(d) 48516.84 cm3 (e) 48 000 cm3 3 (a) (-1, 4) maximum, (3, -28) minimum
Exam focus 31 (p. 330): (b) (0, 0) minimum, ( 7--3- , 343
--------- ) maximum
27
V (c) (-3, -27) minimum, (0, 0) stationary point of inflection
a. h = -------2-
πr 4 (a) f(x) = (2 – x)(x – 5) 2 (b) 50 (c) -4
V f(x) 0⭐x⭐6
c. r = 3 ------
2π 50
2
π ---
d. ( ------ + 20)V 3 cm 2
50

Exercise 6.6 (p. 334)

1 (a) 180 cm2/min (b) 3 (c) 2 cm3/cm
(d) 11 cm2/min (e) 1--9- (f) 25
------
2
2 5 6 x
2 2
5 25π h (3, -4)
2 --------- mm/s 3 ----------------- cm3/min
64π 144
4 50π cm2/min 5 5.1
25 25 6 f (x)
5 (a) --------- mL/s (b) --------- mL/s
16π 16π
6 (a) 224π cm2/min (b) 9π cm3/min
1 1
7 - --------- cm/s 8 D 9 A
288
2h 4πh 3 dh 375 x
10 (a) r = ------ (b) V = ------------ (c) ------ = - -----------2- 2 5
5 75 dt 4πh
dr 3
(d) ----- = - ------ cm/min (e) 89.4 minutes
dt 8π
5
7 96.23 cm3 8 --------- cm/min 9 y = - 1--6- x
Exam focus 32 (p. 335): A 2πr
10 3y + 15x + 25 = 0, 15y − 3x − 31 = 0
Exam focus 33 (p. 335): 2--3- cm/s 11 D 12 B 13 A 14 B 15 C 16 D
17 D 18 A 19 E 20 E 21 B 22 E
Exercise 6.7 (p. 339) 23 B 24 C 25 D 26 D
1 (a) y = 12x − 11, 12y + x − 158 = 0 8 2 40
27 (a) ------2 (b) 2w + ------
(b) y = -5x + 18, 5y − x − 12 = 0 w w
(c) y = -2x + 6, 2y − x − 7 = 0
(c) A
(d) y = -3x + 12, 3y − x − 26 = 0
(e) y = 9x − 1, 9y + x + 91 = 0
(f) y = 7x − 16, 7y + x + 212 = 0
(g) y = -x − 23, y = x − 19
(h) y = -17x − 11, 17y − x − 103 = 0
(i) y = -3x − 28, 3y − x + 24 = 0 (2.15, 27.85)
16 6351
(j) 32y − 138x − 29 = 0, y = - ------ x + ------------ w
69 1472
(k) 4y − 11x − 26 = 0, 88y + 32x − 709 = 0 (d) 1.73 m (e) 27.85 m2
(l) 10y − 81x + 118 = 0, 405y + 50x − 1882 = 0
2 For (2, -1) y = 2x − 5, 2y + x = 0 28 (a) y = 137x – 7x3 + 10x2 – 60
For (-2, 23) y = 2x + 27, 2y + x − 44 = 0 y
(3.07, 252.3)
3 y = 3x + 5 4 y = 2x + 1, 2y + x − 12 = 0
269 67
5 y = --------- , y = ------ 6 y = 3x + 3, y = - 1--3- x + 3
27 8
7 -12 8 y = 2x − 1 + 2 loge 2, 4y + 2x − 8 loge 2 − 1 = 0
9 y=x−1 10 3, -2 11 B 12 D 13 B
14 (a) y = 7x − 14 (b) (0, 6) (1, 0)
-4 0.43 5 x
(c) y = --15- x + 6, y = --15- x − --15- -60
dy
15 (a) (2, 0), (- 1--2- , 0), (3, 0), (0, 6) (b) ------ = 6x2 − 18x + 7
dx
(c) y = 7x + 6 (d) y = 1--5- x − 2--5- (e) (- 16 ------ , - 10
17
------ )
17
(-2.12, -238.8)
Exam focus 34 (p. 340): a = 18 (b) 54 (c) 13 (d) y = 93x + 12
18 1590
(e) (- ------ , - ------------ )
7 7
(f) 651y + 7x + 147 888 = 0
536 He i ne m a nn VCE Z O N E : M A T H E M A T I C A L M E T H O D S 3 & 4 CAS E N H A N C E D
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29 (a) a = 1, b = -3, c = 0, d = 0 1 e x – 1-
5 (a) e8x (b) -----
- (c) e2x(1 − e) (d) ------------
(b) f(x) (c) f (x) e 3x e 3x
ex + 1
(e) -------------
e 3x
1 6 (a) 4x + 1--- + ---- 1 1 + -----------
(b) ---------
- 1 -
2 x2 2 x 2 x3
x x
2 3 2 (c) 10(2x + 3)4 (d) -12e6x + 1 (e) 8 sin (4x + π)
10x
(f) ----------------
-
5x 2 – 1
-4
7 (a) -10x − 12x3 (b) sin2 x [sin x + 3(x + 1) cos x]
(c) esin x(cos2 x − sin x)
(d) x = 0 π 3π π 11π π 5π 13π 17π
8 (a) --- , ------ (b) --- , --------- (c) ------ , ------, ---------, ---------
2 2 6 6 12 12 12 12
Exam focus 35 (p. 346): π π 7π 3π π 5π π 2π 7π 5π
(d) --- , --- , ------, ------ (e) --- , ------ (f) --- , ------, ------, ------
a. i. f ′(x) = 2 cos(x) 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 3 6 3
ii. Maximum value = 2, minimum value = 0
π Exercise 7.1 (p. 357)
b. i. ------ ii. y = x − π
5π π
--- + 3 iii. ( --- – 3, 0), (0, 3 – --- )
3 3 3 3 x4 + c
1 (a) ---- x 3- + c
(b) ----- x 3 + 3x
(c) ----
2
-------- + 2x + c
4π 8 12 3 4
c. 2 3 + ------
3
(d) 3x – ---- x 3 + 3x 2 + c x 16
(e) ------ + c (f) 9x
5a2
------------- + c
π 5π π 6 16 5
d. x = --- + nπ or x = ------ + nπ; n ∈ Z; i.e. x = nπ ± --- ; n ∈ Z
6 6 6 4x 10 b 3 x 4 x 3 3x 2
(g) --------------- + c (h) ---- + ---- – -------- + c
5 2 3 2
Exam focus 36 (p. 346): x 3 x 4
a. m = 8000 (i) x 2 – ---- – ---- + c
3 4
b. C 5--- 7---

10 000 4x 2 8x 4 1
− ---
1
2 (a) -------- + c (b) -------- + c (c) +c (d) − -------3- + c
5 7 x 3x
−6 −8
1 1
8 000 (e) x+c (f) x+c (g) − --- + -------2- + c
x 2x
10 13
------ ------
6 000 1
− --------
2 x3 3x 3 6x 3
(h) – ------------ + c (i) ---------- – ---------- + c
2x 2 3 10 13
5--- 7---
4 000 2x 2 6x 2 x 2m x 2m + 3
-+c
(j) -------- + ------- (k) -------- + c (l) ----------------- + c
5 7 2m 2m + 3
x2 3 3
3 (a) ---- – 1--- + c (b) x---- – x – 1--- + c (c) x---- + 1--- + c
2 000
2 x 3 x 3 x
5---
x3 2x 2
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 t hours (d) ---- – 2x – 1--- + c (e) -------- – 2 x + c
3 x 5
c. 0 when t = 10 and t = 14
5---
d. 9.20 am 2x 2 5x 2 2
e. 2 hours 40 minutes (f) -------- + 2 x + c (g) -------- + x + c (h) 3x
-------- – --x- + c
5 2 4 2
f. i. p = 10, q = 1.5 ii. 40 minutes 37.5 seconds
x2
g. 3.75 seconds to spare (i) ---- – x + c
2
1- 1-
Chapter 7 4 (a) -----
10
(2x + 3) 5 + c (b) -----
12
(3x – 1) 4 + c
x 1---
(c) (4 – --- ) 4 + c (d) (1 – 2x) 3 + c
Prep Zone (p. 350) 2 6

1 (a) 1 − 2x + x2 (b) 4x2 + 4x + 1 (c) x4 + 2x2 + 1 − --1- (1

x
(e) – 4x) -2 + c (f) − 3(5 – --- ) -3 + c
(d) x − 2x + x
4 3 2 8 3
2 (a) (x + 4)(x + 1) (b) -(2x + 3)(x − 2) 1 1
(g) ---------------------3 + c (h) − ------------------------- +c
1 3(3 – x) 4(2x + 3) 2
(c) --- (x 3 + 3x 4 + 1)
x 2
1 (i) -------------------------2 + c
3 (a) e6x + ex (b) e2x − 2e3x + e4x (c) e 2x – -----
- 3(3x + 2)
e 2x 3
---
5 1 1 2x 2 3x 2
5
4 (a) 3x + 4 − ---
12
(b) x2 − 1 − -----2- (c)
---
x2 +
---
2x 2 +
- ---
5x 2 5 y = -------- + -------- + 1
x x 3 2

ans we rs 537
 10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 538 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

5
---
7
--- x π
6 (a) 1
--- (2x – 4) 2 + c (b) 2
------ (6x – 1) 4 + c 2 (a) - 1--4- cos 4x + 4 cos --- + c (b) 5 sin (x – --- ) + c
5 21 2 2
3--- 4--- π π
(c) − 1--- (1 – 2x) 2 + c (d) 1---
(3x + 1) 3 + c (c) 2 sin (x + --- ) + c
1-
-- 3-
(d) - 2 cos (2x + --- ) + c
--
3 4 3 4
2
--- π
(e) − 3--- (5 – x) 3 + c (f) 2 2x – 5 + c
1
(e) --6- cos (3x – --- ) + c (f) --3- sin (2π − x) + c
1
2 4
k π
(g) −5 1 – 2x + c (h) − ------------------------------------------------ +c (g) -2 sin (π − x) + c (h) θ + 2--3- cos 3(θ – --- ) + c
(n – 1) a(ax + b) n – 1 3
a π
(i) − ----------------------------------------------- +c (i) 2θ + --18- cos 4(θ + --- ) + c
(n – 1) k(kx – b) n – 1 4
2x 3
7 f(x) = -------- + 1--- – 17 ------ 8 C 9 D 10 B 3 f(x) = 1--2- sin (2x − π) + 1
3 x 6
1--- x x
11 E 12 A 13 A 4 (a) 3
sin 3x + 4 cos --- + c (b) − 1--2- cos 2x – 12 sin --- + c
2 4
(3x + 5) 5
14 (a) ---------------------- + c x
15 (c) − 1--- cos 5x – 6 sin --- + c
5
(d) sin x + 1--6- cos 2x + c
2
(b) 81x4 + 540x3 + 1350x2 + 1500x + 625
x
81
(c) ------ x 5 + 135x4 + 450x3 + 750x2 + 625x + c (e) ex − 3 sin --- + c (f) 1--3- e 3x + 1--2- cos 2x + c
5 3
x 2 3--- 2x
(3x + 5) 5 81 5
---------------------- = ------ x + 135x4 + 450x3 + 750x2 + 625x + 208 1--3- (g) ---- + 2 cos ----- + 1--5- sin 5x + c
15 5 2 3
They are equal, but the constant of integration is different. x 3 1--- 3x
(h) ---- + 4 cos 4x – 1--3- sin ----- + c
3 2
Exam focus 37 (p. 358): A
3–2 2
5 f(x) = sin 3x + -------------------
2---
Exercise 7.2 (p. 361) 3 6
6 D 7 B 8 C 9 A
1 (a) --1- e 4x +
4
c (b) --1- e 7x
7
+c (c) 6e0.5x + c 5π
sin (3x + ------)
4e 1.5x e 2x
− ------
e 4x
− ------
cos 3x 2
(d) ------------- + c (e) +c (f) +c 10 (a) - --------------- + -------------------------------- + c (b) 0
3 6 8 3 3
e -3x e 3 – 2x 3x 2
(g) − -------- + c (h) − ------------ +c (i) e------ + ----x + c 5π
(c) sin (3x + ------) = cos 3x due to the fact
3 2 3 --- 2
e2 π
x cos x = sin (x + --- ) ∴ (x) = 0
--- 1 e 5x 2 x 3 2
(j) 2e 2 + --------- -+c (k) ------ – ------------ + c
2e 2x 5 3 sin 2 x 1 -
11 (a) --------------
- (b) -------------- − 1 = sec2 x − 1 (c) tan x − x + c
e 7x e 2x cos 2 x cos 2 x
(l) ------ – 2 x 3 + c (m) 1--- 5x + 1
5
e +c (n) ------ – e -x + c
7 2
(o) 1--3- e -5 + 3x + c
Exercise 7.4 (p. 368)
1 (a) 4 loge |x| + c (b) -3 loge |x| + c (c) -2 loge |x| + c
e 2x
2 (a) e x – ------ + c (b) x − e-x + c (d) 5 loge |x| + c (e) 1--5- loge |x| + c
2
(f) 2 loge |x + 3| + c (g) -2 loge |x − 1| + c
e 5x e 3x e 2x e 5x e 3x e 2x
(c) ------ + ------ – ------ – x + c (d) ------ + ------ + ------ + x + c (h) 2 loge |2x − 1| + c (i) 2 loge |3x + 2| + c
5 3 2 5 3 2
--x- e 2x
e – 2x
(e) 4x + 4e -x – -------- + c
x e – 2x
(f) --- + -------- + c 2 (a) 2e 2 − loge |x| + c (b) ------ + loge |x| + c
2 2 4 2
1
x 1 e 2x
x 2 (c) 3 loge |x − 3| − --- + c (d) 2 loge |x + 1| − 2--- + c
(g) 3e + --------- -+c (h) ------ + 5e + c (i) − ----x – 2x + c x x
2e 2x 2 e
(j) e2x − 6ex + c x----2 x----3
(e) + 2x + loge |x| + c (f) − 3x + 2 loge |x| + c
1 2–e 2 3
3 (a) f(x) = e x + ----x (b) ----------- 5
e e (g) x + 6 loge |x| − --- + c (h) x − 3 loge |x| − 7--- + c
4 D 5 D 6 B 7 C x x
t5 (i) loge|3x + 4| + c
8 (a) a = 3 (b) f(t) = 3et + ---- − 3t + 2 (c) (-1.20, 6.01) 3 C 4 B
5
5 (a) a = 3 (b) x = 1 (c) y = 1
Exercise 7.3 (p. 365) (d) c = 1 − 3 loge 3; f(x) = 3 loge (2x + 1) + 1 − 3 loge 3
x Exercise 7.5 (p. 370)
1 (a) - 1--5- cos 5x + c (b) - 3 cos --- + c (c) - 2--3- cos 3θ + c
3
1 3(x + 1)2, 1--3- (x + 1) 3 + c
3x 5x
(d) 3
--- cos 2θ + c (e) 2--9- cos ----- + c (f) - 2--5- cos ----- + c 2 cos x − x sin x, sin x − x cos x + c
2 2 4
12x 1---
-, loge (6x2 + 1) + c
3 ----------------
(g) 3 sin --x- + c (h) --1-
2
sin 2x + c (i) --1-
2
sin 8x + c 6x 2 + 1 6
3
sin x
(j) - 2--3- sin 3x + c (k) - 1--3- sin 2x + c (l) 3
------ sin 4x + c 4 - ------------, -loge cos x + c
16 cos x

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5 -sin x ecos x, -2ecos x + c 16 (a) (8.24, 5), i.e. width 8.24 m

6 (a) A (b) C (c) A (b) f(h)
x2 x2 x2
7 (a) 2x loge x + x (b) ---- loge x − ---- = ---- (loge x − 1--2- ) + c h(x)
2 4 2 5 (8.24, 5)
x2
(c) f(x) = ---- (loge x − 2 ) + 2 --4-
1--- 1
2
8 (a) -3 cos2 x sin x (b) 1--3- cos3 x − cos x + c
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 h
(c) f(x) = 1--3- cos3 x − cos x + π − 2--3-

Exam focus 38 (p. 370): sin(3x) cos(3x)

----------------- – x---------------------- (c) Turning point (5.46, -3.66) : area = 71.36 m2
9 3
(d) 19.43 m2 (e) 51.93 m2
Exercise 7.6 (p. 373)
1 41 units2 2 0.95  A  1.28 Exam focus 40 (p. 387): a = 4, m = 6, n = -2
3 loge 120 units2
Exercise 7.9 (p. 391)
4 121.243  A  319.26 5 D 6 E
7 (a) 11, 111 units2 (b) 111, 110 units2 8 2
1 ---------- units2 2 10 --23- units2 3 8 units2
(c) 61 110.5 units2 3
(d) 23 123.534 units2; 73 123.034 units2; 48 123.284 units2 4 21 units2 5 4 units2 6 9 units2
(e) h × f(x); h × f(x + h) 1
- units2
7 6 -----
12
8 0.3333 units 2 9 18 units2
8 (a) 8.1 m, 6.4 m, 4.9 m, 3.6 m, 2.5 m, 1.6 m, 0.9 m, 0.4 m, 10 334.5332 units 2 11 D 12 D
0.1 m, 0 m, 0.1 m, 0.4 m, 0.9 m, 1.6 m, 2.5 m, 3.6 m, 4.9 m, 13 (a) and (b)
6.4 m, 8.1 m (b) 57 m2 (c) 77 m2 (d) at first lower
y
rectangles are the right rectangles and then they change to (5, 18)
left rectangles and the reverse is true for upper rectangles. 18
This is because of the symmetry of the graph.
x = -3
Exercise 7.7 (p. 379)
1 (a) 3 (b) 7.5 (c) 222 (d) 43 (e) -3 11
------
15
1- 1-
(f) -24.75 (g) 1 -----
15
(h) 2 -----
12
(i) 8 2--3- (j) 2 2 – 2
(k) 2 5 – 2 3 (l) 18 --23- – log e 3 (m) log e ( --23- ) + 9 --23-
g(x) = -0.6x2 + 6x + 3
2 log e ( --74- ) 3 log e 3 5 + √30
(n) --------------------- (o) ------------------
- (p) 1 − loge 2 5 − √30
3 2
(q) 2 loge 5 + 4 (r) -4 (s) 2 2 (t) -3 (u) -4
2 (a) -1.119 (b) -0.5055 (c) 21 832 405.19 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
(d) -0.3975 (e) 8.2784 (f) 0.2995 -1
(-0.61, -0.87) -loge 3
3 (a) 9 (b) -6 (c) 5 (d) -1 (e) 1 (f) -6 f(x) = -loge (x + 3) (10.86, -2.63)
4 -6 5 D 6 B 7 A
x3
8 (a) ---- + x2 – x + c
3
3
(c) 153.79 units2
8 a3 14
(b) --- + 4 – 2 – a----- – a2 + a = -a2 – ----- + a + ------
3 3 3 3 Exam focus 41 (p. 393): D
(c) a = -4.3681
2 cos x Exam focus 42 (p. 393):
9 (a) ----------------- (b) 0.0775
sin x a. y = -2x + 2
--1-
Exam focus 39 (p. 380): E b. 2e 2 − 2

Exercise 7.8 (p. 385) Exercise 7.10 (p. 397)

1 9.45 units2 2 2 units2 3 a = 13.5 1 (a) f(x) (b) f(x)
4 85 1--3- units2 5 0.5493 units2
1--- 15
6 3
(e – 1) units2 7 3.5835 units2 8 21 1--3- units2 x
1
9 430 1--3-
units2 10 85 11
------ units2
12
11 4 units2
12 10 units2 13 a = 1.3115 14 C 15 D -2
x
2

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(c) f(x) (e) f(x)

3 x x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(f) f(x)
2 (a) f(x) (b) f(x)
3

x
-1 0 2 3 x
x

4 A 5 B 6 A 7 C
(c) f(x) 8 y
(1, 5)

2
x
(4, 1)

-2 0 2 4 6 x
3 (a) f(x)

9 (a) between 5 and 6 minutes

(b) Displacement
(km)
0 2 7 x

(b) f(x)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (min)
1 0 2 4 x

(c) f(x) Chapter Review (p. 399)

x4 3 −5
1 (a) ---- + 2x -------- + 4x + c (b) ------------------------3- + c
4 3 9(3x + 1)
x3
(c) ---- + 3x + 2 loge x + c
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
2 1 307 616.55 bacteria
π
3 (a) P = 20 sin (t − --- ) + 30
2
(d) f(x)
(b) Between 12.566 and 25.133 months and 50.265 and
62.832 months. Pattern lasts for 12.567 months and occurs
every 37.699 months.
4 f(x) = -2 loge (3 – 2x) + 6
4x -, 1---
5 ---------------- log e 23
------
2x 2 + 5 2 5

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

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10_MM3_4CASEN_ANSW Page 541 Wednesday, April 22, 2009 11:32 AM

6 (a) y (b) 52 units2 (d) (i) H (km)

(c) 80 units2
2.23

1.70
4
H2 = 1.8e -x + 0.43
H = 1.271e -x + 0.429
x = -1.587 0.43

x 0.8 x (km)
-2 -1 1 2

(ii) Underestimated by 0.2905 km2

Exam focus 43 (p. 407): A
3
7 (a) --- log e ( 5--2- ) (b) -1 (c) 37.5
2 Exam focus 44 (p. 408):
8 (a) 38 1--4- units 2 (b) 4.859 3+ 5
9 (a) a = -2, b = 2, c = 5 (b) 5.854 b. a = loge ( ----------------)
2
10 1.448 units2
c. i. x -0.5 0 0.5
11 (a) y
f(x) y 0.74 1.00 0.74

5 ii. 1.2 iii. V =1.2 × w × m

km2
4
d. i. y = 1 − x2 ii. 1.33 km2
(-1, 4) e. 0 < k ≤ --94-
Exam focus 45 (p. 409):
6–2 3
a. -------------------
x
3
-3 -2 -1 1 1 2

f(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
∫
b. i. 2 (g(x) – f(x)) dx + 2 (f(x) – g(x)) dx or
0
∫
1
1 2
(b) y
5
g(x)
∫ (g(x) – f(x))dx + ∫ (f(x) – g(x))dx +
0 1
4 3 4
(1, 2 79 )
3
2
∫ (g(x) – f(x))dx + ∫ (f(x) – g(x))dx
ii. 2 units2 2 3
1 (3, 1) c. 1.08 when x = 0.38 or x = 3.62
0 x d. i. A translation of 3 units to the left and a reflection in the
1 2 3 4 5
x-axis (or vice versa) OR A reflection in the y-axis followed
by a translation of 1 unit to the right OR A translation of
4x 3 2
g(x) = -------- – 8x
-------- + 4x + 1 1 unit to the left followed by a reflection in the y-axis.
9 3 ii. y = -2(x + 3)(x + 1)(x − 1) or y = 2(x + 3)(x + 1)(x − 1)
12 E 13 B 14 C 15 C 16 A 17 E
18 E 19 B 20 E 21 D 22 B 23 C
24 D 25 C 26 A 27 E 28 D 29 C
Chapter 8
30 D 31 D 32 E 33 A Prep Zone (p. 412)
4--- 1---
34 (a) a = -1, h = 0, k = 81 1 7
2 2
π π
(b) A = 5, B = --- , C = --- 3 (a) Outcomes Probability
(c) 19.10 m 2 6 2
2 1 1
(d) 28 647.9 m3 1 Blue H, Blue 3 4 = 6
1
π π 4
(e) (i) A = 5, B = ------ , C = --- (ii) 5.09 m 4
Black H, Black
2
3
1
4 =
1
6
2a 2 H
35 (a) k = -3h2 2 1 Green H, Green
2
3
1
4 =
1
6
1
(b) (i) h = 2, k = -12 (ii) 96 tourists/day 3
4
4
2 1 1
(c) P = (t − 2)3 − 12t + 2033 White H, White 3 4 = 6
(d) 28 268 1 1 1
1 1 Blue T, Blue 3 2 = 6
(e) 26 028 3 2 1
3 1 1 1
(f) After 3.5 months, i.e. in April 2004. T Black T, Black 3 3 = 9
36 (a) A = 1.7 − C 1
1 1 1
(b) A = 1.271, C = 0.429 6 White T, White 3 6 = 18
(c) (i) H = 1.271 e-x + 0.431 (ii) 0.0016 km2 Sample space = {H, Blue; H, Black; H, Green;
(iii) 480 000 m3 H, White; T, Blue; T, Black; T, White} (b) 1--3- (c) 1---
6

ans we rs 541
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1
4 --------
- 7
5 -----
- 6 x = 3, y = -2 13 (a) x 0 1 2 3
243 13
7 (a) 35 (b) 210 Pr(X = x) 8
--------
125
36
--------
125
54
--------
125
27
--------
125
8 (a) 120 (b) 60 54- 98- 81- 44-
(b) --------
125
(c) --------
125
(d) --------
125
(e) --------
125
Exercise 8.1 (p. 415) (f) They add to 1 because, between them, they cover all the
1 (a) 3--8- (b) --87- (c) 1--4- (d) 1--2- (e) 1--6- possibilities.
14 (a)
2 (a) Yes (b) No, sum > 1 (c) Yes
(d) No, negative probability (e) Yes (f) Yes x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 (a) 2--9- (b) 1--6- (c) 2--9- 12
1-
(d) ----- Pr(X = x) 1
-----
4
-----
6
-----
8
-----
11
-----
12
-----
14
-----
8
-----
9
-----
4
-----
4
-----
81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81
4 (a) D (b) C (c) D (d) C (e) D (f) C (b) 76
------ (c) 10
------ (d) 7---
(e) 54
------
(g) C (h) D (i) D (j) D (k) D (l) D 81 27 9 73

5 (a) 0, 1, 2 Exercise 8.2 (p. 424)

(b) x 0 1 2 1 (a) 4.3 (b) 0.5 (c) 4 17 ------
18
(d) 1 1--4-
Pr(X = x) 0.49 0.42 0.09 2 (a) a = 0.1, b = 0.3 (b) i = 0.1, j = 0.25
1
(c) 0.42 (d) 0.51 20
- , j = 1---
(c) i = ----- 5
(d) a = 1--5- , b = 1--3-
3 (a) 1.55 (b) 0.1 (c) -0.95 (d) 1.6
6 (a) x 2 3 4
4 (a) (i) 3.3 (ii) 2.61 (b) (i) 6.9 (ii) 1.79
Pr(X = x) 0.3 0.6 0.1 5 1.4663
6 (a) 1.024 (b) 0.98
(b) Pr(X = x) 1-
7 (a) (i) ----- (ii) 3 5--6- (b) (i) ----- 1- 1-
(ii) -1 -----
24 20 10
0.6
8 (a) 4 7--8- (b) 10 5--8- (c) 14 3--4- (d) 21 3--4-
0.5
9 The first package of a retainer of $200 and $650 per car is
0.4 marginally better.
0.3 10 (a) 3 1--2- (b) (i) 0.73 to 6.27
0.2 (ii) None of the values on the die should be considered an
unusual outcome.
0.1
11 (a) w = 10 (b) 1.6475 (c) 1.28 (d) 6.59
0.0 (e) 14.8275
2 3 4 x 1-
12 (a) k = -----20
(b) 1 1--2- (c) 1 3--4- (d) 1.3229
7 (a)
13 D 14 E
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 (a) (i) -$1 (ii) -$5 (b) Heart
Pr(X = x) 36
1
-----
18
1
-----
12
1
----- 1
--
9 36
5
----- 1
--
6
5
-----
36
1
--
9
1
-----
12
1
-----
18
1
-----
36 (c) x -5 -1 p
(b) 13-
----- (c) --5- (d) --5- Pr(X = x) 1
-
4
1
-
2
1
-
4
18 6 6

8 (a) t 0 1 2 (d) 7 (e) Enrico must charge more than $7 if he wishes

to make a profit.
Pr(T = t) 0.25 0.5 0.25
16 (a) 3
D DD
9
5 25
(b) Pr(T = t)
D 3
0.5 3
5 D DED
18
5 2 125
E
0.4 5
2 E DEE
12
125
5
0.3 3
18
3
5 D EDD 125
0.2 2 5
D
12
5
2 E EDE 125
0.1 E 5

2 4
0.0 5 E EE 25
0 1 2 t
(b) x 2 3
9 (a) x 1 8 27 64 125 216
Pr(X = x) 13
----- 12
------
-
Pr(X = x) 1
--
6
1
--
6
1
--
6
1
--
6
1
--
6
1
--
6
25 125

2
(c) 2 12
(d) Expected result can never occur; tennis is
------
25
(b) ---
3 played in whole sets.
10 E 11 B
17 (a) x 1 3 5
12 (a) x 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 16 25 36
Pr(X = x) 5
-
9
1
-
3
1
-
9
Pr(X = x) 1
-- 1
-----
1
----- 1
--
1
----- 1
----- 1
----- 1
----- 1
----- 1
-----
6 12 12 6 12 12 12 12 12 12
(b) E(X) = 2 1--9- (c) $ 2 1--9-
3--- 1--- 1---
(b) 4
(c) 4
(d) 2

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(d) This is about $2.11—it is unlikely that this would be 13 (a)

the cost of any game. x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
25 25 5 25
18 (a) (i) --------
216
- (ii) --------
216
- (iii) --------
216
- (iv) --------
216
-
Pr(X = x) 0.1001 0.2670 0.3115 0.2076 0.0865 0.0231 0.0038 0.0004 0
5- 5- 1-
(v) -------- (vi) -------- (vii) -------- (viii) 125
---------
216 216 216 216 (b) 2 (c) 1.2247 (d) -0.4494 to 4.4494 (e) 97.27%
(b) $ 1 1--3- [$1.35] (c) 1---
$ 1 3 [$1.35] (f) (i) 1.1716 to 6.8284
19 (a) 3 (b) 1 (ii)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(c) m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pr(X = x) 0.004 0.03125 0.1094 0.2188 0.2734 0.2188 0.1094 0.0313 0.004
Pr(M = m) 0.06 0.13 0.21 0.3 0.1 0.09 0.07 0.04
(iii) 92.98%
(d) 4 (e) E(M) = E(X) + E(Y)
(g) (i) 2.5019 to 7.8981
Exam focus 46 (p. 428): A (ii)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 8.3 (p. 438)
Pr(X = x) 0.0002 0.0033 0.0217 0.0808 0.1875 0.2786 0.2587 0.1373 0.0319
1 (a) 0.0078 (b) 0.0746 (c) 0.2965 (d) 0.1146
2 0.1782 (iii) 94.29%
3 (a) 0.042 (b) 0.999 89 (h) All three distributions were very close to having 95% of
4 (a) 0.0746 (b) 0.050 95 their values within two standard deviations of the mean.
5 (a) (i) 1 (ii) 1 (b) (i) 1 (ii) 1 (c) (i) 5 (ii) 5 As the number of values increased we would expect to see
6 (a) 0.0918 (b) 3.626 × 10-4 (c) 0.0485 (d) 0.0108 results closer to the prediction.
7 0.2157 8 0.0834 9 0.146
10 No, the probability of success (heart) is not constant. Exercise 8.5 (p. 449)
11 B 12 B 1 There would be 558 Alawis customers and 592 Carapace
13 (a) 0.3025 (b) 0.0109 (c) 0.1176 (d) 0.343 customers (or 557 and 593 respectively).
(e) 0.003 97 (f) 0.1297 2 (a) 0.239 (b) 0.762 (c) 0.238
14 (a) (i) 0.0115 (ii) 0.0576 (iii) 0.1369 (iv) 0.2054 3 (a) Brown Black Blue
(v) 0.2182 (b) 0.6296 Brown 0 0 --1-
(c) Binomial cdf n = 20, p = 0.2, lower bound 0, 3
2--- 2---
upper bound 4, gives 0 to 296 Black 3
0 3
(d) 0.3704 Blue 1---
1 0
3
15 (a) x 0 1 2 3 4 5 (b) Marie Pat
Pr(X = x) 0.4437 0.3915 0.1382 0.0244 0.0022 7.59 × 10-5 Marie 0.75 0.4
(b) 0.996 Pat 0.25 0.6

Exam focus 47 (p. 440): C (c) Whiter Superbrite

Whiter 0.72 0.17
Exam focus 48 (p. 441): 5-
-----
16
Superbrite 0.28 0.83
Exercise 8.4 (p. 443) --1- ;
4 (a) Brown: Black: Blue: 0 --2- ;
3 3
1 (a) (i) 14 (ii) 4.2 (iii) 2.05 (b) Pat has a 38% chance of winning
(b) (i) 55 (ii) 24.75 (iii) 4.97 (c) 39.8% use Whiter and 60.2% use Superbrite.
(c) (i) 33 1--3- (ii) 11 1--9- (iii) 3 1--3- 0.615 0.378
5 (a) (b)
(d) (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.475 (iii) 0.689 0.385 0.622
(e) (i) 20 (ii) 4 (iii) 2 6 (a) D (b) B
(f) (i) 16 (ii) 9.6 (iii) 3.098
2 (a) 31.8, say 32 (b) 25 and 39 females 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4
7 (a) (i) 0.3 0.5 0.5 (ii) 0.3
3 (a) p = 1--3- (b) p = 0.1 (c) n = 35 (d) n = 25
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
4 (a) n = 12, p = 0.4, so X ~ Bi(12, 0.4)
(b) Two 30.4%; Purple 43.8%; Moa 25.8%
(b) n = 20, p = 0.1, so X ~ Bi(20, 0.1)
(c) Two 6080; Purple 8760; Moa 5160
(c) n = 30, p = 0.15, so X ~ Bi(30, 0.15)
(d) All three companies appear viable.
(d) n = 50, p = 0.22, so X ~ Bi(50, 0.22)
(e) n = 100, p = 0.65, so X ~ Bi(100, 0.65) 0.305
(f) n = 150, p = 0.275, so X ~ Bi(150, 0.275) The steady state matrix is 0.439
5 (a) n = 64, p = 0.75 (b) 48 ± 4 3 0.256
6 0.42 7 10 to 24 Exam focus 49 (p. 451): 0.49
8 3 to 9 9 0.367 10 p = 0.4 or 0.6
11 B 12 D

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Chapter Review (p. 452) π π

6 (a) --- (b) ---
1 (a) 2 2
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 (a) 3.375 m (b) 2.19 m (c) 3.126 m
Pr(X = x) 16
1
-----
16
2
----- 3
-----
16
4
-----
16
3
-----
16
2
-----
16
1
-----
16
8 D 9 B
1-
10 (a) ----- (b) (i) 0.2212 (ii) 0.5273 (iii) 0.3221
(b) 5 (c) 2 1--2- 10
(c) 10 (d) 100 (e) 0.6321
2 (a) 0.25 (b) 1.8875 (c) -1.25 (d) 1.45
11 (a) k = 12 (b) 0.65 (c) 0.636 (d) 0.583
(e) 16.9875
(e) 0.9492 (f) 0.649 (g) 0.313
3 (a) $0.50 (b) 0.046
4 (a) 0.2150 (b) 0.1416 Exam focus 50 (p. 466):
5 (a) 0.8 (b) 40
a. 1--3-
6 (a) (i) 25 (ii) 16.34 to 33.66
(b) Would expect, with 95% confidence, between 17 and b. a = 10
33 tails in 100 tosses Exam focus 51 (p. 467): C
7 (a) 0.173 (b) 5.25
(c) The probability of scoring 10 points is small (0.0096) Exercise 9.2 (p. 471)
and this is also outside the range of two standard 1 (a) 39 to 51 seconds (b) 16% (c) 0.15%
deviations from the mean, so the result would be 2 (a) 8 to 12 (b) 6 to 14 (c) 4 to 16
surprising. 3 (a) 95% (b) 0.15% (c) 50% (d) 83.85%
0 0.25 1--3- 0.5 4 93 5 16% 6 D 7 B
0.85 0.4 0 0 1---
0.5 8 (a) (i) 97 to 103 g (ii) 100 to 108 g
3
8 (a) (b) (b) (i) 94 to 106 g (ii) 96 to 112 g
0.15 0.6 0.5 0.25 0 0 (c) (i) 91 to 109 g (ii) 92 to 116 g
0.5 0.5 1---
0 (d) Machine B—it is likely to have more chips in it.
3
9 457 10 D 11 C 12 B 13 B 14 E 9 (a) Interval Frequency
15 A 16 D 17 D 18 A 19 C 20 A 1.50–1.55 1
21 D 22 B 23 D 24 E 25 D 1.55–1.60 1
26 (a) E (b) B
1.60–1.65 1
27 (a) t = ± 1--4-
1.65–1.70 3
(b) x 1 2 3 4 5
1.70–1.75 18
Pr(X = x) 0.125 0.25 0.125 0.375 0.125 1.75–1.80 22
(c) 3.125 (d) 1.61 (e) 50 trials are conducted with a 1.80–1.85 14
probability of success of 0.2 (f) 10 (g) 2.83
1.85–1.90 8
28 (a) 0.75 (b) X ~ Bi(30, 0.75) (c) 22.5
(d) This would be unusual as it is outside the 95% 1.90–1.95 1
confidence limit. (e) 0.5625 1.95–2.00 1
(f) x 0 1 2 Frequency
Pr(X = x) 0.0625 0.375 0.5625
25
Chapter 9 20

Prep Zone (p. 458) 15

1 (a) C (b) D (c) D (d) C
2 (a) 24 (b) 3 (c) 15 2
-----
- (d) 250 --56- 10
3 (a) Maximum value of 4 occurs when x = 2 5
16 2
(b) Maximum value of ---------- occurs when x = - -------
3 3 3
4 (a) x = ±2.3 (b) −3  x  3 (c) x  −2.5 ∪ x  2.5 0 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2.0
5 (a) 3--5- (b) 1--2- Height (m)
6 (a) 8 (b) 0.2 (c) 1.265 (b) The histogram shows a distinct bell shape although it
7 (a) 0.088 (b) 0.000 864 (c) 0.316 is not perfectly symmetrical. However, it would seem
reasonable to at least entertain the notion that the sample
Exercise 9.1 (p. 464) does follow a normal distribution.
1 (a) 0.7292 (b) 0.3125 (c) 0.9375 (d) 0.1406 (c) mean = 1.765 m standard deviation = 0.074
2 (a) 1.875 (b) 0.7806 (d) (i) 61.4% (ii) 94.29% (iii) 98.6%
3 (a) 1.682 (b) 2 (e) The closest result was the two standard deviation range
4 (a) 0.16 (b) 0.65 (c) 0.2744 but this is not surprising as every distribution has
5 (a) 1
--- (b) 0.5 (c) 5
--- approximately 95% of values within two standard
6 6
deviations of the mean. The other results are not close

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enough to the expected values to support the hypothesis Chapter Review (p. 490)
that the heights followed a normal distribution. Even 1 (a) 0.1 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.7
although height is supposed to be normally distributed, 2 No; the function is not  0 for all of the values of the
that does not mean any particular sample (like this one) domain.
will necessarily be normally distributed as well. 3 (a) 3 18 ≈ 2.621 (b) 3 36 ≈ 3.302
Exam focus 52 (p. 473): D 4 (a) 0.16 (b) 25 jars
5 (a) -1 (b) -0.5 (c) 0.75 (d) 2
Exercise 9.3 (p. 481) 6 (a) 0.125 (b) -0.253 (c) -0.674
Note that answers may differ in the last decimal place, 7 (a) 27.08, 32.92 (b) 35.70
depending on which process you use. 8 (a) 126.55 (b) 115.73
1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 2--3- (d) 1--3- (e) - 1--3- (f) - 2--3- 9 (a) 77.74, say 78 (b) Find 1 − Pr(X  100); 1.61%
(c) 85, 95.5, say 85 and 95 (remember, must be above the
(g) -1 1--3- (h) -2 (i) 0.4 (j) - 17
------
30
(k) 1.267 mean)
(l) -1.2 10 B 11 E 12 B 13 B 14 D 15 D
2 (a) 0.4602 (b) 0.3085 (c) 0.0062 16 D 17 B 18 D 19 A 20 E
3 (a) 0.0923 (b) 0.6904 (c) 0.7074 (d) 0.9295 21 (a) It is reasonable because f(x)  0 for the values in the
(e) 0.3345 (f) 0.3057 domain and the integral evaluates to 1.
4 (a) 0.632 (b) 1.581 (c) -1.581 (d) -0.949 (b) (i) 0.75 (ii) 0.1443 (iii) 0.5615
(e) -2.055 (f) -1.075 (g) 0.411 (h) 0.885 (c) 0.6619 (d) 0.2159
(i) -0.047 (j) -0.427 (k) 0.300 (l) 0.364 22 (a) 0.1342 (b) 0.0289 (c) 0.1631 (d) 0.0299
5 (a) 0.9332 (b) 0.6554 (c) 0.8944 (d) 0.6915 (e) 139.6 and 160.4
6 (a) 0.0217 (b) 0.8343 23 (a) 500 g − 513.16 g; 1 kg − 1013.16 g; 2 kg − 2013.16 g
7 (a) 2.28% (b) 0.0456 (c) 516.405 (b) 1004.87 g and 1021.45 g (c) 98.15, say about 98
8 C 9 B (d) 0.4354
10 (a) Pr(69.5  C  70.5) = 0.121,
Pr(74.5  L  75.5) = 0.0334. Lester has done better; his Exam focus 56 (p. 494):
score has a lower probability of being achieved; it is located a. i. 0.036 ii. 0.268
further away from the mean. b. 0.364
(b) Charlie’s score is one standard deviation below the c. y (1.42, 1.54)
mean, so Lester would need to score 77 to equal this
performance.
11 (a) 0.6915 (b) 0.4013 (c) 0.1056 (d) 0.884
12 (a) (i) gives 68.27% (ii) gives 95.45%
(iii) gives 99.73% for example
(b) Pr(μ − σ  X  μ + σ) becomes
Pr(-1  Z  1) and the result follows.
Exam focus 53 (p. 483): A
O 1 2 t
Exam focus 54 (p. 483):
a. 0.16
b. 0.34 d. 0.191
c. 0.32 e. 0.41
f. 88 minutes
Exercise 9.4 (p. 488)
Exam focus 57 (p. 495):
1(a) 1.99 m (b) 1.62 m
2(a) 57.59 kg (b) 69.85 kg a. y
3(a) 0.842 (b) 0.253 (c) -0.524
4(a) -0.253 (b) 0.915 (c) 0.468 (d) -1.476
0.1
5(a) 1.44 (b) 1.96 (c) 1.555 (d) 1.645
6(a) 71 and 79
(b) 67.4, so 67 (round down to be generous)
(c) 79.98, so 79 (same)
7 37.432 8 A 9 C
10 (a) 88.4, so need to score 89 O
(b) 85.04, so need to score 85 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 t
(c) 81.7, so need to score 82 7
b. ---
8
11 (a) 3.189 kg (b) 1.863 kg (c) 2.003 kg 1---
(d) 2.870 kg c. 7
d. 0.9709
Exam focus 55 (p. 489): D f. i. 20(17 − 12 2) when p = 2 − 2 ii. 20.9

ans we rs 545