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The document discusses key concepts in measurement including: 1. Measurement errors can arise from gross errors, systematic errors, or random errors. Systematic errors are difficult to detect but can be corrected through calibration. 2. Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measurement to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. 3. Other important measurement parameters include resolution, sensitivity, linearity, and drift, which influence the reliability and usefulness of measurements. 4. Proper calibration using a standard at least 10 times more accurate is needed to minimize measurement errors and uncertainties.

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35 views37 pages

Week3 PDF

The document discusses key concepts in measurement including: 1. Measurement errors can arise from gross errors, systematic errors, or random errors. Systematic errors are difficult to detect but can be corrected through calibration. 2. Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measurement to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. 3. Other important measurement parameters include resolution, sensitivity, linearity, and drift, which influence the reliability and usefulness of measurements. 4. Proper calibration using a standard at least 10 times more accurate is needed to minimize measurement errors and uncertainties.

Uploaded by

osmanfırat
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You are on page 1/ 37

MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
LABORATORY

Group 02

Asst. Prof. Dr. E. İlhan KONUKSEVEN


FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS IN
MEASUREMENT AND
EXPERIMENTATION
MEASUREMENT ERRORS
AND
UNCERTAINTY
THE “ERROR” IN A MEASUREMENT IS

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

MEASURED VALUE
AND THE

TRUE VALUE
OF THE “MEASURAND”
The error in a measurement is not known since
the true value of the measurand is not normally
known. But, “estimates” of the nature and the
magnitude of the error can be given.

SINCE THE TRUE VALUE IS UNKNOWN

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN


THE TRUE VALUE
AND
MEASURED VALUE
CAN ONLY BE ESTIMATED
THE ESTIMATION OF
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE TRUE VALUE
AND THE MEASURED VALUE
IS CALLED
UNCERTAINTY

Measurement
Uncertainty
Measurement Error and
Uncertainty Error

Measured Value True Value


TYPES OF ERRORS
1. GROSS ERRORS
2. SYSTEMATIC (FIXED)
ERRORS (BIAS)

3. RANDOM ERRORS
1. GROSS ERRORS
LARGELY HUMAN ERRORS DUE TO

MISREADING INSTRUMENTS

INCORRECT ADJUSTMENT
or
IMPROPER USE OF INSTRUMENTS

COMPUTATIONAL MISTAKES

This type of errors can be minimized by proper training


and experience of the personnel involved in
measurement processes.
2. SYSTEMATIC (FIXED)
ERRORS (BIAS)
THESE ERRORS ARE DUE TO

INSTRUMENTS

OR

THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
TYPICAL INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS
WHICH LEAD TO SYSTEMATIC ERRORS ARE :

• FRICTION

• IRREGULAR SPRING TENSION

• IMPROPER CALIBRATION
TYPICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASED SYSTEMATIC
ERRORS ARE :

• EFFECT OF CHANGES IN
SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE

• HUMIDITY

• BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

• MAGNETIC OR ELECTRICAL FIELDS


ENVIRONMENTAL BASED SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
CAN BE MINIMISED BY

• PROPER CONDITIONING OF THE


ENVIRONMENT

• ISOLATING OR SHIELDING
IN GENERAL
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS CAN BE OVERCOME
BY

APPLYING CORRECTION FACTORS


AFTER DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF
ERROR

OR
BY CALIBRATING THE
INSTRUMENTS
EXAMPLE :
A THERMOMETER IS CALIBRATED AND THUS
MARKED AT THE FACTORY.

THIS CALIBRATION MAY BE DONE BY EITHER


FULLY OR PARTIALLY IMMERSING THE
THERMOMETER INTO THE CALIBRATION
ENVIRONMENT.

IF A FULL IMMERSION THERMOMETER (ROOM


THERMOMETER) IS PARTIALLY IMMERSED IN A
FLUID THEN A STEM CORRECTION WILL BE
NECESSARY
3. RANDOM ERRORS
THESE ERRORS ARE MOSTLY DUE TO
UNKNOWN AND RANDOMLY OCCURRING
CAUSES

THEY ARE DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE AND


PREDICT

THEY ARE DEALT WITH BY STATISTICAL


METHODS

The only way to offset them is to increase the size of the


data and to use statistical techniques so that the best
estimate of the true value of the measured is obtained.
CALIBRATION
BY CALIBRATION
THE STATIC RESPONSE
OF AN INSTRUMENT IS DETERMINED

DURING CALIBRATION
ALL INPUTS TO THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
ARE KEPT CONSTANT EXCEPT THE MEASURAND
WHICH IS VARIED IN A CONTROLLED MANNER
CALIBRATION

A CALIBRATION STANDARD SHOULD,


IF POSSIBLE, BE ABOUT 10 TIMES
MORE ACCURATE THAN THE
INSTRUMENT BEING CALIBRATED
ACCURACY
DEGREE OF CLOSENESS OF
MEASUREMENTS TO THE TRUE VALUE OF
THE MEASURAND

ACCURACY IS DETERMINED BY
COMPARISON WITH CALIBRATED VALUES
ACCURACY
THE ACCURACY OF AN INSTRUMENT IS
EXPRESSED AS :
* ABSOLUTE ACCURACY
* RELATIVE ACCURACY

RELATIVE ACCURACY IS DEFINED WITH


RESPECT TO
* ACTUAL READING
* FULL SCALE READING
OF THE INSTRUMENT
PRECISION
(REPEATABILITY)

THIS IS THE DEGREE OF AGREEMENT


BETWEEN REPEATED MEASUREMENTS

A precise data implies a small degree of dispersion


(scattering) which may or may not be close to the true
value of the measurand.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Instrument
Readings

True
Value

Accurate Inaccurate Imprecise Inaccurate


& but but &
precise precise accurate imprecise
RESOLUTION

IS A MEASURE OF THE SMALLEST


CHANGE IN THE INPUT SIGNAL
THAT THE MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM CAN DETECT
RESOLUTION
MEASURAND AS MEASURAND AS
MEASURED BY MORE MEASURED BY LESS
ACCURATE ACCURATE Resolution
INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT
(True Value) (Measurement)
10.48 10.50 0.02
10.49 10.50 0.01
10.50 10.51 0.01
10.51 10.52 0.01
10.52 10.53 0.03
10.53 10.53 0.02
10.54 10.53 0.01
10.55 10.55 0.02
10.56 10.55 ?

16 bit Digital A/D 216=65536 Range = 0-10 Volt


Res= 1 bit Volt Res=1.52 10-4 Volt
THRESHOLD
STARTING FROM ZERO INPUT, IF A
SIGNAL IS SLOWLY INCREASED,
THERE WILL BE SOME MINIMUM
SIGNAL LEVEL BELOW WHICH NO
OUTPUT CHANGE CAN BE DETECTED
HYSTERESIS
If an instrument provides different readings for the
same measurand values depending on whether
measurand is increased or decreased, then the I/O
characteristic of this instrument is said to have an
hysteresis. Measurement
Output

Measurand
SPAN
THIS IS NORMALLY ACCEPTED AS THE
INPUT SIGNAL RANGE THAT THE
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WILL MEASURE

EXAMPLE
THERMOMETERS USED BY DOCTORS HAVE A SPAN OF 7°C
RANGING FROM 35 °C TO 42 °C
DYNAMIC RANGE

THIS IS THE SPAN OF AN INSTRUMENT


EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF RATIO OF
THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST VALUES
OF THE MEASURAND
SENSITIVITY
THE SENSITIVITY OF AN INSTRUMENT IS THE RATIO OF
THE CHANGE PRODUCED IN THE INSTRUMENT OUTPUT
TO THE CHANGE IN THE MEASURED VARIABLE

qo

q O
SENSITIVITY 
q i

qi
SENSITIVITY

O Higher O High
Sensitivity Sensitivity
Regions
Lower
Sensitivity
Low
Sensitivity
Region

I I
ZERO DRIFT AND SENSITIVITY DRIFT

DRIFT IS A VARIATION IN THE OUTPUT OF A


MEASUREMENT DEVICE WHICH IS NOT CAUSED
BY ANY CHANGES IN THE INPUT SIGNAL
ZERO DRIFT AND SENSITIVITY DRIFT
A shift in calibration curve in vertical direction is called
“Zero Drift”.
ZERO DRIFT AND SENSITIVITY DRIFT
A shift in calibration curve to change the sensitivity is
called “Sensitivity Drift”.
LINEARITY

IF AN INSTRUMENT IS SUPPOSED TO
BE LINEAR, THE LINEARITY GIVES THE
INDICATION OF THE MAXIMUM
DEVIATION OF ANY CALIBRATION
POINTS USUALLY FROM A LEAST
SQUARES BEST STRAIGHT LINE FIT
THROUGH THE CALIBRATION DATA
LINEARITY
An instrument is called LINEAR when its I/O relation
(calibration curve) İs a straight line, indicating that the
output is proportional to the input

O Best
straight
line

I
LINEARITY
The most common method to find the “best fitted
straight line” for a series of calibration data is the
least squares.

Linearity is desirable in most applications. It


eliminates the need of referring to a “calibration
chart” or a “conversion data”.

However, the linearity does not imply a better


accuracy, a higher precision, or greater sensitivity.
INDEPENDENT
LINEARITY
An indication on the max deviation of any calibration
point from the best fitted line expressed as

± x % of the
full scale

I
PROPORTIONAL
LINEARITY
An indication on the max deviation of any calibration
point from the best fitted line expressed as

± x % of the
actual
reading

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