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Radiation

The document defines radiation and different types such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It discusses sources of radiation including natural sources like cosmic rays and man-made sources like medicine and consumer goods. Measurement and monitoring of radiation is also covered, including the use of survey meters, dosimeters, and international dose limits for occupational and public exposures.

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Gadis Podeh
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215 views30 pages

Radiation

The document defines radiation and different types such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It discusses sources of radiation including natural sources like cosmic rays and man-made sources like medicine and consumer goods. Measurement and monitoring of radiation is also covered, including the use of survey meters, dosimeters, and international dose limits for occupational and public exposures.

Uploaded by

Gadis Podeh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RADIATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
-At the end of this topic, student
should be able to:
• Define radiation and source of
radiation
• Explain ionizing radiation and non
ionizing radiation
• Explain radiation measurement and
monitoring
INTRODUCTION
• Radiation is general term to describe emission and
transmission of energy through space in the form of waves,
including charged and uncharged particles as well as
electromagnetic radiation.
• Classified into:
• ionizing radiation
• non-ionizing radiation
SOURCE OF RADIATION
• Natural sources:
• cosmic rays(stars and sun)
• terrestrial radiation (soils , rocks)
• man-made sources:
• medicine
• radioactive fallout
• consumer goods
• occupational exposure - Served on nuclear submarines and other
nuclear ships or in shipyards Served as X-ray or dental technicians
General charateristic of radiations
• Particulate radiation : sub-atomic particles with mass and
charge.
-e.g: alpha , beta , protons , electrons , neutrons
• EM radiation : electromagnetic waves with no mass and
charge .
- e.g: x-rays,gamma rays
IONIZING RADIATION
IONIZING RADIATION

Definition:
• Electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of
producing ions, directly or indirectly by interaction with
matter
• EM energy with sufficient energy to create ions
• –Can cause direct genetic damage
Type of Ionizing Radiation
• Alpha particles (α radiation)
• Beta particles (β radiation)
• Neutrons
• X-rays
• Gamma rays
Source of Exposure
• Industrially, the sources of exposure are related to the use
of radiation
• Radiographer are potentially exposed to x-rays
• Gamma radiation used in medicine
• Employees working around with nuclear reactor
Penetrating abilities of various radiation

concrete
paper plastic lead
Alpha radiation

Beta radiation

X and γ radiation

neutron

Alpha particles are the slowest and least penetrating forms of nuclear radiation.
They can be stopped by a piece of paper.
International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) Recommendations for
Dose Limits

The Effective Dose limits are as follows:

▪ Occupational exposures: 50 mSv/year

▪ General public: 1 mSv/year)

* Same with Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Regulations


under Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984.

Note: These limits do not include, Natural background and


Medical diagnosis and therapy dose
Radiation measurement and monitoring
Radiation Monitoring
• Radiological monitoring is required with the following aims:
• To assess the radiation exposure situation in compliance with
regulatory requirement
• To verify the effectiveness of radiation protective measures provided
at workplace
• To identify occurrence of any abnormal radiation exposure situation in
workplace
• To keep a constant surveillance over the working environment and to
detect the quantity and extent of contamination
Radiation Monitoring
• Consist of the following components
-Personnel monitoring
-Work place monitoring
-Environmental monitoring

• Personnel and Work place monitoring carried out to


control occupational exposure

• Environmental monitoring more toward controlling public


exposure
Personnel monitoring
Appropriate personal monitoring should be used by:

• Any employee who enters restricted area where they are


likely to receive a dose greater than 25% of the total limit of
exposure specified for a calendar quarter
• Any employee 18 years olds or less who enters restricted
area where they are likely to receive a dose greater than 5%
of the total limit of exposure specified for a calendar quarter
• Any employee who enters a high radiation area
Instruments for detecting and measuring radiation
• Survey meters
-Geiger-Mueller (GM)instruments
-Ionization chamber instruments
-Scintillation instruments
• Laboratory counters
• Personnel dosimeter
-Photographic film dosimeter (film badges)
-Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
-Pocket dosimeter (pen dosimeter)
✕ Level of radioactive
contamination Survey meters
✕ Radiation dose rate in area

✕ Identity and quantity of


radioactive material Laboratory
counters

✕ Accumulated dose to
individuals in area
Personnel
dosimeters
Geiger-Mueller instruments
Geiger-Mueller instruments
Limitations of GM counters
• Some GM instruments can not detect alpha radiation
because alpha radiation is non penetrating. It cannot be
detected through even a thin film of water, blood, clothing.
• GM will not detect very low energy beta such as those from
tritium.
Alpha monitoring
Personnel dosimeter

• Used to measure radiation from sources outside the body


• Must be worn at the place that can represent the whole
body exposure
• Instrument selected and used should be suitable to the type
of radiation involved and range of exposure
Film badge
Thermoluminescent dosimeter
(TLD)
Advantages of TLD over Film
badges
Advantages Disadvantages
-can be reused -Expensive

-have increased sensitivity -Non permanent record


Safe work practices and control
• For external radiation exposure hazard, the basic protection
measures are associated with:
• Shielding: keep suitable shielding between user and source.
Eg: use Pb, concrete Al
• Time: minimize handling time
• Distance: maximize the distance between user and source
• Activity: minimize activity of the source
Radiation

Non-ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing radiation
• There are many forms of non-ionizing radiation includes
ultra violet (UV), infrared (IR),visible light, microwave, radar
and laser
Sources of non ionizing radiation
• Source of UV exposure
• Sunlight
• Arc welding
• Sterilizing units
• Controls
-clothing
-scheduling work to avoid peak UV exposures in the middle
of the day.
References
REFERENCES:

Reese, C.D. (2003). Occupational Health and Safety Management: A


Practical Approach, New York, Lewis
Goetsh, D.L. (2004). Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists,
Engineers and Managers. (5th edition), Upper Saddle Rover NJ,
Prentice Hall
O’Donnell, P&M.P.H (2001). Health Promotion in the Workplace (3rd
edition), New York, Delmar Learning.

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