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Chap7 Atte

This document summarizes different types of attenuators used in microwave systems. It describes resistive card attenuators, which can be fixed or variable. It also describes rotary vane attenuators, which consist of circular waveguide sections that control attenuation through rotation. The document explains that attenuation is achieved by absorbing the electric field component parallel to resistive cards, while the perpendicular component propagates.

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98 views12 pages

Chap7 Atte

This document summarizes different types of attenuators used in microwave systems. It describes resistive card attenuators, which can be fixed or variable. It also describes rotary vane attenuators, which consist of circular waveguide sections that control attenuation through rotation. The document explains that attenuation is achieved by absorbing the electric field component parallel to resistive cards, while the perpendicular component propagates.

Uploaded by

cdg prq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Attenuator

Attenuator
• Resistive Card Attenuator
– Fixed type
– Variable type
• The card is tapered at both ends to maintain a low
input and output SWR.
• Max attenuation per length is achieved by having
the card parallel to the electric field and at the center
of the waveguide.
• To obtain the desired value of attenuation,
conductivity and dimensions of the card are adjusted
(by trial and error method).
• Attenuation is directly proportional to the frequency.
• In high-power versions, ceramic type absorbing
materials are used instead of the resistive card.
• Variable attenuator is also known as ‘Flap Attenuator’.
• The card enters the waveguide through the slot in the
broader wall, intercept and absorb the portion of the wave
• Hinge arrangement allows card penetration; hence
attenuation can be varied from zero to some maximum
value (typically 30dB).
• Limitations:
– Attenuation is frequency sensitive, so can not be used as
calibrated attenuator
– Phase of the output signal is a function of penetration and
hence attenuation; difficulty in nulling when attenuator is a part
of a bridge-type network.
• Rotary vane Attenuator
• Consists of
– Input transition,
– three circular waveguide sections, two fixed and one
rotatable
– Output transition
• Input and output transitions provide low SWR
connections to standard rectangular waveguide
• The attenuation is controlled by rotation of the center
section.
• Minimum loss with
• Maximum loss with
• The principle of operation is based upon the
interaction between plane polarised wave and thin
resistive cards.
• When the electric field of a propagating wave is
perpendicular to the plane of the card, the wave
attenuation is negligible.
• When the electric field is parallel to it, the wave
completely absorbed by the resistive card.
• The input transition converts the TE10 wave into a
vertically polarised TE11 wave in circular guide.
• The electric field associated with the wave is denoted
by E.
• With the input resistance card perpendicular to the
electric field, the wave propagates through the first
fixed section without loss.
• When the card in the rotatable section is horizontal
i.e. , , the wave passes through it and the o/p
fixed section without loss. Thus the total loss is 0dB.
• For any other angle, the component parallel to the
rotatable card is absorbed and the
perpendicular component arrives at the
second fixed section.
• The portion of the wave that is parallel to the output
card is absorbed, while the perpendicular
component proceed to the output port via
the circular-to-rectangular transition.
• The attenuation of the rotary vane attenuator is
• Advantage:
– The accuracy of the attenuation value depends on
the precise setting of a mechanical angle.
– The phase of the output signal is independent of
the attenuation setting.
• Rotary vane attenuator is used as a calibration
standard in most of the microwave
laboratories.
Phase Shifters
• The phase delay due to waveguide section of length
‘l’ is given by
• When the generator and load are matched to the
impedance of the guide, this quantity also represents
the insertion phase of the section.
• The phase can be controlled by varying the guide
wavelength.
• This may be accomplished by varying either
permittivity or the guide width.

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