1 BTL Institute of Technology EEE Dept.

B T L INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

No.259/B, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Hosur Road, Bangalore- 560 099
Ph.: 080- 27832379, (EEE Dept.)

``

A LAB MANUAL ON
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - II
Subject Code: 15EEL47
(As per VTU Syllabus CBCS)

PREPARED BY GOPINATH.B.L

APPROVED BY A G SURESH HOD EEE Dept.

15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual

 2 BTL Institute of Technology EEE Dept.

PREFACE

The significance of the Electrical Machines Lab - II, is renowned in the various
fields of engineering applications. For an Electrical Engineer, it is obligatory to have
the practical ideas about the Electrical Machines. By this perspective we have
introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for Electrical Machines Lab-II.

The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the
fundamental aspects of Electrical Machines in practical. The manual prepared very
carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in executing an experiment. And
validation by means of observation, Development of theory/hypotheses, by
experimental validation.

``

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Laboratory Safety Rules

Read ALL of the following rules carefully, and remember them while working in the
laboratory.
1. Never hurry. Haste causes many accidents.
2. Always see that power is connected to your equipment through a circuit breaker.
3. Connect the power source last. Disconnect the power source first.
4. Never make wiring changes on live circuits. Work deliberately and care-fully
and check your work as you proceed.
5. Before connecting the power, check your wiring carefully for agreement with
the wiring diagram for an accidental short-circuit and for loose connections.
6. Check out the supply voltage to make sure that is what you expect. For example:
AC or DC, 230V, OR 415V
7. Do not cause short-circuits or high currents arcs. Burn from arcs may be very
severe even at a distance of a few meters. Report all electrical burns to your
instructor. Be careful to keep metallic accessories of apparel or jewelry out of
contact with LIVE CIRCUIT parts and loose articles of clothing out of
moving machinery.
``
8. When using a multiple range meter always use the high range first to determine
the feasibility of using a lower range.
9. Check the current rating of all rheostats before use. Make sure that no current
overload will occur as the rheostat setting is changed.
10. Check the current rating of all rheostats before use. Make sure that no current
overload will occur as the rheostat setting is changed.
11. Never overload any electrical machinery by more than 125% of the rated voltage
or current for more than a few seconds.
12. Select ratings of a current coil (CC) and potential coil (PC) in a wattmeter
`
properly before connecting in a test circuit.
13. Do not permit a hot leg of a three phase 415V supply, or of a 230V supply to
come in contact with any grounded objects, as a dangerous short-circuits will
result.

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DO’S & DON’Ts IN THE LABORATORY

DO’S:-
1) Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in with
apron and shoes, girls with apron)
2) All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6”,
Insulation remover and phase tester)
3) Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4) Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
5) Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6) Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
7) Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment
from the Lab Store Room.
8) After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
`` Instructor.
9) The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10) Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
Connections are removed.
11) All patch cords and tools should be placed at their original positions.

DON’Ts:-
1) Don’t come late to the Lab.
2) Don’t enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
` 3) Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.

4) Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.

5) Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
6) Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

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B.E ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (EEE)

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
SEMESTER - IV
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY -2
Subject Code 15EEL47 IA Marks 20
Number of Practical 03 Exam Hours 03
Hours/Week
Total Number of Practical 42 Exam Marks 80
Hours Credits - 02
Course Objectives:
To perform tests on dc machines to determine their characteristics. To control
the speed of dc motor
To conduct test for pre-determination of the performance characteristics of dc machines
To conduct load test on single phase and three phase induction motor.
To conduct test on induction motor to determine the performance characteristics
To conduct test on synchronous motor to draw the performance curves.

Sl.
No
Experiments
1 Load test on dc shunt motor to draw speed – torque and horse power – efficiency characteristics
2 Field Test on dc series machines.
3 Speed control of dc shunt motor by armature and field control.
4 Swinburne's Test on dc motor.
5 Retardation test on dc shunt motor.
`` 6 Regenerative test on dc shunt machines.
7 Load test on three phase induction motor.
No load and Blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor to draw (i) equivalent circuit and (ii) Circle
8
diagram. Determination of performance parameters at different load conditions from (i)and (ii).
9 Load test on induction Generator.
Load test on single phase induction motor to draw output versus torque, current, power and efficiency
10
characteristics.
Conduct suitable tests to draw the equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor and determine
11
performance parameters.
12 Conduct an experiment to draw V and Λ curves of synchronous motor at no load and load continuous
Revised Bloom’s L3 – Applying, L4 – Analysing, L5 – Evaluating, L6 – Creating
Taxonomy Level
` Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
Test dc machines to determine their characteristics. Control the
speed of dc motor
Pre-determine the performance characteristics of dc machines by conducting suitable tests. Perform
load test on single phase and three phase induction motor to assess its performance. Conduct test on
induction motor to pre-determine the performance characteristics
Conduct test on synchronous motor to draw the performance curves.
Graduate Attributes (As per NBA)
Engineering Knowledge
Individual and Team work
Communication

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INDEX
Sl No Contents Page No
1. PREFACE 2
2. LABORATORY SAFETY RULES 3
3. DO’S & DON’TS 4
4. VTU SYLLABUS 5
5. INDEX 6
6. CERTIFICATE 7
7. INTRODUCTION 8
8. INSTRUCTION TO STUDENTS 9
9. LAB CYCLES 10
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR TO DRAW SPEED – TORQUE AND
10. 11
HORSE POWER – EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTICS
11. FIELD TEST ON DC SERIES MACHINES. 15
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR BY ARMATURE AND FIELD
12. CONTROL.
18
13. SWINBURNE'S TEST ON DC MOTOR. 20
14. RETARDATION TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR. 23
15. REGENERATIVE TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES. 26
16. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR. 29
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE
`` INDUCTION MOTOR TO DRAW (I) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND (II)
17. CIRCLE DIAGRAM. DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE
30
PARAMETERS AT DIFFERENT LOAD CONDITIONS FROM (I) AND (II).
18. LOAD TEST ON INDUCTION GENERATOR. 33
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR TO DRAW
19. OUTPUT VERSUS TORQUE, CURRENT, POWER AND EFFICIENCY 38
CHARACTERISTICS.
CONDUCT SUITABLE TESTS TO DRAW THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
20. OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AND DETERMINE 40
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS.
CONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT TO DRAW V AND Λ CURVES OF
21. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AT NO LOAD AND LOAD CONTINUOUS.
22. VIVA QUESTIONS 51
`
23. SAFETY & COMMON SYMBOLS 53

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Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

``
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this book is a bonafide record practical work
done in the Electrical Machines- 2 Laboratory in 4th semester
of………year during the year….......

` Name:-……………………………
Roll. No. :-……………………………
Branch:-……………………………
Date:-……………

15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual

 Signature
8 ofBTL
theInstitute
Staff member
of Technology EEE Dept.

INTRODUCTION

“A practical approach is probably the best approach to mastering a subject and gaining a clear insight.”

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - II Sub Code: 15EEL47

Practical session covers those practical oriented Electrical Machines that are very essential for the
students to solidify their theoretical concepts. This workbook provides a communication bridge between the
theory and practical world of the Electrical Laboratory. The knowledge of these practical are very essential
for the engineering students. All of these practical are arranged on the modern trainer boards.
The program starts with courses of providing in-depth coverage of basic topics related to the field of
electrical machines such as Testing of rotating machines, (MOTOR) & Generator. The program then builds
on the knowledge gained by the student through these basic courses to provide training synchronous
generator, and asynchronous generator technologies
This manual, teaches the basic concepts of three-phase motors Students are introduced to the
different characteristics of Single/three-phase motors. Students are also determining the voltage, current,
and phase relationships, synchronous generator, and asynchronous generator technologies applied to wind
``
generation they learn how to verify the theory presented in the manual by performing circuit measurements
and calculations. Plotting the characteristic carve of DC and AC motors and synchronous and asynchronous
motors

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INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

1. WEAR SHOES COMPULSORILY
2. SHIRTS SHOULD BE TUCKED IN
3. GIRLS SHOULD PROTECT THEIR HAIR
4. DO NOT ALLOW CHAINS TO HANG
5. DO NOT LEAN OVER ROTATING MACHINERY
6. ENERGIZE THE CIRCUIT ONLY AFTER GETTING APPROVAL FROM THE FACULTY IN-
CHARGE
7. MAKE SURE THAT THE CORRECT SWITCH HAS BEEN SWITCHED ON/OFF BEFORE/AFTER
THE EXPERIMENT.

MAKING CONNECTIONS
• Make sure that the supply is OFF.
• Meters should be positioned properly.
• Do not connect more than one wire to each terminal of ammeters & voltmeters.
• Make series connections before parallel connections.
• All the connections should be tight.
• Get the connections checked before switching ON.
• Check the position of rheostats, autotransformers, switches before switching ON.
• Never exceed the permissible values of current or voltage.
• While conducting brake test, pour water on the brake drum to avoid overheating.
``
• Show the readings to the faculty-in-charge before switching off.

ROUGH RECORD
1. Write Name of the experiment with number & date, aim, apparatus required, neat circuit diagram,
tabulations, sample calculations (for one set of readings showing the substitution of the values) and results.
No need to write principle or procedure.
2. Take at least six sets of readings, if possible. Each student in a group should do sample calculations for
different sets.
3. Get signature of the faculty-in-charge after completing the rough record.

FAIR RECORD
1. Write the name of the experiment on the top of the right side in capital letters
2.
` Experiment Number & date should be written at the top.
3. Each record should contain the following on the right side
• Aim of the experiment
• Apparatus required
• Principle
• Procedure
• Sample Calculation (on the left side if possible; if calculations are too long, write on right side so that no
Pages on the right side are left blank) Result (at the end) on left side
• Neat circuit diagram with PEN
• Name plate details/specifications
• Tabulations
• Sample Calculation (on the left side if possible; if calculations are too long, write on the right side so that

15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual

 no pages on the right side are left blank)
• Graph (draw with PEN if possible; use different colors
10 for different graphs
BTL on the
Institute of same graph sheet).
Technology EEE Dept.
DO EXPERIMENT TODAY; SUBMIT ROUGH RECORD IN THE CLASS & FAIR RECORD IN
THE NEXT CLASS.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - II Sub Code: 15EEL47

LAB CYCLES I & II

First Lab Cycle

1 Load Test On DC Shunt Motor To Draw Speed – Torque And Horse Power – Efficiency
Characteristics.
2 Field Test On DC Series Machines.
3 Speed Control Of DC Shunt Motor By Armature And Field Control.
4 Swinburne's Test On DC Motor.
5 Retardation Test On DC Shunt Motor.
6 Regenerative Test On DC Shunt Machines.

Second Lab Cycle

1 Load Test On Three Phase Induction Motor.
``
2 No Load And Blocked Rotor Test On Three Phase Induction Motor To Draw (I) Equivalent
Circuit And (II) Circle Diagram. Determination Of Performance Parameters At Different
Load Conditions From (I) And (II).
3 Load Test On Induction Generator.
4 Load Test On Single Phase Induction Motor To Draw Output Versus Torque, Current,
Power And Efficiency Characteristics.
5 Conduct Suitable Tests To Draw The Equivalent Circuit Of Single Phase Induction Motor
` And Determine Performance Parameters.

6 Conduct an experiment to draw V and Λ curves of synchronous motor at no load and load
continuous.

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Experiment No 1 Date:__/__/____

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR TO DRAW SPEED – TORQUE AND HORSE

POWER – EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTICS.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE

To study the torque vs. speed characteristic and O/p power vs. Efficiency Characteristic of a shunt wound DC motor

DISCUSSION
``
The speed of any DC motor depends directly on its armature voltage and the strength of its magnetic field. The field
winding in a shunt motor is in parallel with the armature winding and the DC supply. If the DC line voltage is constant,
the armature voltage will be constant and thus the magnetic field strength will be constant. This consistency leads to a
reasonably constant speed of operation.

The speed does tend to drop with increasing load on the motor. This drop in speed is a result of resistive losses in the
armature winding. Shunt motors with low armature winding resistance tend to have nearly constant speed of operation.

As with any energy conversion device, the DC shunt motor is not 100% efficient. Not all of the electric energy supplied
to the motor is converted into useful work (mechanical power). The difference between electrical power supplied and
mechanical power available at the shaft is lost in the form of heat inside the motor. Losses occur in the DC resistance of
the field and armature windings, in the magnetic circuit that couples field and armature windings, in the friction of the
rotating armature and in the resistance of the brush contacts on the commutator. Losses increase as the load on the motor
increases, resulting in significant heating of the motor at full load. All losses include Iron loss copper losses and
mechanical losses. Efficiency is input Electrical power minus losses.
`
PROCEDURE

1) Connect as per the circuit Diagram. DO NOT APPLY POWER AT THIS TIME.
2) Keep external resistance in armature circuit in maximum resistance position.
3) Keep external resistance in field circuit in minimum resistance position.
4) Switch on the supply and gradually cut- off the external resistance in the armature circuit.
5) Adjust the motor speed to its rated value by adjusting resistance in field circuit
6) Note down the no load reading of the voltmeter and ammeter at rated speed.
7) Then apply brake gradually up to rated full load current, the voltage, current, speed, and tension of the spring
balances are noted in steps
15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual
. MECHANICAL TORQUE CALCULATION:
12 BTL Institute of Technology EEE Dept.
It is a direct method and consists of applying a brake to water cooled pulley mounted on the motor shaft. A belt is
wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to two spring balances S 1 and S2. The tension of the belt can be
adjusted with the help of the wheels. Obviously, the force acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference
between the readings of the two spring balances.

S1 and S2 spring balances in Kg.

R is the radius of the brake drum in meters.
N is the speed of the motor in rpm.
Torque T = (S1 – S2) R x 9.81 N-m.
Motor output = 2 П NT / 60 Watts
Efficiency = Output / Input = 2 П NT / (60 VI)

``

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed N Torque(T) =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × Output HP Input = Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = S RPM 𝑟 × 9.81 𝑁𝑚 2 П NT / 60 VI 𝑂𝑝/𝐼𝑝 × 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
` 7

Please Note Radius r of drum is 0.11 m

MODEL GRAPHS:

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CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE

Based on the result above and knowing that 1 HP equals 746 Watts, what is the power developed by the motor in watts?
_______________________________________________________________________

What is the input power to the motor, in watts, as calculated using the voltage and current from the table for 9 Lbf – in of load?
_______________________________________________________________________

Using the input and output power in watts, calculate the efficiency of the motor at full load.
`` Efficiency,  = 100% (P-out) / (P-in)
_______________________________________________________________________

What are the losses, in watts, for the motor at full load? List some of the types of losses which occur in DC motors.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Will losses decrease if a cooling fan is mounted on the shaft of the motor? Explain:
_______________________________________________________________________

How much larger is the starting current than the full load current?
_______________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why does the speed fall slightly when the D.C. shunt motor is loaded?
` 2. What will happen if the field current of the D.C. shunt motor gets interrupted?
3. What are the possible errors in the experiment?
4. How will you avoid the breaking arrangements getting heated?
5. Up to what capacity of motor can this type of test be done?

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Experiment No 2 Date:__/__/____
FIELD’S TEST FOR SERIES MOTOR

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the efficiency of the two given DC series machines which are mechanically coupled.

DISCUSSION:

Field test is the method to calculate the efficiency of DC Series Motor and Generator in an easiest manner. Calculate the
efficiency of DC Series Motor and Generator under different excitation and loading conditions. This test is applicable to two
similar series motors. Series motors which are mainly used for traction work are easily available in pairs. The two machines are
coupled mechanically. One machine runs normally as a motor and drives generator whose output is wasted in a variable load R
Iron and friction losses of two machines are made equal (i) by joining the series field winding of the generator in the motor
armature circuit so that both machines are equally excited and (ii) by running them at equal speed. Load resistance R is varied till
the motor current reaches its full-load value indicated by ammeter A1. After this adjustment for full-load current, different
ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted.

PROCEDURE:
``
1. Note down the ratings of the dc series machines
2. Connect as per the circuit Diagram. DO NOT APPLY POWER AT THIS TIME.
3. Set the Variable DC arrangement at zero position
4. Push the start button and gradually increase the armature voltage. Till 1500 rpm
5. Switch ON the loads one by one till the generator current its rated value.
6. Note down readings on the instruments at different loads.
7. Keep a load of 400 watts and then switch off the supply.

CALCULATION:

V = supply voltage; I1 = motor current; V2 = terminal p.d. of generator ; I2 = load current.

` Intake of the whole set = V1I1 ; output = V2I2. Total losses in the set, Wt = VI1 – V2I2
Armature and field Cu losses Wcu = (Ra + 2Rse)I12 + I22Ra
Where Ra = hot armature resistance of each machine & Rse = hot series field resistance of each machine.
Stray losses for the set Ws = Wt − Wcu
𝑾𝒕 − 𝑾𝒄𝒖
Stray losses per machine Ws =
𝟐

Stray losses are equally divided between the machines because of their equal excitation and speed.
Motor Efficiency
Motor input = V1I1
Motor losses Wm = armature + field Cu losses + stray losses
Wm = (Ra+Rc) I12+ Ws

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η m =
V1 I1 − Wm
V1 I1

Generator Efficiency
The generator efficiency will be of little use because it is running under abnormal conditions of separate excitation.
However, the efficiency under these unusual conditions can be found if desired.
Generator Output = V2I2
Field Cu loss = I12 Rse (∵ Motor current is passing through it.)
Armature Cu loss = I22 Ra
Stray losses = Ws = Wt − Wcu
Generator losses Wg = armature + field Cu losses + stray losses
Total loss Wg = I22 Ra + I12 Rse +Ws

η g =
V2 I2 − Wg
V2 I2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

``

TABULAR COLUMN:

Motor Motor Generator Generator

Sl Motor Losses Generator Losses
` Input Efficiency Output Efficiency
No V1 I1 Wa Wf Ws
η m
V2 I2 Wa Wf Ws
η g
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:
How are DC Machines tested for proper fabrication and trouble free operation?
_______________________________________________________________________

What are methods for testing DC Machines? and what is the method used for Series Field’s test?
_______________________________________________________________________

Using the input and output power in watts, calculate the efficiency of the motor at full load.
Efficiency,  = 100% (P-out) / (P-in)
_______________________________________________________________________

Why Break test OR Direct method of testing of DC machines are accurate?

`` _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Explain merits & demerits of Direct method testing :

_______________________________________________________________________

Explain merits & demerits of Indirect method testing :

_______________________________________________________________________

Explain merits & demerits of Regenerative method testing :

_______________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What happens if the direction of current at the terminals of a series motor is reversed ?
`
2. Explain what happens when a d.c. motor is connected across an a.c. supply ?
3. In rewinding the armature of a d.c. motor, progressive connections are changed to retrogressive ones. Will it affect the
operation in anyway?
4. A test on two coupled similar tramway motors, with their fields connected in series, gave the following results when one
machine acted as a motor and the other as a generator. Motor: Armature current = 56 A ; Armature voltage = 590 V
Voltage drop across field winding = 40 V Generator : Armature current = 44 A ; Armature voltage = 400 V Field voltage
drop = 40 V ; Resistance of each armature = 0.3Ω Calculate the efficiency of the motor and gearing at this load.

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Experiment No 3 Date: __/__/____

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR BY ARMATURE AND FIELD CONTROL.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor
1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC
3 Current 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP

OBJECTIVE: To Study the speed control of D.C. Shunt motor by

(i) Field control method.
(ii) Armature control Method.

DISCUSSION:
DC Motor: A machine that converts DC electrical power into mechanical power is known as DC Motor. It has been seen that a.c.
Motors are invariably used in the industry for the conversion of electrical power into mechanical power, but at the places where
wide range of speed and good speed regulation is required such as in ELETRIC TRACTION, DC motor has to be applied.

Working Principle:
Its working depends upon the basic principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, a force is
exerted on it and torque develops.

Types of DC Motor:
On the basis of their field excitation, the DC Motors can be classified as:
1. Separately excited DC Motor.
2. Self-excited DC Motor:
`` (i) DC Shunt Motor
(ii) DC Series Motor
Now, the back emf of a dc motor is given by => 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾𝑝 ∗ Ø ∗ 𝑊𝑚
Where,
𝑍𝑃
𝐾𝑝 =
2𝜋𝐴
Kp is constant for the given motor because a machine once designed will have constant no. Of armature conductors Z no. Of
poles P and number of parallel paths, Ø is the flux per pole and Wm is the rotational velocity (Mechanical).

Wm=2πn(rad/sec)
𝐸𝑏
Where, 𝑛 = (r.p.s)
2𝜋𝐾𝑝Ø
60∗𝐸𝑏
𝑛= (r.p.m)
2𝜋𝐾𝑝Ø
Hence, speed can be controlled by:

` 1. By controlling Eb through variation of Vt (terminal voltage) or Ra(Armature circuit resistance) called Armature control.
2. By controlling Ø through variation of field voltage or field resistance called field control

1. FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

The flux produced by the shunt winding depends upon the current flowing through it. (i.e.,, Ø is directly
proportional to Ish & Ish= V/Rsh). When a variable resistance R is connected in series with the shunt field winding as
shown in fig. (1), the shunt field current (Ish = V/(Rsh+R)) is reduced & hence the flux Ø. Consequently, the motor runs
at a speed higher than the normal speed (since N is directly prop. to 1/Ø). The amount of increase in speed depends upon
the value of variable resistance R.

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2. ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:-
In a shunt motor flux is constant when applied terminal voltage & shunt field resistance are constant. Therefore,
speed of the motor is directly proportional to the induced emf (i.e., N is directly prop. Eb & Eb= V-Ia* Ra). The value of
Eb depends upon the drop in the armature circuit. When a variable resistance is inserted in series with the armature as
shown in the figure the induced emf [Eb=V-Ia(Ra+R)] is reduced & hence the speed. Thus the motor runs at speed lesser
than the normal speed.

PROCEDURE:
(a) Field Control Method:
1. Make a proper connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
3. Now, insert the resistance in the resistance in the field winding slowly.
4. Tabulate the readings of field current, voltage and the speed by tachometer in the observation table.
5. Take some more readings by varying the field resistance.
6. Plot the graph between If and N on the graph paper.

(b) Armature Control Method:

1. Make a proper connection according to the circuit diagram given in the Figure (2).
2. Start the motor.
3. For the different values of resistance, note the values from ammeter, voltmeter and tachometer and note down in
the observation table.
4. Plot the graph between Ia and N on the graph paper
CALCULATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

``

TABULAR COLUMN: Where N is measured value RPM n is Calculated value RPM

Sl Input Field Control Sl Input Armature Control

No. Volts V1 A1 A2 N n No Volts V1 A1 A2 N n
` 1 220 V 1 220 V
2 220 V 2 220 V
3 220 V 3 220 V
4 220 V 4 220 V
5 220 V 5 220 V
6 220 V 6 220 V
7 220 V 7 220 V

MODEL GRAPHS:

Plot, 1: Speed vs. Armature Voltage for different sets of constant field current;
Plot, 2: Speed vs. Field Current for different sets of constant armature voltage. (Plot on graph papers);

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CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

Which speed control will give the speed greater than the rated speed and which one will give less than the rated speed? State also
the reason.
_______________________________________________________________________
``
What are the factors that decide the speed of a dc machine?
_______________________________________________________________________

What are the various methods of speed control in dc series motor?

_______________________________________________________________________

Write few merits and demerits of the rheostatic control.

_______________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
i) Discuss and analytically explain (with equations) the nature of the plots;
ii) Draw an equivalent circuit diagram of the DC shunt motor and analytically express the essential relations;
iii) What are the limitations and merits of the two methods of speed control?
iv) Why is the armature resistance set at a maximum, and the field resistance set at minimum at start?
` v) What will happen when the field circuit gets open-circuited, while the machine is running?

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Experiment No 4 Date:__/__/____
SWINBURNE'S TEST ON DC MOTOR.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:
To perform the Swinburne’s test on the given DC machine and predetermine its efficiency at any desired load both as
motor and as generator.

DISCUSSION:
Testing of D.C. machines can be divided into three methods: (a) direct, (b) regenerative, and (c) indirect. Swinburne’s Test is
an indirect method of testing a D.C. machine. In this method, the constant losses of the D.C. machine are calculated at no-load.
Hence, its efficiency either as a motor or as a generator can be pre-determined. In this method, the power requirement is very
small. Hence, this method can be used to pre-determine the efficiency of higher capacity D.C. machines as a motor and as a
generator.
Disadvantages:
(1) Efficiency at actual load is not accurately known.
(2) Temperature rise on load is not known.
(3) Sparking at commentator on load is not known.

Swinburne’s test is the simplest indirect method of testing dc machines. In this method, the dc machine (generator or motor)
is run as a motor at no-load and losses of the machine are determined. Once the losses of the machine are known, its efficiency at
any
`` desired load can be determined in advance. It may be noted that this method is applicable to those machines in which flux is
practically constant at all loads e.g., shunt and compound machines.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
3. Take the readings of line current, shunt field current and supply voltage at no-load & tabulate.
4. Measure the resistance of the armature

CALCULATION:

It is a simple indirect method in which losses are measured separately. The machine is run as motor on no-load at its rated speed
and voltage. The machine supplies the following losses.
Let V = Supply voltage
Io = No-load current read by ammeter A1
Ish = Shunt-field current read by ammeter A2.
`∴ No-load armature current, Ia0 = Io - Ish
No-load input power to motor = V Io
No-load power input to armature = V Iao = V(Io - Ish)

Since the output of the motor is zero, the no-load input power to the armature supplies
(a) iron losses in the core (b) friction loss
(c) windage loss (d) armature Cu loss [ Iao2Ra or (Io - Ish)2Ra .
Constant losses, Wc = Input to motor - Armature Cu loss
Wc = V Io - (Io - Ish)2Ra
Since constant losses are known, the efficiency of the machine at any other load can be determined. Suppose it is desired to
determine the efficiency of the machine at load current I. Then,
Armature current, Ia = I - Ish ... if the machine is motoring
Ia = I + Ish... if the machine is generating

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Efficiency when running as a motor

Input power to motor = VI
Armature Cu loss = Ia2Ra = (I - Ish)2Ra
Constant losses = Wc found above
Total losses = (I - Ish)2Ra + Wc
∴ Motor efficiency, ηm = (Input - Losses)/Input = [VI - (I - Ish)2Ra + Wc]/VI

Efficiency when running as a generator

Output of generator= VI
Armature Cu loss = Ia2Ra = (I + Ish)2Ra
Constant losses = Wc found above
Total losses = (I + Ish)2Ra + Wc
∴ Motor efficiency, ηm = (Input - Losses)/Input = VI/[VI + (I + Ish)2Ra + Wc]

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

``

TABULAR COLUMN:
Line Current Field current Voltage in
Sl.No.
( IO ) ( ISH Amp) ( VO ) IA = IO – ISH
1.

PREDETERMINE ITS EFFICIENCY AT ANY DESIRED LOAD

As Motor
Sl Input Cu. Losses W c = V Io - O/P=I/P–Loss( Efficiency =
Load IL (A) V Ia =IL –ISH
No. ( VIL ) (WCU) =Ia2 Ra (Io - Ish)2Ra Wcu + Wc) Output/Input
` 1 FULL 19.5 220
2 3/4 14.625 220
3 1/2 9.75 220
4 1/4 4.87 220

As Generator
Sl Input Cu. Losses W c = V Io - O/P=I/P–Loss( Efficiency =
Load IL (A) V Ia =IL+ISH
No. ( VIL ) (WCU) =Ia2 Ra (Io - Ish)2Ra Wcu + Wc) Output/Input
1 FULL 19.5 220
2 3/4 14.625 220
3 1/2 9.75 220
4 1/4 4.87 220

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MODEL GRAPHS: SIMPLE EXERCISE:

1. What is the difference between determination and predetermination?
2. Swinburne’s test is also known as _________________
3. In Swinburne’s test generator or motor efficiency is higher?
4. On what type of DC machines can we conduct Swinburne’s test?
5. By conducting Swinburne’s test which losses we are finding?
6. Can we conduct Swinburne’s test on DC series machine?

CONCLUSIONS:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What is Swinburne's test?
Swinburne's test is the most commonly used and simplest method of testing of shunt and compound wound DC
machines which have constant flux. In this test the efficiency of the machine at any load is pre-determined. We can run
the machine as a motor or as a generator.
2. What is meant by windage losses?
Windage losses refers to the losses sustained by a machine due to the resistance offered by air to the rotation of the
shaft. Windage Losses occurs in electric rotating machines such as motors and generators. Windage losses also occur in
machines such as turbines and gearboxes
3. What do you mean by stray losses in DC machine?
`` As iron core of the armature is rotating in magnetic field, some losses occurs in the core which is called core losses.
Normally, machines are operated with constant speed, so these losses are almost constant. These losses are categorized
in two form; Hysteresis loss and Eddy current loss.
4. What is hysteresis loss in DC machine?
As the armature core is made of iron and it rotates in a magnetic field, a small current gets induced in the core itself too.
Due to this current, eddy current loss and hysteresis loss occur in the armature iron core. Iron losses are also called as
Core losses or magnetic losses.
5. What is meant by eddy current loss?
Eddy currents are currents induced in conductors to oppose the change in flux that generated them.[citation needed] It
is caused when a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field due to relative motion of the field source and
conductor; or due to variations of the field with time.
6. How does an eddy current work?
Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. They can be
` induced within nearby stationary conductors by a time-varying magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet or
transformer, for example, or by relative motion between a magnet and a nearby conductor.
7. What is the friction loss?
Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of
the pipe. Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" and it is not to be confused with “minor loss”, which includes
energy lost due to obstructions.
8. What is windage torque?
Windage is a force created on an object by friction when there is relative movement between air and the object. There
are two causes of windage: The object is moving and being slowed by resistance from the air. A wind is blowing
producing a force on the object.

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Experiment No 5 Date:__/__/____
RETARDATION TEST OR RUNNING DOWN ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the stray losses
2. To predetermine the efficiency of the D.C. motor at a given load
DISCUSSION:
This is the best and simplest method to find the efficiency of a constant-speed D.C. machine (e.g., shunt
generator and motor). In this method, we find the mechanical (friction and windage) and iron losses of the machine.
Then knowing the armature and shunt Cu losses at any load, the efficiency of the machine can be calculated at that
load.
Consider a D.C. shunt motor running at no-load.
If the supply to the armature is cut off but field remains normally excited, the motor slows down gradually and
finally stops. The kinetic energy of the armature is used up to overcome friction, windage and iron losses.
If the supply to the armature as well as field excitation is cut off, the motor again slows down and finally stops.
Now the kinetic energy of the armature is used up to overcome only the friction and windage losses. This is
expected because in the absence of flux, there will be no iron losses.
By carrying out the first test, we can find out the friction, windage and iron losses and hence the efficiency of the
machine. However, if we perform the second test also, we can separate friction and windage losses from the iron
losses.
If I is the amount of inertia of the armature ans is the angular velocity.
``
Kinetic energy of armature = 0.5 Iω².
Rotational losses, W = Rate of change of kinetic energy.

I=Moment of inertia of the armature.

In retardation test of dc machines, the rotational losses are given by

In a retardation test, the rotational losses W are given by;

W = 0.011 IN dN/dt
Second test: Electric Loading in Retardation Test:
As discussed we can eliminate I (moment of inertia of armature) from the above expression by applying either
mechanical or electric loading to the armature. The electric leading is preferred because of convenience and
reliability. Fig. illustrates how electric loading is applied to slow down the armature. The double throw switch S is
thrown to the supply and the machine is brought to full -load speed. Then the switch S is thrown to the other side
connecting a non-inductive resistance R across the armature. The supply now is cut off and the power dissipated in R
acts as a retarding torque to slow down the armature.

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Let V' = average voltage across R

I'a = average current through R
The electric loading W' (or extra power loss) is given by;
W' = average voltage x average current = V' I'a.

PROCEDURE:
TEST 1
1. Now start the dc machine normally, run the machine slightly above the rated speed by adjusting resistance.
2. After achieving above the rated speed just cutoff the power supply to the armature, but keeping field normally excited.
3. Now wait for some time to fall down of speed below rated, then using the tachometer note down the values of speed (in
rpm) and time (in sec).
4. The armature consequently slows down and the amount of kinetic energy present in the armature is used to supply the
rotational or stray losses which includes iron, friction and winding loss.
TEST 2 Electric Loading in Retardation Test
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Keep the armature resistance at maximum and motor field circuit resistance at minimum position.
3. Close the supply switch and DPDT on the armature side (position I). Gradually adjust armature circuit resistance to
minimum. Then increase the motor field circuit resistance so that the motor runs slightly beyond (1500rpm) rated speed
(say by 100 rpm). The field current is noted.
4. With the motor running, open the DPDT and note the time taken for a certain amount of fall in speed corresponding to
the fall in voltage of 10 v is observed (v2-v1). Let it be t1s Repeat steps 2, 3, 4 for different fall in voltage like 8 v, 6 v.
5. Repeat steps 2,3 and now open the DPDT switch and close immediately on the load side (position II). Note the time
taken for the same fall in voltage (v3 - v4). Let it be t2 sec.
6. While recording the time t2 , note the ammeter reading while starting as well as at stopping of the stop clock (let that be
Ia1 and Ia2 respectively ).
Measurement of Ra :by multimeter
Measurement of Field Resistance Rf : by multimeter

CALCULATION:
W! = average load power while breaking Vavg = V4-V3 difference Value & Iavg = Ia2- Ia1 difference Value
``
Rotational Stray losses Ws = Wꜝ (dt2)
(dt1-dt2)
Where Wꜝ=average load power = Vavg, Iavg watts
dt2 is the time taken for the speed to come down from N1 to N2 with load.
dt1 is the time taken for the speed to come down from N1 to N2 under no-load.
Once if we know the losses we can find efficiency at any load

To find the efficiency of D.C. motor at any given load:

Let IL be the full load current (From name plate)
Input = V (.IL) watts
Armature current = [IL - If ] = Ia for motor
Armature copper loss = Ia2 Ra
Field copper loss = If 2 Rf
Total loss = stray loss + Armature copper loss + Shunt field copper loss
Output
` = Input – Total Loss
%Efficiency = ( Output x100)/Input

To find the efficiency of D.C. generator at any given load:

Let IL be the full load current (From name plate)
Input = V (.IL) watts
Armature current = [IL + If ] = Ia for Generator
Armature copper loss = Ia2 Ra
Field copper loss = If 2 Rf
Total loss = stray loss + Armature copper loss + Shunt field copper loss
Output = Input – Total Loss
%Efficiency = ( Output x100)/Input

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
``
Reading without Applying Load
Sl Field Initial Final Time
No. Current Voltage Voltage t sec
1
2
Reading with Applying Load
Sl Initial Final Initial Final Time
No. Voltage Voltage Current Current t sec
1
2

PREDETERMINE ITS EFFICIENCY AT ANY DESIRED LOAD

As
` Motor
Cu. Losses %Efficiency =
Sl Load IL (A) Input Ia =IL – Total O/P=I/P–
V
No. Assumed Assumed ( VIL ) ISH Ia2 Ra If2 Rf Losses Total losses Output/Input

1 FULL 19.5 220

2 3/4 14.625 220
3 1/2 9.75 220
4 1/4 4.87 220

As Generator
Cu. Losses %Efficiency =
Sl Load IL (A) Input Ia =IL Total O/P=I/P–
V
No. Assumed Assumed ( VIL ) +ISH Ia2 Ra If2 Rf Losses Total losses Output/Input

1 FULL 19.5 220

2 3/4 14.625 220
15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual
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4 1/4 4.87 220
26 BTL Institute of Technology EEE Dept.

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

``
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

Let us illustrate the application of retardation test with a numerical example.

Suppose the normal speed of a d.c. machine is 1000 r.p.m. When retardation test is performed, the time taken for the
speed to fall from 1030 r.p.m. to 970 r.p.m. is 15 seconds with field normally excited. If th e moment of inertia of the
armature is 75 kg m , then ,

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Experiment No 6 Date:__/__/____
REGENERATIVE TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

DISCUSSION:

PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

``

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
3
4
5
6
` 7

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

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Experiment No 7 Date:__/__/____
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

DISCUSSION:

PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:

``
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
3
4
` 5
6
7

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

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Experiment No 8 Date:__/__/____
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR TO DRAW (I)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND (II) CIRCLE DIAGRAM. DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS AT DIFFERENT LOAD CONDITIONS FROM (I) AND (II).

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:
DISCUSSION:
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
``
TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

`MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

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Experiment No 9 Date:__/__/____
LOAD TEST ON INDUCTION GENERATOR.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

DISCUSSION:

PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
``

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
3
4
5
` 6
7

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

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Experiment No 10 Date:__/__/____
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR TO DRAW OUTPUT VERSUS TORQUE, CURRENT, POWER
AND EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTICS.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

DISCUSSION:

PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:
``

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
` 3
4
5
6
7

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:
15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
32 BTL Institute of Technology EEE Dept.

Experiment No 11 Date:__/__/____
CONDUCT SUITABLE TESTS TO DRAW THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AND DETERMINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

DISCUSSION:

PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:

CIRCUIT
`` DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
3
4
5
` 6
7

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

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Experiment No 12 Date:__/__/____
CONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT TO DRAW V AND Λ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AT NO LOAD AND LOAD
CONTINUOUS

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Equipment Motor Generator

1 K.W/H.P 3677.5W 3677.5W
2 Voltage 220V DC 220V DC
3 Current 20A 20A
4 Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
5 Wdg. Type LAP LAP

OBJECTIVE:

DISCUSSION:

PROCEDURE:

CALCULATION:

``
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl Input Input S1 S2 Load Speed Torque(T) Output HP Input Efficiency =

No. Voltage Current Kg Kg S1-S2 = N =𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑟 × 2 П NT / = O/P by I/P
S RPM 9.81 𝑁𝑚 60 VI
1
2
3
4
` 5
6
7

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSIONS:

SIMPLE EXERCISE:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

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``

15EEL 47 Electrical Machines I1 Laboratory Manual