RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KUTHAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI – 600 124.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

A LABORATORY WORKBOOK

FOR

GE23222 - BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
(REGUALTION-2023)

I YEAR-II SEM – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Name of the Student :

Batch with Section :

Registration Number :
 Vision of the College

 To set a benchmark in the field of Engineering education by providing quality

technical education that fosters the spirit of learning, research and globally competent
professionalism.

Mission of the College

 To impart education that caters to the growing challenges of the Industry and social
needs of our nation.
 To constantly upgrade the standards of teaching and learning in the field of
engineering and technology while promoting a healthy research atmosphere.
 To foster a healthy symbiosis with the industry through meaningful and dynamic interactions.

Department Vision

 To be a globally recognized department for excellence in education and research by producing

innovative, dedicated and passionate Mechanical Engineers with social consciousness.

Department Mission
 To solve real world problems of mankind and continue providing knowledge and tools required to
facilitate the importance of Mechanical Engineering.
 To instill the spirit of design, manufacturing, quality and research in the minds of the students to
produce socially conscious Engineers
 To create mutual relationships between the Institute, Industry and Alumni.
 Programme Educational Objectives

 Graduates can

 have a successful career in Mechanical Engineering and allied industries by adopting

niche technologies through life-long learning.

 expertise in the areas of Design, Thermal, Materials and Manufacturing Technology

 contribute holistically towards technological development through academic research,

industrial practices with social responsibilities.

Programme Specific Outcomes

The Students will be able to

 PSO 1: acquire sound technical knowledge on design, analysis and fabrication of

machine elements and thermal systems to fulfill the Industrial needs.

 PSO 2: enhance the technical knowledge in product development by using

CAD/CAM/CAE software’s.

 PSO 3: work with professionalism, ethical attitude in Multi-disciplinary domains to achieve

career and organizational goals.
 Course Objectives

 To train the students in conducting load tests on electrical machines

 To gain practical experience in characterizing electronic devices
 To train the students to use DSO for measurements.

Course Outcomes

At the end of the course, learners will be able

CO1 :Use experimental methods to verify the Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
CO2 :Analyze experimentally the load characteristics of electrical machines
CO3 :Analyze the characteristics of basic electronic devices
CO4 :Analyze the characteristics of basic Transformers
CO5 : Design of a combinational logic circuit
 KIND ATTENTION TO STUDENTS

Students should have the practical work book, record and related text books
during the lab classes.
SAFETY
 You have to wear coat and shoes compulsorily to the lab classes.
 In case of any wrong observations, you have to SWITCH OFF the power
supply related with it.
MAKING CONNECTIONS
 Go to the respective worktable and start to give connections as per the
circuit diagram from the source side.
 Do series circuit connections first and then do parallel
circuit connections.
 Don’t use meter terminals as junctions and place them properly to
observe readings conveniently.
 Check the rheostat positions and connections properly.
 Before switching on the power, get the approval for circuit connected
from the Staff-in-charge / Instructor.
CONDUCTION
 Start the experiment in the presence of an Instructor/Staff- in-charge and
do the same by following the precautions and procedure.
 Check the motor direction and meter direction. If any changes are there
then SWITCH OFF and rectify as per the directions of the Staff-in-
charge/Instructor and if staff permits you then precede your experiment.
OBSERVATION
 Note all the required readings in their respective tabular columns.
 During the load test on motors if the pointers of spring balances vibrate
then arrest the vibration gently and take readings.
 If brake load is applied to the motor then pour the water on the brake
drum to avoid burning of belt.
 At the time of over loading, readings should be taken quickly.
CALCULATION
 Calculate the required quantities by suitable formulae and tabulate them
with UNITS.
 Draw the required graphs and write the result.
 Get the signature in the observation note book from Staff-in-charge on
the same day.
RECORD
 Enter the experiment details in the record note book which you have
done in the observation note book.
 For circuit diagrams pro circle is must and the following dimensions to be
followed.


 Complete the record and submit the same in the next laboratory class.
NOTE:
1. Nameplate details should be observed from the machine.
2. Moving coil meters should be used for DC measurements.
3. Moving iron meters should be used for AC measurements.
4. Under no load conditions, LPF Watt meters should be used for power
measurement because of low power factor.
5. Under load conditions, UPF Watt meters should be used for power
measurement because of high power factor.
6. For load test, machine can be loaded up to 125% of its rated quantity
and at no load test current will be 10% of its rated amount.
7. Fuse rating should not exceed 125% of rated current for load test and

10% for no load test.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Exp. Page Staff
Date Name of the Experiment Viva
No. No. Sign
1 Load test on DC shunt motor

2 Load test on DC series motor

Load characteristics of self-excited DC shunt
3
generator
Load test on a single-phase transformer
4
Load test on single-phase Induction motor
5
6 Load test on three-phase Squirrel cage
Induction motor
7 Characteristics of PN junction diode
Characteristics of IGBT,SCR and MOSFET
8
Half wave and Full wave rectifiers
9
Design of a combinational logic circuit
10

Additional Experiments

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Exp. No. : 1 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Date :

AIM

To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and to find its performance

characteristics and mechanical characteristics.

THEORY

A DC motor is an electrical machine, which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy.

Speed (N) of a shunt motor can be expressed as

K ( V - IaRa )
N= rpm
φ
The motor when connected across constant voltage supply draws a constant
field current. The flux ( φ ) which is proportional to the field current is thus constant.
When motor is loaded, armature current ( Ia ) increases with increase in load causing
an increase in the armature drop IaRa . Generally the armature resistance Ra is very
small and hence the drop IaRa is quite small compared to applied voltage V. This
causes quite a small drop in the speed on loading. The torque developed is
proportional to the product of flux and armature current Ia.

T α φ Ia

As φ is constant, T α Ia

Hence the speed- torque characteristics of DC shunt motor is similar to speed

Vs. output power characteristics. Torque Vs. Output power characteristics is linear as
seen from the torque equation.

The shunt motor has a definite no load speed the drop in speed from no load to
full load is small is 5 to 10% of no load speed. So the motor is usually referred to as
constant speed motor. The speed for any load within the operating range of the motor
can be readily obtained by varying the field current by means of field rheostat. The
shunt motor has a lower starting torque. If twice full load torque is required at starting
then the shunt motor draws the full load current. To start a shunt motor it should have
enough starting torque and the armature current should be within its safe limit. A three
point starter is used for the shunt motor.

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostat 750Ω, 1.2 A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS

1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.

2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position during starting and
stopping.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST
switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted
under no load condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually in terms of % of full load current
and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings and speed of
the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum
position, then DPST switch is opened.

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FORMULAE

Circumference
R= ------------------- m Torque T = (S1 ∼ S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
100 x2π

2πNT
Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts Input Power Pi = VI Watts
60

Output Power
Efficiency η % = ----------------------- x 100%
Input Power

MODEL GRAPHS

(a) Performance and Electrical Characteristics (b) Mechanical Characteristics

y3 y2 y1
y
Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)
Efficiency %

η
N
Speed N (rpm)

Output Power (Watts) x Torque T (Nm) x

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RESULT

INFERENCE

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the other name for DC shunt motor?

2. What is the nature of field winding in DC shunt motor?
3. How will you connect the field winding in DC shunt motor?
4. What is the purpose of this experiment?
5. Give the relation between load & speed.
6. Write the relation between efficiency & load?
7. What is nature of speed of shunt motor?
8. What is the starting torque of DC shunt motor?
9. What are the applications of DC shunt motor?
10. Whether we can run the DC shunt motor initially with load or without load?
11. Whether the field rheostat is kept in maximum or minimum position during initial
Condition?
12. Explain the function of no voltage coil and over load coils of three point starter.

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Exp. No. : 2
Date : LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM

To conduct load test on DC series motor and to find its performance

characteristics.

THEORY
A Series motor is one in which the field windings are connected in series with
the armature conductors. As they carry the full load current, they consist of few turns of
thick wire. The current flowing through the field winding is same as the armature
current.

I = Ia = Ise

The back emf Eb is given by the equation,

Eb = V-Ia(Ra+Rse) – Brush contact drop

where Rse is the resistance of series field and Ra is the armature resistance. The Brush
contact drop can be neglected.
K [V – Ia(Ra+Rse)]
N= rpm
Φ
where, K = 60A/PZ, is a constant for the given machine. Hence,
N α Eb / Φ = [V – Ia(Ra+Rse)]/ Φ

As Rs and Rse are normally small, the drop Is (Rs+Rse) is quite small compared to V and
hence the back emf can be assumed to be almost constant. Thus the speed,
N α I/Φ α I/Ia
At small loads, the armature current is small which results in higher speeds. As
the load is increased, the flux also increases and hence speed gets reduced. At high
loads, flux becomes constant due to saturation and hence the speed becomes nearly
constant.Torque developed is proportional to the product of flux and armature current
and can be written as
TαΦ Ia
Tα Ia2 (before saturation since Φ α Ia )
Tα Ia (after saturation) (since the Φ is constant)

At no load the motor current and hence the flux per pole tends to zero and as a
consequence the motor speed tends to increase to infinite. This is a dangerous
situation and the centrifugal force will destroy the armature flux. A series motor must
never to allowed to run at no load torque and the motor of this type of speed torque
characteristics and is ideally suited for lifts, cranes, etc.,

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
4 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS

1. The motor should be started and stopped with load.

2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance
is gradually removed.
3. For various loads, Voltmeter, Ammeter readings, speed and spring balance
readings are noted.
4. After bringing the load to initial load position, DPST switch is opened.

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FORMULAE

Circumference
R= ------------------- m Torque T = (S1 ∼ S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
100 x2π

2πNT
Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts Input Power Pi = VI Watts
60

Output Power
Efficiency η % = ----------------------- x 100%
Input Power

MODEL GRAPHS

(a) Performance and Electrical Characteristics (b)Mechanical Characteristics

y3 y2 y1

T
Efficiency η %

Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)

y
η
Speed N (rpm)

Torque T (Nm) x
Output Power (Watts) x

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RESULT

INFERENCE

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the nature of starting torque in DC series motor?

2. What is the other name for DC series motor?
3. What is the nature of field winding of DC series motor?
4. How will you connect field winding in series motor?
5. What is the purpose of this experiment?
6. List the applications of DC series motor.
7. How will you differentiate torque curve between DC series and DC shunt motors?
8. Whether we can run the DC series motor initially with load or without load?
9. Which starter is used for DC series motor?
10. What is the nature of speed of DC series motor?
11. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of the DC series motor

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Exp. No. : 3 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED

DC SHUNT GENERATOR
Date :

AIM
To obtain load characteristics of self-excited dc shunt generator.

THEORY
A DC generator works on the principle of Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic
induction, which says that whenever a conductor is moved in the magnetic field, an emf
is generated in it. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of
change of flux. A D.C generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induced
voltage. Depending on whether the excitation circuit consumes power from the
armature of the machine or from a separate power supply, the generator may be
classified as self excited generators or separately excited generates respectively.

The field is energized by the current produced by the same generator it is due
to property of residual magnetism. The field winding is shunted across the armature
terminals. Critical Resistance is the minimum resistance of the field winding above which
the motor gets excited. An open circuit characteristic of a self excited DC shunt
generator does not start from zero, but at some value slightly higher than zero due to
residual magnetism.

The shunt generator is first allowed to build up its rated voltage, before it is
loaded. On load the terminal voltage VL drops with increase in load current, such a drop in
voltage is not desirable. This is mainly objectionable. Hence it is desirable that VL should
practically remain constant and independent of load. There are three main reasons for
the drops in terminal voltage of a shunt generator on load. They are,

(i) Armature Resistance Drop - As the load current increases, more voltage is
consumed in ohmic resistance of the armature circuit. Hence, the terminal voltage
VL = E - Ia Ra is decreased where E is the emf induced in the armature under load
condition.
(ii) Armature Reaction - Due to the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, pole
flux is weakened and so the induced emf in the armature is decreased.
(iii) The drop in terminal voltage due to results in a decrease in field current which
further reduces the induced emf

The load on the generator is applied for a constant rated speed of the set. The
load characteristics can be classified under two headings. They are
(i) External Characteristics

The terminal voltage VL versus load current IL is called external characteristics.

(ii) Internal Characteristics
Internal characteristics give the relation between E & Ia.
In shunt generator Ia = IL+If and E = VL+IaRa

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

(0-2)A MC 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 750 Ω, 1.2 A Wire Wound 2
4 Loading Rheostat 3 kW, 230V - 1
5 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS

1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the
time of starting and stopping the machine.
3. No load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of
generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken, by varying the generator field
rheostat under no load condition.
5. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are
noted for load characteristics.
6. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is
brought to maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to
minimum position, DPST switch is opened.

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LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Armature Resistance = Ω

TABULAR COLUMN

Field Load Terminal

Ia = IL + If
S.No. Current Current Voltage Eg =V + Ia Ra
(Amps)
If (Amps) IL (Amps) (V) Volts (Volts)

FORMULAE MODEL GRAPH

Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)
VL, E (Volts)

Ia = IL + If (Amps)
E Vs Ia
(Int Char)
where
Eg : Generated emf in Volts V Vs IL
(Ext Char)
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia : Armature Current in Amps
IL : Line Current in Amps
If : Field Current in Amps Ia, IL (Amps)

Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms

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RESULT

INFERENCE

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of this experiment?
2. How will you bring the DC generator to its rated speed?
3. What is mean by critical resistance?
4. What is commutator?
5. What is the maximum voltage in shunt generators
6. What is mean by external resistance?
7. How will you find the armature resistance?
8. What will happen it you interchange the shunt field connection?
9. What will happen in shunt generator if load is applied?
10. Write the relation between load and terminal voltage or generator voltage.

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Exp. No. : 4 LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE-PHASE

Date : TRANSFORMER

AIM
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to find its efficiency and
percentage regulation.

THEORY
A transformer is a static device by means of which electric power can be
transformed from one circuit to another circuit without change in frequency either by
step up or step down the voltage.
The transformer works on the principle of mutual induction, if the coil is
connected in a source or alternating voltage a flux is step up on laminated core most of
which it is linked as mutually induced emf of the coil. The winding to which AC supply is
fed is called primary winding and from which the energy is drawn out is called
secondary winding.
When a transformer is loaded, its terminal voltage gets changed. The change in
terminal voltage depends upon the magnitude and the power factor. In other words, it
depends on the load impedance. Similarly the drop terminal voltage with a given
current, will be large with lagging p.f. will be less with unity p.f., and drop may be even
negative (meaning a raise in voltage) with a leading power factor.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-10)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
(0-150)V MI 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-300) V MI 1
(300V, 5A) upf 1
3 Wattmeter
(150V, 5A) upf 1
4 Auto Transformer 1φ, (0-260)V - 1
5 Resistive Load 3 kW, 230V - 1
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

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PRECAUTIONS
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load
condition.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of auto transformer and
DPST switch is closed.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary side and
secondary side are noted.
4. The load is increased and for each load, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter
readings on both primary and secondary sides are noted.
5. Again no load condition is obtained and DPST switch is opened.

FORMULAE

Output Power = W 2 x Multiplication factor

Input Power = W 1 x Multiplication factor

Output Power
Efficiency η % = ----------------------- x 100%
Input Power

VNL (secondary)- VFL (secondary)

Regulation R % = ------------------------------ x 100%
VNL

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MODEL GRAPH

η
R
Regulation R %
Efficiency η %

Output Power (Watts)

RESULT

INFERENCE

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the other name of single phase transformer?
2. What is the purpose of this experiment?
3. What is the application of single phase transformer?
4. Explain the principle of transformer.
5. What is the relationship between efficiency and load?
6. What is the relation between load and regulation?
7. Which type of load is used in this experiment?
8. Explain the relationship between load & output power.
9. How will you set the primary winding voltage?
10. What will be the efficiency at zero load?

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Exp. No. : 513 LOAD TEST ON A

Date : SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM

To conduct load test on single phase Induction Motor and to find efficiency.

THEORY

Single-phase induction motors are inferior in performance and larger in weight

and volume compared to three-phase motors of the same rating. They are employed in
low power drives in small industries, domestic and commercial applications.
Applications are many such as compressors in refrigerators and air-conditioners,
washing machines, dryers, fans, pumps, printing machines and tape recorders.

Construction wise this motor is more or less similar to a poly phase induction
motor, except that its stator is provided with a single phase winding. A centrifugal
switch is used in some type of motor in order to cut out a winding. When fed from a
single phase, it is only alternating along one phase axis only. Alternating or pulsating
flux acting on a stationary squired cage rotor cannot produce rotation that is why a
single phase motor is not self starting.

But if started by auxiliary means, it will develop torque and continue to run.
When the rotor is running, induced rotor currents are such that their mmf opposes the
reverse stator mmf to a greater extent than they oppose the forward stator mmf. Net
torque (difference between the forward and reverse torques) produced, maintains the
motion.

In Capacitor start single phase induction motor, main and auxiliary windings are
present. A capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding to provide phase-
shift between the currents of main and auxiliary windings. Capacitors provide a phase
shift of 90 between the windings to provide rotation during starting and running.

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 300V,10A UPF 1
4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position at the time of closing &

opening DPST Switch.
2. The motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water while running.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum Auto Transformer position,
DPST switch is closed.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted
under no load condition.
4. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter,
ammeter, spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
5. The motor is then brought to no load condition and auto transformer to minimum
position, then DPST switch is opened.

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FORMULAE

Circumference
R = ------------------- m Torque T = (S1  S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
100 x2 Input Power Pi = W 1 x M.F Watts

Ns - Nr 120 x f
Slip = ------------ x 100% where Ns = -------- ---
Ns No. of Poles(P)
2NT
Output Power Pm = -------------- Watts
60

Output Power
Efficiency  % = --------------------- x 100%
Input Power

MODEL GRAPHS
(a) Performance and Mechanical Characteristics (b)Electrical Characteristics

y3 y2 y1
y
Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)
Efficiency %

Speed N (rpm)


N

x
Torque T (Nm)

Output Power (Watts)

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RESULT

INFERENCE

REVIEW

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?

2. Whether single phase induction motor is a self starting motor?
3. What are the starting methods of single phase induction motor?
4. What is the function of capacitor?

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Exp. No. : 6 LOAD TEST ON A THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL

Date : CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM

To conduct load test on three-phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor and to find
efficiency.

THEORY
Induction motor is one of the most important machines, which is used in
industrial and domestic applications. These induction motors are classified into different
types namely squirrel cage induction motor and slip ring induction motor. The first one
is most preferable because of its rugged construction and its performance
characteristics.
Three-phase Induction Motor has normal starting torque and adjustable speed
so that speed control can be achieved easily. Starting torque increases with increase in
the value of rotor resistance. However maximum torque remains constant and it is
independent f the rotor resistance. But slip varies at above said condition.
Normally DOL, star-delta and autotransformer starter are used to start the
motor. This motor may sometime show a tendency to run at very low speed
usually one seventh of its normal speed. This is because of presence of the
harmonics in the sinusoidal flux wave produced by the stator mmf it is called by the
name of crawling. This motor may exhibit a peculiar behavior in starting for certain
relationship between the numbers of stator slots equal to an integral multiple of rotor
slots. The variations of reluctance as a function of space will be introduced. This in
turn creates as aligning torque stronger than the accelerating torque with consequent
failure of motor start. This phenomenon is known as cogging.
When three phase supply is given to the stator of a 3 phase induction motor a
rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed. This revolving
flux sweeps over the rotor magnetic induction. In order to reduce the relative speed
between the rotor and rotating magnetic flux, the rotor starts rotating in the same
direction as that of start flux with a speed which is less than the synchronous speed.
The difference in speed is called slip speed.

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 440V,10A UPF 1
4 Tachometer (0-1500) RPM Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS

1. The motor should be under no load condition while starting and stopping.
2. Brake drum should be cooled with water while running.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition, TPST switch is closed and the machine is
started using star-delta starter.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter readings and speed are noted under no load
condition. If the wattmeter reads negative value, connections M and L are
interchanged after which no load readings are taken.
4. After taking no load readings the interchanged connections in the particular
wattmeter is brought back to original connection.
5. Load is gradually varied until the rated current and for each load, Voltmeter,
Ammeter, Wattmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted.
6. Again no load condition is obtained and TPST switch is opened.

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EE8361 –Electrical Engineering laboratory RIT

FORMULAE

Circumference
R = ------------------- m Torque T = (S1 ∼ S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
100 x2π
Input Power Pi = W 1 x M.F + W 2 x M.F
Watts
Ns - Nr 120 x f
Slip = ------------ x 100% where Ns = -------- ---
Ns No. of Poles(P)

2πNT
Output Power Pm =---------------- Watts
60

Output Power
Efficiency η % = ----------------------- x 100%
Input Power

MODEL GRAPHS

(a) Performance and Electrical Characteristics (b) Mechanical Characteristics

y3 y2 y1
y
Efficiency η %

Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)

η
Speed N (rpm)

x
Torque T (Nm)

Output Power (Watts)

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EE8361 –Electrical Engineering laboratory RIT

RESULT

INFERENCE

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?

2. What are the applications of induction motor?
3. Which type of connection is applied for stator?
4. Why we call this motor as squirrel cage induction motor?
5. Which starter is used for 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor?
6. What is the principle of 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor?

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EC 6361 – ELECTRONCS LABORATORY MANUAL RIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FORWARD BIAS

(0-30)mA
+
1K
+ +
(0-30)V (0-1)V
-

REVERSE BIAS

(0-100)µA

+
1K

+ +
(0-30)V (0-30)V

Specification for 1N4001: Silicon Diode

Peak Inverse Voltage: 50V
Idc= 1A.
Maximum forward voltage drop at 1 Amp is 1.1 voltsMaximum
reverse current @50 volts is 5A

74

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EC 6361 – ELECTRONCS LABORATORY MANUAL

Exp. No. : 71 CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE

Date :

AIM
To study the PN junction diode characteristics under Forward & Reverse bias
conditions.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Qty S.No. Name Range Qty

1 R.P.S (0-30)V 1 1 Diode IN4001 1

(0–30)mA 1 2 Resistor 1k 1

2 Ammeter Bread
(0-100µA 1 3 1
Board
3 Voltmeter (0–1)V 1 4 Wires

THEORY
A PN junction diode is a two terminal junction device. It conducts only in one direction
(only on forward biasing).

FORWARD BIAS
On forward biasing, initially no current flows due to barrier potential. As the applied
potential exceeds the barrier potential the charge carriers gain sufficient energy to cross the
potential barrier and hence enter the other region. The holes, which are majority carriers in the
P-region, become minority carriers on entering the N-regions, and electrons, which are the
majority carriers in the N-region, become minority carriers on entering the P-region. This
injection of Minority carriers results in the current flow, opposite to the direction of electron
movement.

75

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EC 6361 – ELECTRONCS LABORATORY MANUAL RIT
TABULAR COLUMN
FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS

S.No. VOLTAGE CURRENT S..No. VOLTAGE CURRENT

(Volts) ( mA) (Volts) ( A)

MODEL GRAPH

If (mA)
I2

Vb I1
( Volts) V 1 V2 Vf (Volts)

Ir (A)

FORMULA FOR REVERSE SATURATION CURRENT (IO):

Io = I/[exp(V/VT)]-1

Where VT is the voltage equivalent of Temperature = kT/q

-k is Boltzmann’s constant, q is the charge of the electron and T is the temperature indegrees
Kelvin.  =1 for Germanium and 2 for Silicon
76

7
REVERSE
EC BIAS LABORATORY MANUAL
6361 – ELECTRONCS RIT
On reverse biasing, the majority charge carriers are attracted towards the terminals due
to the applied potential resulting in the widening of the depletion region. Since the charge
carriers are pushed towards the terminals no current flows in the device due to majority charge
carriers. There will be some current in the device due to the thermally generated minority
carriers. The generation of such carriers is independent of the applied potential and hence the
current is constant for all increasing reverse potential. This current is referred to as Reverse
Saturation Current (IO) and it increases with temperature. When the applied reverse voltage is
increased beyond the certain limit, it results in breakdown. During breakdown, the diode
current increases tremendously.
PROCEDURE
FORWARD BIAS
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the applied voltage V in steps of 0.1V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings I.
4. Plot a graph between V & I

OBSERVATIONS
1. Find the d.c (static) resistance = V/I.
V2  V1
2. Find the a.c (dynamic) resistance r = V / I (r = V/I) = .
I 2  I1
3. Find the forward voltage drop = [Hint: it is equal to 0.7 for Si and 0.3 for Ge]

REVERSE BIAS
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the applied voltage V in steps of 1.0V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings I.
4. Plot a graph between V & I
5. Find the dynamic resistance r = V / I.

RESULT
Forward and Reverse bias characteristics of the PN junction diode and the dynamic
resistance under Forward bias = --------------------- Reverse bias = -------------
Reverse Saturation Current = ------------------- --.
INFERENCE

77
 RIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN CONFIGURATION:

78
 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

Exp. No. : 8 A2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

Date :

AIM
To determine the characteristics of SCR and to study the operation of Single PhaseSingle
Pulse Converter using SCR.

THEORY
A thyristor is a four-layer semiconductor device of pnpn structure with 3 pn
junctions. It has three terminals: anode, cathode and gate. When the anode voltage is made
positive with respect to the cathode, the junctions J1 and J3 are forward biased. The junction J2
is reverse biased, and only a small leakage current flows from anode to cathode. The thyristor
is then said to be in the forward blocking state. If the anode- cathode voltage is increased to a
sufficiently large value, the reverse-biased junction J2 breaks. This is known as avalanche
breakdown and the corresponding voltage is called forward breakdown voltage. This device is
then in Conducting state or ON state. The anode current must be more than a value known as
latching current. When the cathode is made positive with respect to the anode, the Junction J2
is forward biased but junctions J1 and J3 are reverse biased. Then the thyristor acts in reverse
blocking mode.
Turn ON mechanism:-
 When a positive gate signal is applied to a forward biased SCR, the transition
of SCR from blocking state to conducting state is called as turn ON mechanism.
 The time taken for SCR to traverse from the blocking state to conducting state
is called as turn on time.
 Turn on time is divided into 3 periods.
 tON = td + tr + tp. td = delay time, tp or ts = peak time (or) spread time
 when the gate current reaches 0.9IG the anode current IA starts increasing
andreaches 0.1IA (10% of its max value)
 The time taken for anode current to reach 0.1IA is called as delay time(td).
 In other words, it is the time taken for anode voltage to fall from VA to 0.9VA
 The anode current further increases and reaches 0.9IA.

79 13
 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

TABULAR COLUMN

IG =….(mA) IG =….(mA)
S.No.
VAK (V) IA (mA) VAK (V) IA (mA)

IL = mA

IH = mA

80

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EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
 The time taken by the anode current to increases from 0.1IA to 0.9IA is called as
rise time(tr).
 In other words, it is the time taken by the anode voltage to fall from 0.9VA to
0.1VA
Turn OFF mechanism:

 Turning OFF an SCR means bringing the SCR from conducting state to
blockingstate.
 To turn off an SCR two things are to be done
(1) Reduce the anode current below its holding current level.
(2) Application of reverse voltage.
 When the anode current is zero, if we apply forward voltage to the SCR, the
device will not be able to block this forward voltage due to the fact that excess
charge carriers are still at the junctions, so the device will start conducting even
when the gate signal is not applied.
 In order to avoid this, reverse biasing of SCR is done to remove the
excess charge carriers from all four layers.
 The turn OFF time is defined as the time from the instant the anode
current becomes zero to the instant SCR reaches its forward blocking
ability.
Turn off time tOFF = trr + tgr trr
= Reverse recovery timetgr
=Gate recovery time
Reverse recovery process is the removal of excessive charge carries from thetop and
bottom layers of SCR.

At t1; current IA = 0

 After t1; IA build up in the reverse direction, due to the charge carriers stored
in the four layers.
 Reverse recovery current removes the excessive carriers from junctions J 1 and
J3 during the time t1 to t3. (Reverse recovery current flows due sweeping out of
holes from top p-layer and electrons from bottom n layer)

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 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
Reverse Recovery Time (trr):-

 It is the time taken for the removal of excessive carriers from top and
bottom layer of SCR.
 At t2: When nearly 60% of charges are removed from the outer two layers,
thereverse recovery current decreases.
 This decaying causes a reverse voltage to be applied across the SCR.
 At t3 all excessive carriers from J1 and J3 is removed.
 The reverse voltage across SCR removes the excessive carriers from junction
J2.
 Gate recovery process is the removal of excessive carriers from J2 junction by
application of reverse voltage.
 Time taken for removal of trapped charges from J2 is called gate
recoverytime(tgr).
 At t4 all the carriers are removed and the device moves to the forward blocking

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 SCR TYN 612 1
Regulated Power
2 (0-30) V 1
Supply
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
4 Ammeter (0-30)mA MC 1
5 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1
6 Resistor 1 kΩ 2

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set the Anode Cathode voltage by varying the RPS
4. Next voltage applied to Gate. The SCR is ON.
5. Note down the breakdown voltage.
6. Increase the Anode Cathode voltage and corresponding current is noted.
7. The above steps are repeated for different values of VBO. 82

17
EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT

INFERENCE

REVIEW
1. What is thyristor? Mention some of them
2. Differentiate Holding Current from Latching current.
3. What are the different operating modes of SCR?
4. What are different methods of turning ON a SCR?
5. Define Avalanche breakdown.
6. Enumerate the commutation techniques of SCR.
83

18
EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
Laboratory

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN CONFIGURATION

84

26 19
 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

Exp. No. :8 B 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

Date :

AIM
To determine the characteristics of MOSFET
THEORY
A power MOSFET is a voltage-controlled device and requires only a small input current.
The switching speed is very high and the switching times are of the order of nanoseconds.
Power MOSFETs find increasing applications in low-power high- frequency converters.
MOSFETs do not have the problems of second breakdown phenomena as do BJTs. However,
MOSFETs have the problems of electrostatic discharge and require special care in handling. In
addition, it is relatively difficult to protect them under short-circuited fault conditions.
The two types of MOSFETs are
1. Depletion-type MOSFET
2. Enhancement-type MOSFET
It has very high input impedance. The gate draws a very small leakage current, in the
order of nanoamperes. The current gain, which is the ratio of drain current, ID,to input gate
current, IG, is typically on the order of 109. However, the currentgain is not an important
parameter. The transconductance, which is the ratio of drain current to gate
voltage, defines the transfers characteristics and is a very important parameter.
There are three regions of operation:
1. Cutoff region
2. Pinch-off region or saturation region
3. Linear region
Due to the high drain current and low drain voltage, the power MOSFETs are operated
in the linear region for switching actions. In the saturated region, the drain current remains
almost constant for any increase in the value of VDS and the transistors are used in this region
for voltage amplification.

85

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EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

TABULAR COLUMN
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

VGS =….(V) VGS =….(V)

S.No
VDS (mV) ID (mA) VDS (mV) ID (mA)

DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS

V DS =….(V)
S.No

VGS (mV) ID (mA)

MODEL GRAPH

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS

86

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 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 MOSFET IRF840 1
Regulated Power (0-30) V
2 1
Supply
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
5 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1
6 Resistor 1 kΩ 1

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set the gate current at a fixed value by varying RPS on the gate-cathode side.
4. Vary the voltage applied across Gate and corresponding VDS and ID is noted .
5. The above steps are repeated for different values of I G .

6. Draw the graph between V GS and ID and VGS and ID

RESULT

INFERENCE

REVIEW

1. What are the different types of power transistor?

2. Power MOSFET is a voltage controlled device? Why?
3. What are the different types of power MOSFET?
4. Is gate drive circuits are required for MOSFET? Justify
5. Mention some applications and features of power MOSFET.

87

29
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM RIT

PIN CONFIGURATION

88
 RIT

Exp. No. : CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT

Date :

AIM
To determine the characteristics of IGBT

THEORY
An IGBT combines the advantages of both BJTs and MOSFETs. It has high
input impedance , like MOSFETs and low on-state conduction losses, like BJTs. However,
there is no secondary breakdown problem, as with BJTs. An IGBT is a voltage-controlled
device similar to a power MOSFET. Like an MOSFET, when the gate is made positive with
respect to the emitter for turn-on, n carriers are drawn into the p-channel near the gate
region; this results in a forward bias. IGBT is turned on by just applying a positive gate
voltage to open the channel for n carriers and is turned off by removing the gate voltage to
close the channel.
IGBT requires a very simple driver circuit. It has lower switching and conducting
losses while sharing many of the appealing features of power MOSFETs, such as ease of
gate drive, peak current, capability and ruggedness. It is inherently faster than a BJT.
The three terminals are gate, collector, and emitter instead of gate, drain and source
for a MOSFET. The parameters and symbols are similar to that of MOSFETs, except that
the subscripts for source and drain are changed to emitter and collector, respectively. The
current rating of single IGBT can be upto 400A, 1200V, and the switching frequency can be
up to 20kHz. IGBTs are finding increasing applications in medium-power applications such
as dc and ac motor drives, power supplies, solid-state relays, and contractors. IGBTs
require special care to match the characteristics due to the variations of the temperature
coefficients with the collector current.

33
 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

TABULAR COLUMN

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

VGE =….(V) VGE =….(V)

S.No
VCE (mV) IC (mA) VCE (mV) IC (mA)

DRAIN CHARACTERISTIC

V CE =….(V)
S.No
VGE (mV) IC (mA)

MODEL GRAPH

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS

34
 EE6611 –Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 IGBT STP 6N 1
Regulated Power (0-30) V
2 1
Supply
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
5 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1
6 Resistor 1 kΩ 1

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set the gate current at a fixed value by varying RPS on the gate-emitter side.
4. Vary the voltage applied across Gate and corresponding ( VCE) and ( IC ) is
noted .
5. The above steps are repeated for different values of I G .

6. Vary the voltage across Collector and Emitter and noted down VGE and IC.

7. Draw the graph between (VCE ) and (IC ) and (VGE ) and (IC ).

RESULT

INFERENCE

REVIEW

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?What is an IGBT?

2. Why are IGBT’s becoming popular in their application to controlled rectifier?
3. IGBT is a voltage controlled device. Why?
4. Enumerate the applications of IGBT.
5. What are the advantages of IGBT over MOSFET?
35 3
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1N 4007

1K
1, 230V, 100F
CRO
50Hz
AC supply

1 Transformer
230 V / 6V

FORMULAE WITHOUT FILTER

(i) Vrms = Vm / 2
(ii) Vdc = Vm / 
(iii) Ripple Factor=  (Vrms / Vdc)2 – 1
(iv) Efficiency = (Vdc / Vrms)2 x 100

WITH FILTER
(i) Vrms =  (Vrms’2 + Vdc2)
(ii) Vrms’ = Vrpp / (3 x 2)
(iii) Vdc = Vm – V rpp /2
(iv) Ripple Factor= Vrms’/ Vdc

36 17
EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
10 SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Date :

AIM
To construct a half wave rectifier using diode and to draw its performance
characteristics.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S.
S.No Name Range Qty Name Range Qty
No.
1 Transformer 230/(6-0-6)V 1 Diode IN4001
1 1
2 R.P.S (0-30)V 2
(0–30)mA 1 2 Resistor 1K  1
3 Ammeter Bread
(0–250)µA 1 3 1
Board
(0–30)V 1 4 Capacitor 100µf 1
4 Voltmeter
(0–2)V 1 5 CRO 1

THEORY
It converts an ac voltage into a pulsating DC voltage using only one half of
the applied ac voltage. The rectifying diode conducts during one half of the ac cycle. During
positive half cycle of the input signal the anode of diode becomes positive with respect to
cathode and hence the diode conducts. For an ideal diode the forward voltage drop is zero so
the whole input voltage appears across the load. During negative half of the input signal the
anode of the diode becomes negative with respe ct to cathode and hence the diode does not
conduct. For an ideal diode the impedance offered by the diode is unity so the whole input
voltage drop across diode. Hence voltage drop across RL is zero.

37 18
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
TABULAR COLUMN
WITHOUTFILTER:

Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple factor Efficiency

WITH FILTER
Vrms Vrpp Vdc Ripple factor Efficiency

MODEL GRAPH

Vin
(Volts)

t (ms)

Vo
(Volts)
Without Filter

t (ms)
Vo
(Volts) With Filter

t (ms)

38 19
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
PROCEDURE WITHOUT FILTER
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to
theRectifier I/P.
3. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
4. Plot its performance graph.

WITH FILTER
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to
the Rectifier I/P.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the Load.
4. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
5. Plot its performance graph.

RESULT
Thus the performance characteristics of 1 Half wave rectifier was obtained.

INFERENCE

39 20
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1 Transformer 1N 4007
230 V / 6V

100F
1K
1, 230V,
CRO
50Hz
AC supply

1N 4007

FORMULAE
WITHOUT FILTER

(i) Vrms = Vm / 2
(ii) Vdc = 2Vm / 
(iii) Ripple Factor=  (Vrms / Vdc)2 – 1
(iv) Efficiency = (Vdc / Vrms)2 x 100

WITH FILTER
(i) Vrms = Vrpp /(2* 3)
(ii) Vdc = Vm – V rpp

(iv) Ripple Factor= Vrms’/ Vdc

40 21
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
1 SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Date :

AIM
To construct a Full wave rectifier using diode and to draw its performance
characteristics.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S. S.
Name Range Qty Name Range Qty
No. No.
1 Transformer 230/(6-0-6)V 1 Diode IN4001
1 2
2 R.P.S (0-30)V 2
(0–30)mA 1 2 Resistor 1K  1
3 Ammeter Bread
(0–250)µA 1 3 1
Board
(0–30)V 1 4 Capacitor 100µf 1
4 Voltmeter
(0–2)V 1 5 CRO 1

THEORY
It converts an AC voltage in to a pulsating DC voltage using both half cycles of the
applied AC voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during positive half cycle while
the other conducts during negative half cycle. During positive half cycle of the input signal
anode of the diode D1 becomes positive with respect to cathode and at the same time anode of
the diode becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 will not conduct during positive half
cycle. During negative half of the input anode of the diode D1 becomes negative and anode of
diode D2 becomes positive. Hence D1 does not conduct and D2 will conduct. The load current
flows through D2 and voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage

41 22
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
TABULAR COLUMN

WITHOUT FILTER
Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple factor Efficiency

WITH FILTER

Vrms Vrpp Vdc Ripple factor Efficiency

MODEL GRAPH

Vin
(Volts)

t (ms)

Vo
(Volts)
Without Filter

t (ms)
Vo
(Volts) With Filter

t (ms)

42 23
 EC
EE6611 –Electronics
6361–Power Laboratory
Electronics and Drives Laboratory RIT
PROCEDURE

WITHOUT FILTER
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to
theRectifier I/P.
3. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
4. Plot its performance graph.

WITH FILTER
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to
the Rectifier I/P.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the Load.
4. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
5. Plot its performance graph.

RESULT
Thus the performance characteristics of 1 Full wave rectifier were obtained.

INFERENCE

24 36
EE 6361 –Linear
EC6311 –Electronics
and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory
Laboratory RIT

Ex. No. 210 DESIGN A COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT

(IMPLEMENTATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS AND
Date:
ADDER, SUBTRACTOR CIRCUITS)

AIM:
(a) To minimize Boolean functions using K-map and to implement the same in
POS and SOP forms using basic gates.
(b) To implement Half Adder, Full Adder, Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor
Circuits.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Digital Trainer Kit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7404 and IC 7486.

PROCEDURE:
1. Design the logic circuit using K map.
2. Decide the gates for the logic circuit.
3. Make connections as per the logic diagrams.
4. Verify the Truth tables.

(a) MINIMIZATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTION AND TO IMPLEMENT IN SOPAND POS

FORMS F= ∑m(2,3,5,7,9,11,12,13,14)
SOP:

CD
00 01 11 10
AB F= AB C + A B D + A BD + A BC + A B D
00
01
11

10

105 36
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 EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT

TRUTH TABLE:

Inputs Output
A B C D F
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

A B C D

11 36
EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT
POS:

CD
00 01 11 10
AB
00 0 0
01 0 0
11 0
10
0 0

F= (A+B+C).(A+B + D).(A + B+D). (A+B+C+D)

TRUTH TABLE:

Inputs Output
A B C D F
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0

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 EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT
LOGIC DIAGRAM:

A B C D

A+B+C+D

(A+B+C+D) (A+B+D)

A+B+D

A+B+D

(A+B+D) (A+B+C)

A+B+C

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EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT

(b) IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF ADDER, FULL ADDER, HALF

SUBTRACTOR AND FULL SUBTRACTOR CIRCUITS

Half Adder: Block Diagram:

Inputs Outputs

Sum
A B Sum Carry AB
HA
Carry
0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
Sum: Carry:

B 0 1 B 0 1
A A
0
0 1 0
0 0
1
1 0 1
0 1

Sum = (AB +A B) = A  B Carry = A. B

A B
Sum = A  B

Carry = A.B

14

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 EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT
Full Adder: Block Diagram:

Inputs Outputs

A B C Sum Carry
C
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 AB Sum

0 1 0 1 0 FA Carry

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1
Sum: Carry:

BC BC
00 01 11 10 A 00 01 11 10
A
0 1 0
1
1
1 1 1

Carry = AB + C (A + B)
Sum = A  B  C

A B C AB
Sum= A  B C

C(A+B)
A+B Carry = AB + C(A+ B)

AB

15

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EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT

Half Subtractor: Block Diagram:

Inputs Outputs
Diff
A
A B Diff Borr HS
Borr
B

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

Difference: Borrow:

B 0 1 B 0 1
A A
0 0
0 1 0 1
1
1
1 0 0 0

Diff = (AB +A B) = A  B Borr = A. B

A B
Difference = A  B

Borrow = A.B

16 36
 EE 6311 –Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits Laboratory RIT

Full Subtractor: Block Diagram:

Inputs Outputs

A B C Diff Borr

0 0 0 0 0 C

0 0 1 1 1 AB Diff
0 1 0 1 1 FS Borr

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1

Difference: Borrow:

BC BC
00 01 11 10 A 00 01 11 10
A
0 1 0
1
1
1 1 1
Borr = A B + A C + B C

= AB + C (A + B)
Diff = A  B  C

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 EE8361
EE 6311 –Electrical
–Linear Engineering
and Digital laboratoryCircuits Laboratory
Integrated RIT

B C

Diff

Borr

INFERENCE:

CONCLUSION:

103
 RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENT / COMPONENTS REQUIRED - ISSUE SLIP
Code & Name of the Lab Course: Date:
S.No. Equipments/Components Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Students
1 2 3

Technical Staff Staff in-charge

RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENT / COMPONENTS REQUIRED - ISSUE SLIP
Code & Name of the Lab Course: Date:Code & Name of the Lab
Course: Date:
S.No. Equipments/Components Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Students
1 2 3

Technical Staff Staff in-charge

RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENT / COMPONENTS REQUIRED - ISSUE SLIP
Code & Name of the Lab Course: Date:
S.No. Equipments/Components Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Students
1 2 3

Technical Staff Staff in-charge