Course: Problems in circuit design

Lecturer: Prof. Sam Ben-Yaakov

Student: Alex Kushnerov

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 2006

 Content

▪ Motivation for boost-buck converter topology

▪ Ćuk converter in Continuous Conduction Mode operation
▪ Critical inductors for Ćuk converter in Border Current Mode
▪ Ćuk converter in CCM with coupled inductors
▪ Zero-ripple technique for both input and output currents
▪ Ćuk converter in CCM with discrete transformer
▪ Leakage reducing in the isolating transformer
▪ Multi-output zero-ripple isolated Ćuk converter
▪ Single magnetic realization of multi-output Ćuk converter
▪ Augment of the leakage inductance in transformer
▪ Ćuk converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode operation
▪ Three switched networks and inductor currents in DCM
▪ Derivation of the Voltage Transfer Function in DCM
▪ Equivalent inductance required for DCM
▪ Lossless resistor emulated by Ćuk DCM converter
▪ The design of the intermediate capacitor
▪ Using of non-linear intermediate capacitor
▪ Hybrid switched capacitor Ćuk converter
▪ Soft-switching technique applying to the converter
 Motivation for Boost-Buck converter topology

☺ A capacitor instead of an inductor is

used for storing and transferring energy
from input to the output.
☺ Energy transfer occurs during both
on and off gated switch intervals.
☺ Operation is performed at almost zero
ripple current at both the input and output.
☺ These characteristics make the Ćuk
converter the closest to an ideal DC power
supply of any topology
 Ćuk converter in Continuous Conduction Mode operation

Vc 1 
Boost : =
Vin Doff  Vout Don
 ⇒ = −
Vout  Vin Doff
Buck : = − Don
Vc 
Q is shorted : Vc = −Vout ⋅ Ton  Vout Don
 ⇒ = −
Q is broken : Vc = Vin ⋅ Toff  Vin Doff
Critical inductors for Ćuk converter in Border Current Mode

For 100% efficiency

Doff
I out = − ⋅ I in
Don
D
IˆL1 = I in = I out ⋅ on
Doff
V T
in
I min = IˆL1 − crin ⋅ on = 0
L1 2
Vin Ton
I out
min = I out − cr ⋅ =0
L2 2

Vin ⋅ (1 − Don )
L1cr =
2 ⋅ I out ⋅ f
Vin ⋅ Don
L =
cr
2
2 ⋅ I out ⋅ f
 Ćuk converter in CCM with coupled inductors

 di1 di2
V
 L1 = L1 ⋅ + M ⋅
dt dt

 V = L ⋅ di2 + M ⋅ di1
 L 2 2
dt dt
w2 L2 Lm1 ⋅ Lm 2
n= ≈ ; k=
w1 L1 L1 ⋅ L2
For toroidal core :
k Lm1
M= ⋅ L1 = k ⋅ n ⋅ L2 =
Negative inductance condition n Lm 2
1− k 2
Leq1 = L1 ⋅ ; Leq1 < 0 if n < k Zero - ripple current at
k
1− di 1
n input : 1 = 0 → n =
1− k 2 1 dt k
Leq 2 = L2 ⋅ ; Leq 2 < 0 if n > di
1− k ⋅ n k output : 2 = 0 → n = k
dt
Zero-ripple technique for both input and output currents

For CCM mode :

Vin ⋅ Don
∆U C1 =
8 ⋅ Lm1 ⋅ C1 ⋅ f 2 ⋅ n 1
Vin ⋅ Don
∆U C 2 =
8 ⋅ Lm 2 ⋅ C2 ⋅ f 2 ⋅ n2

In the case of double core

must be perfomed ratio
1
n1 = ; n2 = k 2
k1
 Ćuk converter in CCM with discrete transformer

L2 w
n′ = ; n = 2 and inductors :
L1 w1
1− k 2 1− k 2
Leq1 = L1 ⋅ ; Leq 2 = L2 ⋅
k ⋅n k ⋅ n′
1− 1−
n′ n
Zero - ripple current at
k ⋅n
input : = 1 → Leq 2 = L2
n′
k ⋅ n′
output : = 1 → Leq1 = L1
n
Both sides zero-ripple converter
Reflection of the parameters
• Capacitors C1 and C2 ensure that no DC voltage is
to primary or secondary
applied to transformer primary or secondary windings
windings :
• Transformer functions in conventional manner, with
Z
Z 2′ = 22 ; Z1′ = n 2 ⋅ Z1 small magnetizing current and negligible energy
n storage within the magnetizing inductance
 Leakage reducing in the isolating transformer

Zero - leakage inductance :

1− k 2
L⋅
k n=k
1−
Leq = n ⇒ 1 In the case of ready transformer an additional
n =
1− k 2 k inductors should be included series to improve
L⋅ the compensation effect
1− k ⋅ n
Multi-output zero-ripple isolated Ćuk converter
Single magnetic realization of multi-output zero-ripple
isolated Ćuk converter
Augment of the leakage inductance in transformer
by collinear windings

2⋅ E ⋅l
E – storing energy Ls =
I2 ⋅N
I – current in entire turn
N=2 – number of turns LSpread legs
= 7 .4
l = π·D – turn length LSame leg
 Ćuk converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode operation

Advantages

☺ Input current follows the input voltage (no current loop is needed)
☺ Ripple is defined by the correct choice of magnetic components
☺ Zero-Current turn-on in the switch and ZC turn-off in the diode
☺ Start-up and output short circuit currents are reduced
☺ Input-output galvanic isolation is easily obtained
☺ Theoretical power factor is unity
Disadvantages

 High RMS current and voltage, which limits application range

 Inherent problems caused by an isolation transformer
Three switched networks and inductor currents in DCM
Derivation of the Voltage Transfer Function in DCM

Average current in the secondary inductor

S 2 = S 21 + S 22 1
S1 − S2 = St − I b ⋅ (T − T3 ) ; Iˆ2 = ⋅ (S1 − S2 − S3 )
V1 T
T2 = ⋅ T1
V2
Vˆ V  V1  T12
Iˆ2 = 2 = 1 ⋅ 1 +  ⋅ − Ib
R 2 ⋅ L2  V2  T
Charge balance of the intermediate capacitor

Q∑ = S1 − S 2 + S3 = 0 ; S1 − S 2 = I b ⋅ T − S t
I pk1
S 3 = I b ⋅ (T − T1 ) + ⋅ T2 ; Le = L1 | | L2
2

V1 T12  V1 L2  2 ⋅ Le V2 D1
Ib = ⋅ ⋅ 1 − ⋅  ; K e = ; =−
2 ⋅ L2 T  V2 L1  R ⋅ T V1 Ke
 Equivalent inductance required for DCM

 Vo − Don
V = ; for CCM
 in 1 − Don

 Vo = − Don ; for DCM
 Vin Ke
1
As result from both equations K e (max ) <
(M max + 1)2
DCM condition : K e (max ) < (1 − Don )
2

If a maximum load have place

It should be noticed that :
then conduction parameter is :
Don + (1 − Don ) 1
M max + 1 = = 2 ⋅ Le
1 − Don 1 − Don K e (max ) =
Rmin ⋅ T
For changing DC input volt age
Rmin ⋅ T
or in the case of arbitrary AC, Le (min) <
2 ⋅ (1 + M max )
2
M max occurs at minimum input
 Lossless resistor emulated by Ćuk DCM converter

 V
 Iˆ1 = 1 ⋅ D1 ⋅ T ⋅ (D1 + D2 ) + I b
 2 ⋅ L1

V
 Iˆ2 = 1 ⋅ D1 ⋅ T ⋅ (D1 + D2 ) − I b
 2 ⋅ L2
V
Iˆ1 + Iˆ2 = 1 ⋅ D1 ⋅ T ⋅ (D1 + D2 )
2 ⋅ Le
D Input current waveforms for Ćuk converter
For 100% efficiency Iˆ1 = 1 ⋅ Iˆ2
D2
A surprising result is :
vˆ (t ) 2 ⋅ L
Rem = 1 = 2 e ⋅ f
iˆ1 (t ) Don

For Flyback converter

2⋅L Input current waveforms for Flyback
Rem = 2
⋅f
Don
 The design of the intermediate capacitor

When Ćuk converter operates as a PFC, the capacitor voltage should be:

● Nearly constant value on a switching period

● Following the input alternating voltage profile

The usual approach to practical design

■ Assume that switching voltage ripple on the C is about 20% of output voltage

■ With this capacitance of the C is very much smaller than output capacitor Co

The resonant frequency approach

1
■ It is remarkable result by using the conventional formula: C =
(2 ⋅ π ⋅ f sw )2 ⋅ Leq
■ For isolated converter it is necessary to reflect one of the inductors to second

☺ Short circuit and in-rush currents during start-up are reduced about 30 times

 The transformer magnetizing inductance causes for additional resonance

 Using of non-linear intermediate capacitor

The capacitance varies between C/2 and 2C by changing of the current direction.

During T(off) the capacitors are connected in series.

Thus, each capacitor is charged to the half of the applied voltage.

 During T(on) the energy that stored in the capacitors releases in parallel.
In this way load voltage becomes half of the conventional circuit output.
 Hybrid switched capacitor Ćuk converter

During T(off) the capacitors are connected in parallel.

 During T(on) the capacitors are discharged in series with load.

By using a voltage balance :

Vout 1 + Don
Vin ⋅ Don = (Vc − Vin ) ⋅ Doff =
Vin Doff
(2 ⋅Vc − Vout )⋅ Don = (Vout − Vc )⋅ Doff
 Soft-switching technique applying to the converter

ZVS in automatic current shaper with fast

output regulation. The converter works in
two completely new and decoupled DCM. ZVS Active-Clamping

Class “D” Zero-Voltage Transition Passive Lossless Soft-Switching

Simplest visual simulation with discrete inductors
Comparative simulation for discrete and coupled inductors
Comparative simulation for isolated converter
Comparative simulation for non-linear capacitance
 REFERENCES:

Polikarpov A., Sergienko E.,

Single-Ended Voltage Converters in Power Supplies (in Russian)
Moscow: Radio and Communication, 1989. - 160 p.
Erickson R. W., Maksimovic D.,
Fundamentals of Power Electronics New-York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. - 912 p.
http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~pwrelect/book/solutions/prob5p6.pdf
Bryant B., Kazimierczuk M., Derivation of the Ćuk PWM DC-DC converter circuit topology
Ćuk S., A New Zero-Ripple Switching DC-to-DC Converter and Integrated Magnetics
Patent US4327348 Hirayama H., Variable leakage transformer
Patent SU1277315 Polikarpov A., Sergienko E., Transformer for voltage converters
Brkovic M., Ćuk S., Input current shaper using Ćuk converter
Patent US5442539 Ćuk S., Brkovic M.,
Ćuk DC-to-DC switching converter with input current shaping for unity power factor operation
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Applications of Nonlinear Impedance Circuit Composed of Diodes and Capacitors or Inductors
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Hybrid Switched - Capacitor Ćuk / ZETA / SEPIC Converters in Step-Up Mode
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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 14, No5, Sep. 1999
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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 51, No1, Feb. 2004