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External Incompressible Viscous Flow: CHEE 3363 Reading: Fox 9.1 - 9.3

This document provides an overview of analyzing external incompressible viscous flow over submerged objects using boundary layer theory. It discusses: 1. The scaling form of the velocity profile in a boundary layer and using the momentum integral equation to calculate the profile. 2. How lift is generated via pressure differences above and below a wing from interactions in the boundary layer. 3. Examples of boundary layer formation over airfoils, cars, planes and the growth of laminar vs turbulent layers. 4. Key assumptions used in analyzing boundary layers, including deriving the momentum integral equation to relate boundary layer thickness to surface shear stress.

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Ahmad Sayyedahmad
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52 views24 pages

External Incompressible Viscous Flow: CHEE 3363 Reading: Fox 9.1 - 9.3

This document provides an overview of analyzing external incompressible viscous flow over submerged objects using boundary layer theory. It discusses: 1. The scaling form of the velocity profile in a boundary layer and using the momentum integral equation to calculate the profile. 2. How lift is generated via pressure differences above and below a wing from interactions in the boundary layer. 3. Examples of boundary layer formation over airfoils, cars, planes and the growth of laminar vs turbulent layers. 4. Key assumptions used in analyzing boundary layers, including deriving the momentum integral equation to relate boundary layer thickness to surface shear stress.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Sayyedahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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External incompressible viscous

flow

CHEE 3363

Reading: Fox 9.1--9.3

1
Learning objectives for lecture

1. Use dimensional analysis to obtain the scaling form of the


solution for the velocity profile in the boundary layer around a
submerged object.
2. Apply the momentum integral equation to calculate the velocity
profile in the boundary layer.

2
How is lift generated?

Apply Bernoulli’s equation on streamtubes above, below


wing:

Upper streamtube constricts as it flows around wing, so speed increases


by Bernoulli, pressure above wing must be lower than pressure below

Why does the speed change? must result from interactions in boundary
layer (where viscosity is important!)
3
Examples of external flow

• External flow over bodies:


- Airfoils
- Automobiles
- Airplanes
• Phenomenology for airfoil:
- Flow divides at stagnation point at front and air flows around body
- Flow at surface takes velocity of body (no-slip boundary)
- Boundary layers form on both upper and lower surfaces
- Transition to turbulence occurs downstream
• Turbulent boundary layer grows more rapidly than laminar layer
- Streamlines displaced by thickening of boundary layer
• Flow separation (from surface) may occur in a region of
increasing pressure
• Fluid in viscous layer forms wake behind separation points
4
Boundary layer introduction

• Classical theoretical hydrodynamics based on Euler’s


equation
- Explicitly, for non-viscous fluid
- However, this contradicted experimental results (in
particular, bodies in inviscid fluids do not experience drag!)
• Prandtl showed that viscous flows can be divided into two
regions:
- One close to solid boundaries, in which viscosity is
important
- One far from boundary, in which effect of viscosity can be
neglected (and flows solved via Euler)
• Focus of this lecture: determining flow in boundary layer

5
Boundary layer thickness definition
• Edge of boundary layer difficult to define
- Gradient of flow approaches free stream value asymptotically
• Different ways of defining boundary layer:

- Displacement thickness, δ*:

- Disturbance thickness, δ:

- Momentum thickness, θ:

6
Calculating displacement thickness
Mass flux without boundary layer:

Mass flux with boundary layer:

Loss due to boundary layer:

Loss due to moving bottom plate:

Incompressible flow (constant density):

(Note: integrand is nearly 0 for y ≥ δ )


7
Calculating momentum thickness
Momentum flux without boundary layer
(= momentum/unit mass * actual mass flux):
(Actual) momentum flux with
boundary layer:
Loss due to boundary layer:

Loss due to moving bottom plate (constant velocity U):

Incompressible flow (constant density):

Note: δ, δ*, θ are all functions of x and increase along the plate!
8
Example: calculating layer thicknesses 1
Given: linear velocity profile,
Determine: ratios and

Note:

Similarly:

9
Example: calculating layer thicknesses 2
For a linear profile:

10
Assumptions for analyzing boundary layers
We will first analyze the general problem to determine the form of the
solution for boundary-layer flows.

Four assumptions for further analysis of boundary layer flows:

1.

2.

3.

4.

11
Scaling solution to boundary layer
Given: Two-dimensional steady flow on a horizontal flat plate with zero
pressure gradient.
Determine: form of scaling solution to Navier-Stokes equations

Boundary conditions:

1.

Guess form of solution:

(assumes dimensionless velocity


profile similar for all x; δ natural choice
of length scale)

Form of solution:
12
Laminar flat-plate boundary layer 2
Define a function (stream function) ψ s.t.:

and

Define a dimensionless stream function:

Obtain partial derivatives by differentiating velocity components:

13
Laminar flat-plate boundary layer 3
Obtain partial derivatives by differentiating velocity components (continued):

Substituting derivatives into N-S equation:

Boundary conditions:

1.

2.
This can be solved numerically; the important thing to take out of it is the
form of the scaling solution.

14
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 1
Given: Incompressible, steady, 2-d
flow over a solid surface.
Determine: dependence of
boundary-layer thickness δ as a
function of x.

Look at the flow across a differential control volume (above).

Note: top surface is not a streamline, so

Mass flux through ab:

15
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 2
Mass flux through cd: note that surface is at x + dx

Mass flux through bc is then calculated from mass conservation as:

Momentum equation: assume no body forces

(mfs: x momentum flux


through surface s)
Momentum flux through ab:

Momentum flux through cd:

16
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 3
Momentum flux through bc: velocity component across surface along x is U

Total momentum flux through surface:

Finally, consider the surface forces acting on the control volume:


Force acting on surface ab: pressure at x is p (neglecting changes in y
because the boundary layer is very thin)
Force acting on surface cd: expand pressure in Taylor series

Force acting on surface bc: average pressure acting on surface is

17
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 4
Average shear force acting on surface ad:

Total surface force:


(keep only terms to first order in small quantities)
Substituting everything back into the x momentum equation:

To determine the pressure gradient, apply Bernoulli to the inviscid flow


outside the boundary layer:

18
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 5
Writing the boundary layer thickness as an integral:

19
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 6
Substitute and divide by U2:

momentum integral
equation

Remember assumptions: steady, incompressible, 2-d, no body forces


parallel to surface
20
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 1
Solution procedure for momentum integral equation:
1. Obtain approximation to freestream velocity distribution U(x) from
inviscid flow theory (depends on body shape); relate pressure in
boundary layer to U(x) via Bernoulli.
2. Assume a reasonable velocity-profile shape inside boundary layer.
3. Derive an expression for τw using (2).

Given: Two-dimensional steady flow on a horizontal flat plate with zero


pressure gradient.
Pressure p is constant, U(x) = U = constant
Assume velocity distribution u/U is similar for all values of x, and is a
function of y/δ
Momentum integral equation reduces to:

21
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 2
Change variables to η = y / δ:

Assume velocity distribution of


form
satisfying:

1.

2.

Note: for any assumed distribution

22
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 3
First, examine laminar flow: assume

Boundary conditions: u vanishing at y = 0 implies a = 0

Shear stress:

23
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 4
Substitute back into integral equation:

24

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