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L8 Ch4 Boundary Layers

The document discusses boundary layer analysis over a flat plate with and without a pressure gradient. It begins by presenting the governing equations and simplifying them using order-of-magnitude analysis. It then derives the Blasius equation for zero pressure gradient flow and presents its similarity solution. For flows with a pressure gradient, it introduces the Falkner-Skan equation and defines the pressure gradient parameter β. Key effects of pressure gradients like separation and boundary layer thickening are also summarized.

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80 views12 pages

L8 Ch4 Boundary Layers

The document discusses boundary layer analysis over a flat plate with and without a pressure gradient. It begins by presenting the governing equations and simplifying them using order-of-magnitude analysis. It then derives the Blasius equation for zero pressure gradient flow and presents its similarity solution. For flows with a pressure gradient, it introduces the Falkner-Skan equation and defines the pressure gradient parameter β. Key effects of pressure gradients like separation and boundary layer thickening are also summarized.

Uploaded by

lmgrega
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Differential Analysis Laminar BL

Start with N-S Equations: 2D, steady flow

u u p  2u  2u
u v u  v     2   2
 0 x y x x y
x y

v v p  2v  2v
u  v     2   2
x y y x y

Simplify by doing order-of-magnitude analysis:

u>> v p/x >> p/ y (recall pres.~const. normal to surface)

u u  2u  2u
  2
y x x 2 y
Differential Analysis (cont.)

y-mom eliminated and x-mom simplifies to:

u u p  2u
u  v     2
x y x y

For a flat, horizontal surface, dp/dx = 0

For a curved or flat surface angled relative to the flow, dp/dx nonzero.
From Euler’s equation (inviscid flow outside of b.l. used to calculate
pressure gradient):

p dp du
   e  u e e
x dx dx
Zero pressure gradient case: Blasius Equation

u u  2u u v
u  v   2  0
x y y x y

Want to find u(x,y) such that at y=0, u=v=0 and at large y, u=u e, v=0

Convert PDE’s above into an ODE using a coordinate transformation:

u (basic idea is that at any x location, the shape


y e of the velocity profile u(y) will be similar, i.e.
2x same function, and will always approach ue)

u f  
and a stream function () transformation:   f' (u  ,v  )
ue  y x

Substitute these transformed variables into above PDE’s:


u u  u
 where  ue f ' '
x  x 
u u 

y  y
Blasius Solution

After some manipulations, the following ODE is obtained for f():

f f’’ + f’’’ = 0

The solution to this may be found in Table 4.3.

Recall the b.l. thickness  was defined as location y where u/ue=0.99


In the transformed variables, this means f’=0.99

From Table 4.3, this corresponds to when =3.5 (edge of b.l.)

 5.0
Converting back to cartesian coordinates: 
x Re x
Additional Results for Flat Plate B.L.

From definitions of displacement and momentum thickness and


skin friction:

 * 1.72

x Re x

 0.664
 Cf
x Re x

ue3
  0.332
x

Total skin-friction coefficient over plate of length L:

2 1.328
Cf  
L Re L
Flow with a Pressure Gradient

• So far we neglected the pressure variation along the flow in a


boundary layer

• This is not valid for boundary layer over curved surface like airfoil

• Owing to object’s shape the free stream velocity just outside the
boundary layer varies along the length of the surface.

• As per Bernoullis equation, the static pressure on the surface of the


object, therefore, varies in x- direction along the surface.

• There is no pressure variation in the y- direction within the boundary


layer. Hence pressure in boundary layer is equal to that just outside
it.

• As this pressure just outside of a boundary layer varies along x axis


that inside the boundary layer also varies along x axis
Pressure Gradients

dp
dp 0
0 dx
dx
Favorable pressure Adverse pressure
gradient gradient
Flow Separation

• In a situation where pressure increases down stream the fluid


particles can move up against it by virtue of its kinetic energy.

• Inside the boundary layer the velocity in a layer could reduce so


much that the kinetic energy of the fluid particles is no longer
adequate to move the particles against the pressure gradient.
• This leads to flow reversal.
• Since the fluid layer higher up still have energy to mover forward a
rolling of fluid streams occurs, which is called separation
Pressure Gradient in Turbulent B.L.

Influence of a
strong
(a) pressure
gradient on a
turbulent flow:
(a) a strong
negative
pressure
gradient may
re-laminarize a
flow;
(b) a strong
positive
pressure
gradient
causes a
strong
boundary layer
top thicken.
(Photograph
(b) by R.E. Falco)
Separation

• Separation starts with zero velocity gradient at the wall

• Flow reversal takes place beyond separation point


dP/dx >0
• Adverse pressure gradient is necessary for separation

• There is no pressure change after separation So,


pressure in the separated region is constant.
• Fluid in turbulent boundary layer has appreciably more
momentum than the flow of a laminar B.L. Thus a turbulent
B.L can penetrate further into an adverse pressure gradient
without separation
Smooth ball Rough ball
Flows With Pressure Gradient: Falkner-Skan Equation

u u due  2u
u  v  ue  2
x y dx y

yue u f s
Transformations:    f'
2s ue 

Resulting ODE: f f’’ + f’’’ + [1-(f’)2] =


0
2s due
where   represents the pressure gradient term
ue ds

For  negative, dp/dx>0 (decelerating flow)


For  positive, dp/dx<0 (accelerating flow)

Solution given numerically in Table 4.1

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