NAME-NIKITA KASTURE

CLASS-XII-A
ROLL NO.-6

TOPIC- LOGIC GATES

 PHYSICS
INVESTIGATOY
PROJECT
 Index
Sr.no Title Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Principle 2
3 Basic Gates 3
4 The OR Gate 5
5 The AND Gate 7
6 The NOT Gate 9
7 The NOR Gate 11
8 The NAND Gate 13
9 The EX-OR Gate 15
10 The EX-NOR Gate 17
11 Conclusion 19
12 Bibliography 20
 Introduction
GATE:-A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows
some logical relationship between the input and output
voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal
to pass through or stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another  according to
some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table:-A logic gate may have one or more than
one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship
between the possible values of input and output voltages
are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the 
inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic gates.
Boolean Algebra:-The algebra which is based on
binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions:-They are the logical statement
which
are followed by logical gates.

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 Principle
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with
the input and output, which represents the statement of
Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be
complex, they may all be constructed from three basic
devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an
N-P-N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they
are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.

LOGICAL STATEMENTS
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No

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 Basic Gates
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+),
is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A with B

to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more
inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication
sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A=X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.

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The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean
algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: A = Y
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.

- Making of logic gates was started

by binary numbers.

- Logic gates can also store information.

4
The OR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the OR gate
circuit.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory and Construction:
An OR gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2.

Hear the negative terminal of the battery is

grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level
1.The output Y is voltage at C with respect to
earth.

5
The following conclusion can be drawn from the
above circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open
(A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

6
The AND Gate
Aim:
TO DESING AND STIMULATE THE
AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) A
resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The
resistance R is connected to the positive terminal
of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is

grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery corresponds to
the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with
respect to earth.

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The following conclusion can be easily drawn from
the working of this circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0), then bulb does not glow., hence Y=0.
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

8
The NOT Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes.
However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can
be realized by making use a n-p-n transistor.

The base of the transistor is connected to the

input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter is
earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery.
The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.

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The following inference can be easily drawn from
the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open(A=0) then bulb
glows, hence Y=1
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed(A=1)
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0

10
The NOR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Component:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), An
ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the
input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the
NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

11
In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed
as:
( )

And is being read as “A or B negated”.

The following inference can be easily drawn

from the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows,
hence Y=0.
(iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is
kept closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

12
The NAND Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), A
resistance R. An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the
input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the
NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

13
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is
expressed as:
( )

And is being read as ‘A and B negated’.

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

14
The EX-OR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGNA AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gates
An OR gate
Two NOT gate
Theory and Construction:
The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity
in the value of the two signals A and B. It means
if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and
if both are identical, then output Y=0. This
operation is also called exclusive OR gate,
designated EX-OR.

15
 In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gate is
expressed as:

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is
kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows,
hence Y=1
(iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow,
hence Y=1
(iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1,
B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence Y=0

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

16
The EX-NOR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gates
And OR gate
Three NOT gates

Theory and Components:

The operation EX-NOR checks for the
exclusively in the value of the two signals A and
B. it means if A and B are not identical, the
output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the
output Y=1. This operation is also called
exclusive NOR gate, designated EX-NOR.

17
 In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is
expressed as
̅ ̅ ̅

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(v) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0
(vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

18
Conclusion
Logic gates are used to develop many
IC circuits or microchips in today’s
modern world.

NAND gate and NOR gate are known as

universal gates because we can
construct all the three basic gates using
NAND & NOR gates.

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Bibliography
1. Wikipedia - The free encyclopedia
(http://en.wikipedia.org)

2. Comprehensive Practical Physics.

3. Class XII Physics NCERT

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