NAME:

CLASS: XIIth SECTION: 'B'

ROLL NO.:
BOARD ROLL NO:
GUIDED BY:
SCHOOL:
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS THE
BONAFIDE WORK OF MEGHNA SINGH OF CLASS
12TH 'B' AND HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED AND IS TAKEN TO BE AN ISSUE
CONDUCTED BY THE C.B.S.E. IN THE SESSION
2019 - 2020.

TEACHER'S SIGNATURE EXTERNAL'S SIGNATURE

PRINCIPAL'S SIGNATURE
MERE WORDS WON'T BE ABLE TO EXPRESS MY
GRATITUDE AND THANKFULNESS FOR THE VARIOUS
PEOPLE WITHOUT WHOSE INVOLVEMENT THIS
PROJECT COUNLDN'T HAVE BEEN COMPLETED
SUCCESSFULLY.

FIRST OF ALL, I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY HEARTY

GRATITUDE FOR MR. PRIYADARSHI SIR, MY PHYSICS
TEACHER WITHOUT WHOSE SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE
THIS VERY PROJECT COULDN'T HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE.

LASTLY, I WOULD LIKE TO END UP THANKING ALL MY

FRIENDS AND MY PARENTS TOO WITHOUT WHOSE
CONTRIBUTION THE WORK ENTERED IN THIS FILE
WOULDN'T BE A REALITY.
❖ AIM
❖ INTRODUCTION
❖ THEORY
❖ BASIC GATES
❖ THE OR GATE
❖ THE AND GATE
❖ THE NOT GATE
❖ THE NOR GATE
❖ THE NAND GATE
❖ THE XOR GATE
❖ THE XNOR GATE
❖ BIBLIOGRAPHY
"TO DESIGN AN APPROPRIATE
LOGIC GATE FOR A GIVEN
TRUTH TABLE"
 INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some
logical relationship between the input and output
voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a
signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate.

The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.

They are used in digital electronics to change on
voltage level (input voltage) into another (output
voltage) according to some logical statement relating
them.

A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has

only one output. The relationship between the possible
values of input and output voltage is expressed in the
form of a table called truth table or table of
combinations.

Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the

input and output possibilities for the logic gate.

George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of

algebra based on binarynature at the logic, this algebra
of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement
can have only two values, such as HIGH/LOW,
ON/OFF, CLOSED /OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc.
The two values of logic statements one denoted by the
binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to
denote the high value. The logical statements that logic
gates follow are called Boolean expressions.
Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in
electronics and mathematics Boolean that
turns one or more logic inputs to a logic
output signal. Logic gate is mainly
implemented electronically using diodes or
transistors, but can also be built using the
arrangement of components that utilize the
properties of electromagnetic (relay), fluids,
optical or even mechanical. Any Boolean
algebra operation can be associated with
inputs and outputs represent the statements
of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits
may be complex, they may all be constructed
from three basic devices. We have three
different types of logic gates .These are the
AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
 LOGIC STATES
1 0
HIGH LOW
+v -v
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES NO
(a) THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B
to give Y as the result.
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one
output. The logic gate of OR gate with A and B
input and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is

referred as the OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.
THE AND GATE is a device that combines A
with B to give Y as the result.

(b) The AND gate has two or more inputs and

one output. The logic gate of AND gate with A
and B input and Y output is shown below:
 In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x
or.) is referred as the AND. The Boolean
expression: A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

(c) THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs.

The NOT is a one input and one output. The logic
gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is shown
below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as

the NOT. The Boolean expression:
à =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the
figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded
and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive
terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present
case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at
C w.r.t. earth.
The following interference can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit is:

a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow

(A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:

Input Input Output

A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a
resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown
in the figure. The resistance R is connected to the
positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded
and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive
terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present
case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at
C w.r.t. earth.
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then
lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes.
However an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be
realized by making use of n-p-n transistor as shown in
the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A
through a resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed.
The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y
is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the
working of the electrical circuit:

a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow,

hence
Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will
not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Output Y
0 1
1 0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n
transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NOR. The output Y
is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as
Y=A+B, and is being read as ‘A OR B negated’. The
following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit is:

a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will

glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1)
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance
R, an ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of
a NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND. The
output Y is voltage C w.r.t.earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed
as Y=A.B, and is being read as ‘A AND B negated’.
The following interference can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit:

a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will

glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1)
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, two NOT gate.

Theory and Construction:

The operation XOR checks for the exclusivity in the
value of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are
not identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or vice versa), the
output Y=1, and if both are identical, then the output
Y=0. This operation is also called exclusive OR gate,
designated EXOR.
In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is
expressed as Y=A.B + A.B =
The following interference can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then
lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1)
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two AND gates, an OR gates, three NOT gates.

Theory and Construction:

The operation XNOR checks for the exclusivity in the
value of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are
not identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or vice versa), the
output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the output
Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate,
designated XNOR.
In Boolean expression, the XNOR gate is
expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
The following interference can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will
glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then
Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
BIBLIOGRAPHY

I would like to acknowledge the following sources

through which I obtained vital information which
contributed in the completion of this project:
I. slideshare.com
II. wikipedia.org
III. icbse.co.in
IV. scribd.com