INDEX

TOPIC PAGE No.

 CERTIFICATE :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
 INTRODUCTION :
 PRINCIPLE :
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY :
 BASIC GATES :
 OR GATE :
 AND GATE :
 NOT GATE :
 NOR GATE :
 NAND GATE

 BIBLIOGRAPHY :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the principal Mrs. Vijay Kumar Lakshmi for her encouragement
and for all the facilities that she provided for this project
work.

I extend my hearty thanks to Mr. Sanjiv Chatterjee, our

physics teacher who guided me to the successful completion of
this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense
of gratitude for his invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation, which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project work.

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and

also to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project
work successful and for their valuable advice and support, which
I have received from them time to time.

(Soumyadeep Bhuinya)
Student of Asian International School
Class- XII Science (B)
Roll No. -----
 INTRODUCTION
A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through or stops it. These gates are
related to Boolean Algebra. These gates allow signals to pass
through them only when some logic is satisfied. A
semiconductor diode {P—N junction} acts as a closed switch
when it is forward biased i.e. it allows current to pass through
it. This unique property of diode is employed in the design of
logic gates and the circuits.

The logic gates are building blocks of electronic devices.

Logic gate may have one or more inputs but can only have one
output.

Possible values of input and output of logic gates are

expressed in form of tables called truth tables.

Two values of logic statement are denoted by binary numbers

1 and 0 where 1 represent higher value.
 PRINCIPLE
Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs
and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate.

LOGIC STATE
1 0

HIGH LOW

+ve -ve

ON OFF

CLOSE OPEN

RIGHT WRONG

TRUE FALSE

YES NO
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY
SIGNAL
Information converted in electrical form and suitable for
transmission called a signal. There are two types of signals.

1. ANALOGUE SIGNAL:
Analogue signals are continuous variation of voltage or
current. They are essentially single-valued function of time. Sine
wave is a fundamental analogue signal
2. DIGITAL SIGNAL:
Digital signals are those which can take only discrete step
wise value. Binary system that is extensively used in digital
electronics employs just two levels of signals,”0” corresponds to
low level and “1” corresponds to high level of voltage current.
 DIGITAL CIRCUIT:-
The electrical circuit which uses only digital signals is called
Digital circuit.
 BASIC GATES
1. THE OR GATE
It is a device that combines A with B as the result. The OR
gate has two or more inputs and one output.
The logic gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y
output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the OR.

The Boolean expression:

A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

2. THE AND GATE

It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result.

The AND gate has two or more inputes and one output. The logic
gate of AND gate with A and B input and Y output is shown below:
 In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either ’x’ or ’.’ ) is
referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:

A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

3. THE NOT GATE

It is a device that inverts the input. The NOT is a one input
and one output. The logic gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is
shown below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (‘) is referred as the NOT.

The Boolean expression:
X’=Y, indicates Y equals NOT X.
 THE OR GATE
AIM: TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

COMPONENTS: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making

use of two diodes D1 and D1 as shown in the figure.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level 1.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
INTERFERENCE:

1. If switch A & B are open LED do not glow (A=0, B=0), Hence Y=0

2. If switch A & B closed then LED glow (A=0, B=1), Hence Y=1.

3. If switch A closed B open then LED glow (A=1, B=0), Hence Y=1,

4. If switch A & B are closed then LED glow (A=1, B=1), Hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
 THE AND GATE
AIM: TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.

COMPONENTS: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2),

resistance R.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making

use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The
resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level 1.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
INTERFERENCE:

1. If both switches A & B are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not
glow, Hence Y=0.
2. If switch A closed & B open (A=1,B=0) then LED will not glow,
Hence, Y=0.
3. If switch A open & B closed (A=0,B=1) then LED will not glow,
Hence, Y=0.
4. If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED will glow ,
Hence, Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:

A B C

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 1
 THE NOT GATE
AIM: TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.

COMPONENTS: An ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a
n-p-n transistor as shown in the figure. The base B of the
transistor is connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and
the emitter E is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V
battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
INTERFERENCE:
1. If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, Hence Y=1.
2. If switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, Hence
Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:

A Y

0 1

1 0
 THE NOR GATE
AIM: TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.

COMPONENTS: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an

ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of NOT
gate the gate obtained is called NOR. The output Y is voltage at C
w.r.t. earth. In Boolean expression the NOR gate is expressed as
Y=A+B, and is being read as ‘A OR B negated’.

TRUTH TABLE:

A B Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
 THE NAND GATE
AIM: TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.

COMPONENTS: Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and D2), a

resistance R, an ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND.

NAND gates are also called Universal Gates since by using

these gates you can realise other basic gates like OR, AND, NOT.

TRUTH TABLE:

A B C
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 NCERT Class XII Physics Text Book

 New Simplified Physics by S. L. ARORA

 Pradeep’s Fundamental Physics

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG

 WWW.YOUTUBE.COM