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01 EMR Spectrum Color PDF

This document provides an overview of the course CE 259: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. The syllabus covers basic concepts of remote sensing including airborne and spaceborne sensors, digital image processing, GIS, and applications in areas like rainfall-runoff modeling and watershed management. Evaluation includes assignments, tests, seminars, and a final exam. Remote sensing is introduced as obtaining information about objects through non-contact means like sensors on satellites or aircraft. It involves the analysis of electromagnetic radiation data.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views4 pages

01 EMR Spectrum Color PDF

This document provides an overview of the course CE 259: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. The syllabus covers basic concepts of remote sensing including airborne and spaceborne sensors, digital image processing, GIS, and applications in areas like rainfall-runoff modeling and watershed management. Evaluation includes assignments, tests, seminars, and a final exam. Remote sensing is introduced as obtaining information about objects through non-contact means like sensors on satellites or aircraft. It involves the analysis of electromagnetic radiation data.

Uploaded by

Bharani Dharan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 259: Remote Sensing and GIS

in Water Resources and Environmental Engg(3:0)


Syllabus: Basic concepts of remote sensing; Airborne and space borne
sensors; Digital image Processing; Geographic Information System;
Applications to rainfall-runoff modeling, Watershed management, Irrigation
management, soil moisture estimation, Drought and Flood monitoring,
Environment and ecology; Introduction to Microwave remote sensing and
Global Positioning System (GPS); Digital Elevation Modeling; Use of
relevant software for Remote sensing and GIS applications.

Remote Sensing – Introduction References:


1. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation
EMR Spectrum T.M. Lillesand and R.W. Kiefer, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

2. Remote Sensing – Principles and Interpretation


F.F. Sabins Jr, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York, 1986.
Prof. D. Nagesh Kumar 3. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems

Dept. of Civil Engg. I. Heywood, S. Cornelius and S. Carver, Pearson Education, 1998.

4. Remote sensing in water resources management: The state of the art


IISc, Bangalore – 560 012, India Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1998.

URL: http://www.civil.iisc.ernet.in/~nagesh
http://www.civil.iisc.ernet.in/~nagesh/rs_gis.htm

Remote Sensing
Evaluation
Remote Sensing is the science
and art of obtaining information
about an object, area or
phenomenon through the
Š Assignments (10%) analysis of data acquired by a
Š Surprise Tests (15%) device that is not in physical
contact with the object, area or
Š Class Test (15%) phenomenon under investigation.
Š Seminar (20%) Examples
Š Final Test (40%) 1. Eyes are living examples (EMR distribution)
2. Sonar (like bats): Acoustic wave distribution
3. Gravity Meter: Gravity force distribution

Remote Sensing Passive and Active Remote Sensing


DATA ACQUISITION DATA ANALYSIS

Sensing System Data Interp- Infor- Users


Products retation mation

Maps/
Reference Photos
Satellite Data Visual
Passive RS
High Altitude Arial Pictorial
End
Numerical
Low Altitude Arial Numerical/ Digital Users
Active RS
Ground Level Digital
Reports Earth Surface

1
Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
SUN

Electromagnetic Wave EMR

Sinusoidal Electric Wave (E) λ = c/f


λ is wave length (µm)
Magnetic Wave (M)
f is Frequency
Right angels to the source c is Celerity (3x108 m/s)

EMR Spectrum

2
EMR Energy EMR Source
Š Sun is the primary source
Š Energy of a quantum
Š All matter at temperature above absolute zero
E=hf
(0oK or –273o C) continuously emit EMR
E in Joules (J)
Š Energy emitted is, among other things, a function of
h – Planck’s constant, 6.626 x 10-34 J sec surface temperature.
f – Frequency Š Stefan-Boltzmann Law (Black body)
W = σ T4
E=hc/λ W – Total radiant emittance in W m-2
• Energy of a quantum is inversely proportional to its σ – Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.6697 x 10-8 Wm-2oK-4
wavelength T – Absolute temperature (0oK) of the emitting material
• Longer the wavelength, the lower its energy content Š Energy from an object varies as T4.
• The low energy content of long wavelength means that, Increases rapidly with increase in Temperature
in general, systems operating at long wavelength must
‘view’ large areas of the earth in order to obtain a A black body is a hypothetical ideal radiator that totally
detectable signal absorbs and re-emits all energy incident upon it

Spectral distribution of energy radiated from Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere


black bodies of various temperatures Š All radiation detected by sensors passes
Total radiant emittance
is given by the area
through some distance of the atmosphere
under the spectral
radiant emittance curve

Peaks shift toward


shorter wavelengths as
temperature increases
Wien's Displacement
Law (λmax = A/T)

As we heat iron rod, its color


changes successively to shorter
wavelengths
- Dull red, to orange, to yellow,
eventually to white.
Earth Surface

Energy Interactions (Contd..) Scattering (Contd..)


Š Scattering & Absorption Š Mie Scatter is common when radiation interacts
Š Scattering with atmospheric particles diameters which are
• Scattering is unpredictable distribution of essentially equal to the wavelength.
• Water vapour and dust are major causes of Mie scatter
radiation by particles in the atmosphere
• Influences longer wavelengths when compared to Rayleigh
• Rayleigh scatter is common when radiation scatter
interacts with particles which are smaller in • Mie scatter is significant in overcast conditions
diameter than the wavelength.
• Inversely proportional to fourth power of Š Nonselective scatter is common when radiation
wavelength
interacts with particles which are much larger in
• Short wavelengths get scattered more
diameter than the wavelength
• A blue sky is a manifestation of Rayleigh scatter
• Water droplets (5-100 µm) cause such scatter
• Rayleigh scatter is primary cause for ‘haze’ in • Scatter all visible and reflected IR wavelengths
imagery (results in bluish-gray photos) (Blue Filter)
• Fog and Clouds appear white

3
Absorption Spectral characteristics of Energy sources,
Atmospheric Effects and Sensing Systems
Š In contrast to scatter, atmospheric
absorption results in effective loss of energy
to atmospheric constituents.
• Most efficient absorbers are water vapour, cadbon
dioxide and ozone.
• As absorption occurs in specific wavelengths, they
strongly influence “where we look” spectrally with
any sensor.
• Wavelength ranges in which the atmosphere is
particularly transmissive of energy are called
Atmospheric Windows

Wavelength is in
logarithmic scale

Spectral Characteristics … Sensor Selection


Š Spectral sensitivity range of eye coincides with an Š Spectral sensitivity of the sensors available
atmospheric window and peak level of energy
Š Presence or absence of atmospheric
from the sun
windows in the spectral range(s) in which
Š Emitted heat energy from the earth, is sensed
through the windows at -3 5µm and -8 11 µm
one wishes to sense
using Thermal scanners Š Source, magnitude, and spectral
Š Multi Spectral Sensors sense simultaneously composition of the energy available in these
through multiple, narrow wavelength ranges that ranges
can be located at various points in visible through Š Manner in which the energy interacts with
the thermal spectral regions
the features under investigation
Š Radar and Passive microwave systems operate
through a window in the 1 mm to 1 m region

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