01 EMR Spectrum Color PDF
01 EMR Spectrum Color PDF
Dept. of Civil Engg. I. Heywood, S. Cornelius and S. Carver, Pearson Education, 1998.
URL: http://www.civil.iisc.ernet.in/~nagesh
http://www.civil.iisc.ernet.in/~nagesh/rs_gis.htm
Remote Sensing
Evaluation
Remote Sensing is the science
and art of obtaining information
about an object, area or
phenomenon through the
Assignments (10%) analysis of data acquired by a
Surprise Tests (15%) device that is not in physical
contact with the object, area or
Class Test (15%) phenomenon under investigation.
Seminar (20%) Examples
Final Test (40%) 1. Eyes are living examples (EMR distribution)
2. Sonar (like bats): Acoustic wave distribution
3. Gravity Meter: Gravity force distribution
Maps/
Reference Photos
Satellite Data Visual
Passive RS
High Altitude Arial Pictorial
End
Numerical
Low Altitude Arial Numerical/ Digital Users
Active RS
Ground Level Digital
Reports Earth Surface
1
Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
SUN
EMR Spectrum
2
EMR Energy EMR Source
Sun is the primary source
Energy of a quantum
All matter at temperature above absolute zero
E=hf
(0oK or –273o C) continuously emit EMR
E in Joules (J)
Energy emitted is, among other things, a function of
h – Planck’s constant, 6.626 x 10-34 J sec surface temperature.
f – Frequency Stefan-Boltzmann Law (Black body)
W = σ T4
E=hc/λ W – Total radiant emittance in W m-2
• Energy of a quantum is inversely proportional to its σ – Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.6697 x 10-8 Wm-2oK-4
wavelength T – Absolute temperature (0oK) of the emitting material
• Longer the wavelength, the lower its energy content Energy from an object varies as T4.
• The low energy content of long wavelength means that, Increases rapidly with increase in Temperature
in general, systems operating at long wavelength must
‘view’ large areas of the earth in order to obtain a A black body is a hypothetical ideal radiator that totally
detectable signal absorbs and re-emits all energy incident upon it
3
Absorption Spectral characteristics of Energy sources,
Atmospheric Effects and Sensing Systems
In contrast to scatter, atmospheric
absorption results in effective loss of energy
to atmospheric constituents.
• Most efficient absorbers are water vapour, cadbon
dioxide and ozone.
• As absorption occurs in specific wavelengths, they
strongly influence “where we look” spectrally with
any sensor.
• Wavelength ranges in which the atmosphere is
particularly transmissive of energy are called
Atmospheric Windows
Wavelength is in
logarithmic scale