ISSN (Online) 2278-1021

IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

Pill Camera
Miss. Anchal Khadse1, Prof. S.O. Dahad2
P.G Student, Electronics and Telecommunication, GCOEJ, Jalgaon, India1
Associate Professor, Electronics and Telecommunication, GCOEJ, Jalgaon, India 2

Abstract: The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper price and increased quality. As the
current manufacturing technology is at macro level but the future lies in manufacturing product at molecular level. On
the basis & advent of nanotechnology one such product manufactured is pill camera. “Camera Pill” or Capsule
endoscopy is a new diagnostic tool that permits a direct visual examination of the small intestine, an area of the body
not previously accessible using upper endoscopy from above or colonoscopy from below. The pill, known as the
Capsule Endoscopy, is about the size of a multivitamin and is swallowed with a sip of water. The pill is made of
specially sealed biocompatible material that is resistant to stomach acid and powerful digestive enzymes and thus every
care is taken such that the caps will not rupture or burst. Its non-invasive diagnostic alternative that is relatively quick,
easy, office based test that will encourage people to see their doctors to get checked for diseases, Capsule endoscopy
helps your doctor evaluate the small intestine. This part of the bowel cannot be reached by traditional upper endoscopy
or by colonoscopy. The most common reason for doing capsule endoscopy is to search for a cause of bleeding from the
small intestine. It may also be useful for detecting polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn‟s disease), ulcers,
cancers, andanemia and tumors of the small intestine. It takes picture of our intestine and transmits the same to the
receiver of the computer for analysis of our digestive system. This process can help in tracking any kind of disease
related to digestive system.

Keywords: colonoscopy, endoscopy, polyps, crohn‟s disease.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PREAMBLE 1.2. OBJECTIVE

Technology is like an expanding universe. As there is a 1) Pill camera endoscopy is used to detect intestinal
great progress in manufacturing products, humans are still cancer, oesophageal diseases like crohn‟s disease.
thinking more complex about innovative ideas. With our 2) Its major use is to capture live colour footage of small
present technology we manufacture products by casting, intestinal track and detect any digestive system
milling, grinding, chipping and integrated fabrication. disease at very early stage.
With these technologies we have made more things at a
lower cost and greater precision than ever before. In the 1.3ORGANIZATION
manufacture of these products we have been arranging This topic is mainly focus on cancer treatment at early
atoms in great thundering statistical herds. All stage. It includes information as follows.
manufactured products are made from atoms. Chapter 2: This chapter includes about capsule endoscopy
literature survey and history.
The next step in manufacturing technology is to Chapter 3: This chapter contains detail information about
manufacture products at molecular level. The technology Pill camera.
used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level is Chapter 4: This chapter contains information about total
“NANOTECHNOLOGY”. Nanotechnology is the pil camera endoscopy from mouth to anus [6] [7] (M2A).
creation of useful materials, devices and system through
manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometre). II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Nanotechnology deals with objects measured in
Nanometers. Nanometre can be visualized as billionth of a 2.1 INTRODUCTION
meter or millionth of a millimetre or it is 1/80000 width of All manufactured products are made from atoms and
human hair. These technologies we have made more properties of those products depend on how those atoms
things at a lower cost and greater precision than before [3] are arranged in great thundering statistical herds. If we
[5]. rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass. The
next step in manufacturing technology is to manufacture
Millions of assembler needed to build products. In order to products at molecular level. The technology used to
create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some achieve manufacturing at molecular level is
Nano machines called explicators will be developed using Nanotechnology. And pill camera is one of its example
self-replication process. Self-replication is a process in which takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the
which devices whose diameters are of atomic scales, on same to the receiver of the Computer for analysis of our
the order of nanometres, create copies of themselves. digestive system. This process can help in tracking any

Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5485 329

 ISSN (Online) 2278-1021
IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

kind of disease related to digestive system. Also some 2.3.1 Nano Robot
drawbacks of PILL CAMERA are mentioned and how  The 1st requirement is that each unit be a specialised
these drawbacks can be overcome using Grain sized motor machine called Nano robot, one of whose functions is
and bi -directional wireless telemetry capsule [3] [1] [5]. to construct at least one copy of itself during its
operational life apart from performing its intended task.
2.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW An e.g. of self-replicating Nano robot is artificial
Manipulation of atoms is first talked about by noble antibody. In addition to reproducing itself, it seeks and
laureate Dr.Richard Feyngmanlong ago in 1959 at the destroys disease causing organism.
annual meeting of the American Physical Society at
2.3.2 Ingredients
 The 2nd requirement is existence of all energy and
ingredients necessary tobuild complete copies of Nano
robot in question. Ideally the quantities of
eachIngredient should be such that they are consumed
in the correct proportion theprocess is intended to be
finite, then when desired number of Nano robot has
been constructed, there should be non-use quantities of
any ingredient.
Fig2.1 Nickel Crystal Board 2.3.3 Replication Process
 The 3rd requirement is that the environment be
The California institute of technology -Caltech and at that controlled so that the replication process can proceed
time it was laughed about. Nothing was pursued init till efficiently and without malfunctions. Excessive
80‟s. The technology used to achieve it takes pictures of turbulence, temperature extremes, intense radiation, or
our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the other adverse circumstances might prevent the proper
Computer analysis of our digestive system.In 1990, IBM functioning of the Nano robot and cause the process to
researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single fail or falter. Once Nano robots are made in sufficient
atoms. They positioned 35 Xenon atoms on the surface of numbers, the process of most of the Nano robots is
nickel crystal fig 2.1, using an atomic force microscopy changed from self-replication to mass manufacturing of
instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters” products. The Nano robots are connected and
IBM”. controlled by super computer which has the design
details of the product to be manufactured. These Nano
2.3 MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS USING robots now work in tandem and start placing each
NANOTECHNOLOGY molecules of product to be manufactured in the
There are two steps to achieving nanotechnology- required position. The process of most of the Nano
produced goods: robots is changed from self-replication to mass
 Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our manufacturing of products.
Universe. All the products that are manufactured are
made from atoms and properties of those products 2.4 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF
depend of how those atoms are arranged for e.g. If we NANOTECHNOLOGY
rearrange the atoms in coal we get diamonds, if we Nanotechnology [4] [5] is likely to change the way almost
rearrange the atoms in sand and add a pinch of everything, including medicine, computers and cars, are
impurities we get computer chips.Scientists must be designed and constructed. The resolution is better than 100
able to manipulate individual atoms. This means that microns, or more than 500 lines per inch.
they will have to develop a technique to grab single Although conventional endoscopes produce images at
atoms and move them to desired positions. higher resolution, the tethered-capsule endoscope is
 The next step will be to develop nanoscopic machines, designed specifically for low-cost screening.Using the
called assemblers, that can beprogrammed to scanning device is cheap because it's so small it doesn't
manipulate atoms and molecules at will. It would take require anaesthesia and sedation, which increase the cost
thousands of years for a single assembler to produce of the traditional procedure.
any kind of material one atom at a time.In order to The capsule must be expelled before you can have an MRI
create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) study. This can easily be
some Nano machines called explicators will be checked by an x-ray if you‟re not sure. A year after Given
developed using self-re-plication process, will be Imaging received U.S. Food and Drug Administration
programmed to build more assemblers. Self-replication approval to begin clinical trials in the United States, the
is a process in which devices whose diameters are of FDA granted Given Imaging permission to begin
atomic scales, on the order of nanometres, create marketing the capsule. In FDA testing, the Given Imaging
copies of themselves. For of self-replication to take Diagnostic System detected physical abnormalities more
place in a constructive manner, three conditions must successfully than push enteroscopy and surgical
be met [3-2]. techniques.

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 ISSN (Online) 2278-1021
IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

2.4.1 Why not use large endoscope? The pill is intended to improve patient compliance with
Since scope tests were first invented, doctors have wanted prescriptions. Many people forget to take their
to be able to visualize the entire gut - all 30 feet. But, a medications regularly, which can exacerbate their medical
direct view of the small intestine has remained elusive. problems, result in unexpected hospitalizations and
Attempt shave madeto develop longer endoscopic undermine clinical trial results. The pill has yet to be
instruments. This Technique called push enteroscopy has tested on humans. To date, it has been tried out on
had only limited success. [1] [2] The longer instruments cadavers and models of humans. Scientists have also
are difficult to control and manipulate and are hard to conducted experiments on the pill to see how effectively it
maintain. The accuracy of push enteroscopy is still limited dissolves in stomach acid.
since even in the best of hands the entire small intestine is
not visualized. About the size of a large vitamin, the 2.4.3 Gastrointestinal Tract
capsule is made of specially sealed biocompatible material Research shows that the pill leaves behind a trace of silver
that is resistant to stomach acid and powerful digestive when it passes through the body. [7] [6] Silver coats the
enzymes. Another name for this new technique is Wireless pill and also makes up the antenna, however the amount
Capsule Endoscopy. left behind in the body is less than is absorbed by the
average person drinking tap water, according to
researchers.

Scientific advances in areas such as nanotechnology and

gene therapy promise to revolutionize the way we discover
and develop drugs, as well as how we diagnose and treat
disease. The 'camera in a pill' is one recent development
that is generating considerable interest. Until recently,
only the proximal (oesophagus, stomach and duodenum)
and the distal (colon) portions of the gastrointestinal tract
were easily visible using available technology. The twenty
feet or so of small intestine in between these two portions
was essentially unreachable. This hurdle might soon be
overcome.

2.5 SUMMARY
This survey comes to the point that capsule endoscopy is
superior to push enteroscopy in the diagnosis of recurrent
bleeding in patients who had a negative gastroscopy and
colonoscopy. It is safe and well tolerated. Wireless capsule
Fig 2.2 View of Capsule endoscopy represents a significant technical breakthrough
for the investigation of the small bowel, especially in light
2.4.2 Peristalic Activity of the shortcomings of other available techniques.
Patients report that the video capsule is easier to swallow
than an aspirin as shown in fig 2.2. It seems that the most The capsule endoscopy seems can suit to patients with
important factor in ease of swallowing is the lack of gastrointestinal bleeding of unclear etiology who have had
friction. The capsule is very smooth, enabling it to slip non diagnostic traditional testing and in whom the distal
down the throat with just a sip of water. After the Given small bowel (beyond reach of a push enteroscopy) needs
M2A [7] [6] capsule is swallowed, it moves through the to be visualised.
digestive track naturally with the aid of the peristaltic
activity of the intestinal muscles. The patient comfortably III. PILL CAMERA
continues with regular activities throughout the
examination without feeling sensations resulting from the 3.1 INTRODUCTION
capsule's passage. After the exam, the patient returns to the The pill camera is a new diagnostic tool that permits a
doctor's office and the recording device is removed. The direct visual examination of the small intestine. It is that
stored images are transferred to a computer PC area of the body which is not previously accessible using
workstation where they are transformed into a digital upper endoscopy or colonoscopy. The pill is known as
movie which the doctor can later examine on the computer M2A capsule endoscopy.
monitor. Patients are not required to retrieve and return the
video capsule to the physician. It is disposable and 3.1.1 PILL –SIZED CAMERA
expelled normally and effortlessly with the next bowel Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera as shown in fig 3.1
movement[4].If you've ever been plagued by temporary that could travel through your body taking pictures,
amnesia and forgottenwhetherornotyoutook your helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously
medication, Take heart U.S. researchers have engineered a would have found only through surgery. No longer is such
pill that will jog your memory. technology the stuff of science fiction films.

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 ISSN (Online) 2278-1021
IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

The tiny cameras are swallowed by patients who want less

invasive examinations of their digestive track. Until now
U.S. DRAM maker Micron Technology Inc. had been the
biggest promoter of the camera-in-a-pill concept, with
companies such as Israel's Given Imaging charging as
much as $450 for its PillCam. MagnaChip is highlighting
the low-light sensitivity of the camera, but provided no
specification detail. Usually, an LED flash is used to
illuminate the area around the capsule.

Fig 3.1 Pill Sized Camera

3.2 CONVENTIONAL METHOD

Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in
the intestines is through endoscopic examination in which
doctors advance a scope down into the small intestine via
the mouth. However, these scopes are unable to reach Fig3.3 Disposable Video Camera
through all of the 20-foot-long small intestine, and thus
provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With 3.2.2 Video Chip:
the help of capsule which contains conventional camera as Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which
shown in fig 3.2 not only can diagnoses, be made for is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is used for
certain conditions routinely missed by other tests, but proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos.
disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling Micro actuator acts as memory to store the software code
treatment before complications develop. However, the that is the instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the
amount left behind in the body is less than is absorbed by images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and
the average person drinking tap water, according to correct information, capsule should be able to design, to
researchers. Scientific advances in areas such as transmit several biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and
nanotechnology and gene therapy promise to revolutionize pressure.
the way we discover and develop drugs, as well as how we
diagnose and treat disease. The 'camera in a pill' is one 3.3 COMPONENTS OF CAPSULE CAMERA
recent development that is generating considerable As shown in fig 3.4 capsules consist of eight components
interest. with their respective function as below:-

Fig 3.2 Conventional Camera

3.2.1 Diagnostic Imaging System Fig 3.4 Components of Capsule Camera

The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System,
comes in capsule form and contains a camera, lights, 3.3.1 Optical Dome
transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that  This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule
allows the camera to view the lining of the small intestine. axis along the central axis ofsmall intestine and so
As shown in fig 3.3 Capsule endoscopy consists of a helps propel the capsule forward easily.
disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form  The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving
that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera takes Window.
thousands of high-quality digital images within the body 3.3.2 Lens Holder
as it passes through the entire length of the small intestine.  The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which
The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and is capable accommodates the lens.
of transmitting 50,000 colour images during its traversal  The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn‟t
through the digestive system of patient [2] [3] [6]. get damage.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

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3.3.3 Lens images can be downloaded, and a diagnosis can be made.

 The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is A patient will fast for at least two hours before swallowing
arranged behind the Light Receiving Window. the PillCam ESO video capsule. The capsule is easily
swallowed with water while the patient lies on his or her
3.3.4 Illuminating LED’s back. The patient is then raised by 30 degree angles every
 Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED‟s two minutes until the patient is sitting upright. Similar to
(Light Emitting Diodes) are present.These plural the PillCam SB procedure, the patient is wearing the Data
lighting devices are arranged in doughnut shape. Recorder on a belt around the waist.A PillCam capsule
endoscopy requires no preparation or sedation, and
3.3.5 CMOS Image Sensor recovery is immediate. Both the PillCam SB and PillCam
 CMOS Image Sensor is the most important part of the ESO disposable capsules make their way through the rest
capsule. It is highly sensitive and produces very high of the gastrointestinal tract and then are passed naturally
quality images. It has 140º field of view and can and painlessly from the body, usually within 24 hours.
detect objects as small as possible Both PillCam SB and ESO video capsules are 11 mm x 26
mm and weigh less than 4 grams. Capsule endoscopy with
3.3.6 Battery PillCam SB video capsule is widely covered in the U.S. A
Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and two in list of payers can be obtained from our Reimbursement
number as shown in fig 3.4. Batteries are arranged Centre. [7] [3]Endoscopy and radiological imaging are the
together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor. Silver traditional methods for small bowel diagnostics. In ESO
Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline endoscopy, as shown in fig 3.5 the physician inserts an
Electrolyte/Silver Oxide).Such a battery has an even endoscope, a flexible tube and optical system
discharge voltage, disposable and doesn‟t cause harm to approximately 3.5 feet long, through the patient's mouth or
the body. anus. Typically, this procedure will include sedation and
recovery time. During a radiological imaging examination,
3.3.7 ASIC Transmitter the patient swallows a contrast medium (such as barium)
The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) or a dense liquid that coats the internal organs to make
Transmitter is arranged behind the Batteries as shown. them appear on x-ray film. The procedure produces a
Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines series of black and white x-ray images of the lumen, or
of the ASIC Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically cavity, of the small intestine.
isolated from each other.

3.3.8 Antenna
The Antenna is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is
enclosed in a dome shaped chamber. Once swallowed, the
missile pill travels through the small intestine propelled by
the contractions of the gastrointestinal tract. The squeezing
motion acts as a squeegee, wiping the lens clean for clear
pictures. Along the way it films digital images and
transmits them to a receiver worn by the patient. The
recorder also tracks the capsule's location within the body.
The capsule itself is larger than an aspirin, about 11 mm x
26 mm in size and about 4 grams in weight. Called the
M2A [6], it is not a medication, but rather a single-use Fig 3.5 Endoscopy Using ESO Method
video colour-imaging capsule.
Besides the miniature colour video camera, the capsule 3.5. EXISTING SYSTEM
contains a light source, batteries, a transmitter, and an Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in
antenna. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels the intestines is through endoscopic examination in
easily through the digestive tract and is naturally excreted. which doctors advance a scope down into the small
It is never absorbed in the body. The patient wears a intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are unable
wireless Given Data Recorder on a belt around his or her. to reach through all of the 20- foot-long small intestine,
Standard CMOS APS pixel today consists of a photo and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the
detector (a pinned photodiode), a floating diffusion, a bowel. With the help of pill camera not only can diagnoses
transfer gate, reset gate, selection gate and source-follower be made for certain conditions routinely missed by other
readout transistor the so-called 4T cell. The pinned tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage,
photodiode was originally used in interline. enabling treatment before complications develop.

3.4 DATA RECORDER 3.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Once the patient swallows the capsule they can continue The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a
with their daily activities. After eight hours they return to tiny camera. After a patient swallows the capsule, it takes
the physician‟s office with the Data Recorder so the pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract. The

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primary use of capsule endoscopy is to examine areas of digestive tract. These pictures will transmit to sensor pads
the small intestine that cannot be seen by other types of that are placed belly. The images are stored in a small
endoscopy such as colonoscopy or device that is held on a belt you will wear around the
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). This type of waist. Research shows that the pill leaves behind a trace of
examination is often done to find sources of bleeding or silver when it passes through the body. The capsule
abdominal pain. transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on a
belt around the patient's waist while going about his or her
3.7 CAPSULE WORKING day as usual. The stored images are transferred to a
It is slightly larger than normal capsule. The patient computer PC workstation where they are transformed into
swallows the capsule and the natural muscular waves of a digital movie which the doctor can later examine on the
the digestive tract propel it forward through stomach, into computer monitor. Patients are not required to retrieve and
small intestine, through the large intestine, and then out in return the video capsule to the physician. It is disposable
the stool. It takes snaps as it glides through digestive tract and expelled normally and effortlessly with the next bowel
twice a second. [1] [3]The capsule transmits the images to movement.
a data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the
patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. IV. PILL CAMERA ENDOSCOPY
The physician then transfers the stored data to a computer
for processing and analysis. The complete traversal takes 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENDOSCOPY
around eight hours and after it has completed taking Endoscopy means looking inside the body for medical
pictures it comes out of body as excreta. Study results reasons using an endoscope. Unlike most other medical
showed that the camera pill was safe, without any side imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the
effects, and was able to detect abnormalities in the small organ. Endoscopy can also refer as using borescope. An
intestine, including parts that cannot be reached by the endoscope is a flexible camera that travels into the body‟s
endoscope. The tiniest endoscope yet takes 30 two- cavities to directly investigate digestive tract, colon or
megapixel images per second and offloads them throat. These tools are long flexible cords about 9 mm
wirelessly. See how it works inside the body in wide, about the width of a human fingernail. Because the
animation. Pop this pill, and eight hours later, doctors can cord is so wide patients must be sedated during the scan.
examine a high-resolution video of your intestines for The tiny camera is like swallowing a pill to diagnose
tumours and other problems, thanks to a new spinning internal body is better option than long flexible cords.
camera that captures images in 360 degrees developed by
the Japanese RF System Lab. 4.1.1 SWALLOWEDCAPSULE
Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional
3.7.1 Power Up pill.It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristals
The Sayaka doesn‟t need a motor to move through your is.A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives the image
gut, but it does require 50 milli watts to run its camera, transmitted by the pill. [4]A computer workstation
lights and computer. Batteries would be too bulky, so the processes the data and produces a continuous and still
cam draws its power through induction charging. A vest images. Movement of capsule as shown in fig 4.1 through
worn by the patient contains a coil that continuously the digestive System produces two images per second,
transmits power. approximately 2,600 high quality images.

3.7.2 Offload Data

Instead of storing each two-megapixel image internally,
Sayaka continually transmits shots wirelessly to an
antenna in the vest, where they are saved to a standard SD
memory card.

3.7.3 Deliver Video

Doctors pop the SD card into a PC, and software compiles
thousands of overlapping images into a flat map of the
intestines that can be as large as 1,175 megapixels.
Doctors can replay the ride as video and magnify a
problem area up to 75-fold to study details.
3.7.4 Leave the Body
At around $100, the cam is disposable, so patients can Fig 4.1 Movement of Capsule
simply flush it away. Pill passes down in the oesophagus
and through roughly 20 to 25 feet of intestines, where it 4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER AND
will capture up to 870,000 images. This is an exam of the RECEIVER
small intestine of your digestive system. [5]This capsule In the first block diagram, one SMD type transistor
takes 75,000 to 80,000 pictures as it passes through the amplifies the video signal for efficient modulation using a

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3 biasing resistor and 1 inductor. In the bottom block,a drawbacks can be overcome using a bidirectional wireless
tiny SAW resonator oscillates at 315 MHZ for modulation telemetry camera. The current paper presents the design of
of the video signal. This modulated signal is then radiated a bidirectional wireless telemetry camera, 11mm in
from inside the body to outside the body. For Receiver diameter, which can transmit video images from inside the
block diagram a commercialized (ON/OFF Key) super human body and receive the control signals from an
heterodyne receiver with an 8-pin SMD was used. This external control unit. It includes transmitting antenna and
single chip receiver for remote wireless communications, receiving antenna, a demodulator, a decoder, four LED‟s,
which includes an internal local oscillator fixed at a singlea CMOS image sensor, along with their driving circuits.
frequency, is based on an external reference crystal or The receiver demodulates the received signal that is
clock. The decoder IC receives the serial stream and radiated from the external control unit. Next, the decoder
interprets the serial information as 4 bits of binary data. receives this serial stream and interprets the five of the
binary digits as address code. The remaining signal is
interpreted as binary data. As a result proposed telemetry
model can demodulate the external signals to control the
behaviour of the camera and 4 LED‟s during the
transmission of video image. The CMOS image sensor is a
single chip 1/3 inch format video camera, OV7910 this
can provide high level functionality with in small print
. footage. The image sensor supports an [3] NTSC-type
Fig 4.2 Transmitter circuit inside capsule analog colour video and can directly interface with VCR
TV monitor. Also image sensor has very low power
consumption as it requires only 5 volt dc supply. The
capsule is capable of transmitting up to eight hours of
video before being naturally expelled. No hospitalization
is required. The film is downloaded to a computer
workstation and processed using a software program
called RAPID (reporting and processing of images and
data), also developed by Given Imaging. It condenses the
film into a 30-minute video. The software also provides an
image of the pill as it passes through the small intestine so
the physician can match the image to the location of the
Fig 4.3 Receiver circuit inside capsule capsule. Future capsules to be developed using its basic
platform. It is not inconceivable that this same technology
Each bit is used for channel recognition of the control can be used to pump medication locally and directly.
signal from outside the body. Since the CMOS image
sensor module consumes most of the power compared to The power system need only make up for losses caused by
the other components in the telemetry [4] module, inefficiencies in this process. These losses could
controlling the ON/OFF of the CMOS image sensor is presumably be made small, thus allowing our artificial red
very important. Moreover, since lightning LED‟s also use blood cells to operate with little energy consumption
significant amount of power, the individual ON/OFF conditions of temperature and pressure. Thus, our spheres
control of each LED is equally necessary. As such the are over 2,000 times more efficient per unit volume than
control system is divided into 4 channels in the current blood. Occupancy statistics would allow determination of
study. A high output current amplifier with a single supply concentration. Today‟s monoclonal antibodies are able to
is utilized to drive loads in capsule. The proposed bind to only a single type of protein or other antigen, and
telemetry capsule can simultaneously transmit a video have not proven effective against most cancers.
signal and receive a control determining the behaviour of
the capsule. As a result, the total power consumption of 4.3 ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE
the telemetry capsule can be reduced by turning off the Pill endoscopy [5] is a new spin off of regular endoscopy,
camera power during dead time and separately controlling where and endoscope it inserted into the body to observe
the [4] LEDs for proper illumination in the intestine. the walls of various organs and reacts. Now there are pill
Accordingly, proposed telemetry module for bidirectional cameras you can swallow that will take pictures of your
and multi-channel communication has the potential organs and tracts, without the discomfort of having a tube
applications. inserted into your body. A major issue with current
endoscopies is there is about 20 feet of the digestive track
This miniature motor, when attached to the pill camera that is out reach of current methods. In order to overcome
gives it a propelling action inside the body, which makes it this, an Israeli physician, Dr. Iddan, in 1981 began the
easy for the pill to find its way through the digestive development of a camera that would fit into a pill.
system. Also the grain-sized motor has an application of Unfortunately, technology wasn‟t ready for this. It took
its own too. It can be employed to rupture and break until 2001 for it to be possible. In 2001 the FDA approved
painful kidney stones inside the body. The other two the Given Diagnostic Imaging System. The system was an

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IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

11x26mm 4 gram capsule, which contained a colour video inexpensive enough to use and discard. It provides a
camera, a radio transmitter, 4 LEDs and a battery. The pill dramatic cost reduction in equipment requirements from
is moved around the body with peristaltic contractions. conventional endoscope or pill camera systems, which can
Throughout the procedure the patient can perform daily cost upwards of $30,000 USD. Pico Endo delivers more
tasks without discomfort. Throughout the 8-hours, the images at an improved quality, including images
images are transmitted to a device about the size of a processed into 3D. The Pico Endo system is applicable to
walkman. The images are received through special medical tasks such as photographing the surface of the
antenna pads placed on the body. From this the images can esophagus and to applications in any other industry that
be downloaded to the computer for examination. One needs to place a tiny electronic camera eye in a location
company has put a new twist on the pill camera. Other pill that is difficult to view, such as inspecting the interiors of
cameras have their lenses and sensor in the moving assembled engines.
direction, requiring a wide angle lens[2]. The problem
with this is the peripheral regions of the picture become 4.3.2Entrance to Exit
distorted. So RF Systems developed Sayaka. It is designed The camera-in-a-pill capsule, or pill-cam, measures 2.5cm
to take picture of the whole surface of the digestive tract. by 1.1cm and contains a minuscule digital camera, a light
This is possible by its spinning camera, which takes source, and of course a battery to power it up. However,
pictures in a full 360 degrees. Another thingwith Sayaka the real genius of the pill-cam lies in its tiny radio
is it is not battery powered. Instead it gets its power transmitter and antenna (also contained in the capsule!)
through induction charging. A vest worn by the patient which enables it to transmit data (pictures!) to a data
transmits power, due to a coil in the vest. recorder that the patient wears strapped around the waist.
From the moment it is swallowed it takes pictures at a rate
Once the pill reaches the intestines it begins to take 30 of two shots every second, right up until the moment it is
pictures per second. The walls of the intestine are lit by excreted.
florescent and white LEDs. In order to spin the camera
360 degrees, an electromagnet reverses its polarity causing 4.4 SOME AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THE CAM
a permanent magnet to rotate the inner capsule and the PILL
mage sensor 60 degrees every two seconds. A full rotation The pill-cam „capsule‟ is about the same size as a large
takes 12 seconds, which it perfect to get a continuous multi-vitamin tablet, i.e. 2.5cm x 1cm.Two digital images
picture of the internal wall of the intestine. For it takes the of the intestine lining are taken every second time taken
capsule about 2 minutes to travel an inch within the for the pill cam‟s entire journey through the body is
intestine. Preparation for a pill camera study requires approximately 7 hours. Hospitals make use of a computer
fasting for 10-12 hours beforehand to ensure an empty software programme to speed up viewing the video. Half
stomach. Following capsule ingestion, after a brief period of the pill-cam „capsule‟ consists of batteries [5].The
of observation, patients are permitted to leave the miniature lens takes pictures from 2-3cm away. The tiny
endoscopy centre, with instructions to return within seven Perspex dome over the lens ensures that all images taken
hours, at which time the data recorder will be removed. are in focus – even when it is touching the wall of the
During the study, normal activity may be resumed. Light intestine. The procedure costs about £1000, with the pill-
food is generally permitted beginning four hours after the cam itself costing about half that amount.
capsule is ingested. The capsule is disposable and will
usually pass naturally during a bowel movement within 8- The official name of the so-called „pill-cam‟ is the M2A
24 hours. Patients with a history of abdominal surgery, [5] Capsule Endoscopy, and it was developed by the
cardiac pacemaker or difficulty in swallowing should Israeli company given Imaging Ltd.The tiniest endoscope
notify the doctor in advance. [1] Complications are rare yet takes 30 two-megapixel images per second and
with pill camera studies, and generally occur when there is offloads them wirelessly. "Our technology is completely
an obstruction in the intestinal tract. Notify the doctor if in different from what's available now. This could be the
the event of abdominal pain, chest pain, fever or vomiting. foundation for the future of endoscopy," said lead author
Do not undergo an MRI study until the capsule has passed. Eric Seibel, a University on research associate professor of
Results of the examination will be available after the mechanical engineering. In the past 30 years diagnoses of
captured images have been transferred to a computer and oesophageal cancer have more than tripled [3]. The
studied by your doctor. We have a solid track record and a oesophagus is the section of digestive tract that moves
strong reputation in precision moulded parts, plastic food from the throat down to the stomach. Oesophageal
aspheric lenses and high-precision opt-mechanical cancer often follows a condition called Barrett's
assemblies. Today, we are active in miniature camera- oesophagus, a noticeable change in the oesophageal lining.
lenses for mobile and automotive applications, printer Patients with Barrett's oesophagus can be healed, avoiding
sensor optics, optical storage and high power LED lens the deadly oesophageal cancer. But because internal scans
solutions. are expensive most people don't find out they have the
condition until it's progressed to cancer, and by that stage
4.3.1 Smallest Tethered Endoscope the survival rate is less than 15 percent. Any screen that
The PicoEndo [2] endoscope is the smallest tethered detected whether you had a treatable condition before it
endoscope in the world (4.5mm x 12.0mm). It is also had turned into cancer would save lives."

Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5485 336

 ISSN (Online) 2278-1021
IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

4.4.1 Missile Optical Camera product manufactured with the help of nanotechnology
Only a small percentage of people who get Barrett's which is the rice- grain sized motor. The bidirectional
oesophagus, about 5 percent to 10 percent, develop Israeli wireless telemetry camera, 11mm in diameter, can
military scientist Gabriel Iddan spent years working on transmit video images from inside the human body and
missile technology as the head of the electro-optical receive the control signals from an external control unit. It
design section of the Rafael Armament Development include stream transmitting antenna and receiving
Authority at the Ministry of Defence. [3] Iddan had antenna, a demodulator, a decoder, four LED‟s, a CMOS
worked on the seeker, or the "eye" of the missile, which image sensor, along with their driving circuits.The
captures the targets and guides it, and believed the same receiver demodulates the received signal that is radiated
technology. While on sabbatical eight years ago in Boston, from the external control unit. Next, the decoder receives
Iddan decided to design a tiny capsule containing a guided this serial stream and interprets the five of the binary digits
missile optical camera that could be swallowed, and would as address code. The remaining signal is interpreted as
send images in real time as it traversed a patient's binary data.
intestines. But money for the project was scarce.
4.5.4 Lighted Flexible Tube
4.5 DIGESTIVE TRACK A doctor uses an endoscope, a long, thin, lighted flexible
The best of hands the entire small intestine is not tube with a small camera on the end. The endoscope is
visualized. The visit to attach the sensor pads and swallow inserted through the patient‟s mouth and into the
the capsule will take 30 minutes to an hour. You are able oesophagus. Although the patient is awake during the
to leave the hospital at this time. The digestive track is aid procedure, doctors administer sedatives intravenously, and
with peristaltic activity. The patient comfortably continues spray numbing agents into the patient‟s throat to prevent
with regular activities throughout the examination without gagging. Recovery time is one to two hours until the
feeling sensations resulting from the capsule's passage. effects of the sedatives wear off and the patient‟s throat
may be sore for up to two days. Both the PillCam SB and
4.5.1 Uses ESO procedures do not require sedation and can be
 Crohn's Disease. administered in a doctor‟s office. Studies have shown
 Mal-absorption Disorders. patients undergoing either PillCam procedure have a much
 Tumours of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders. higher level of satisfaction due to procedural convenience
 Ulcerative Colitis and comfort and immediate recovery. The PillCam SB is
 Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury considered the gold standard for detecting diseases of the
small bowel such as Crohn‟s disease and obscure bleeding.
4.5.2 Advantages In a study of 106 patients, the sensitivity level of the
PillCam ESO was rated similar to the sensitivity level of a
 Biggest impact on the medical industry [5].
traditional endoscopy in detecting abnormalities in a
 Nano robots can perform delicate surgeries
patient‟s oesophagus. PillCam
 They can also change the physical appearance.
 They can slow or reverse the aging process. ESO accuracy is comparable to traditional endoscopy.
 Used to shrink the size of components. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a family of chronic
 Nano technology has the potential to have a positive diseases affecting the intestines. Crohn‟s disease and
effect on the Environment ulcerative colitis both fall under the same umbrella and
were once believed to be the same disease. Patients with
4.5.3 Drawbacks IBD experience such symptoms as persistent diarrhoea,
It is a revolution, no question about it but the capsule abdominal pain or cramps, fever and weight loss, and
poses medical risks joint, skin, or eye irritations in varying degrees. Some may
not experience all of these symptoms. Patients may also
1."Unfortunately, patients with gastrointestinal structures experience cycles of remission and relapse as the disease
or narrowing are not good candidates for this procedure progresses. While Crohn‟s disease is rarely fatal, there is
due to the risk of obstruction". It might also happen that no cure. Instead, doctors focus on treating the symptoms.
the pill camera might not be able to traverse freely inside If left untreated, symptoms may worsen, and health
digestive system, which may cause the tests to be problems such as abscesses, obstruction, malnutrition and
inconclusive [5]. anaemia may occur.
2. If there is a partial obstruction in the small intestine,
there is a risk that the pill will get stuck there and a patient 4.5.5 Gastrointestinal Association Data
who might have come in for diagnostically reasons may According to American Gastrointestinal Association data,
end up in the emergency room for intestinal obstruction. approximately 19 million of Americans suffer from
3. The pill camera can transmit image from inside to various disorders of the small intestine including bleeding,
outside the body. Consequently it becomes impossible to Crohn‟s disease, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome
control the camera behaviour, including the on/off power and small bowel cancers. Of these 19 million people,
functions and effective illuminations inside the intestine approximately 500,000 people suffer from Crohn‟s
[5]. The first drawback has overcome using another disease.

Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5485 337

 ISSN (Online) 2278-1021
IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016

4.6 ESOPHAGEAL VARICES through body further then, it may need to be removed
Gastroesophagealvarices [6] are present in 40-60% of endoscopic ally or surgically. So this proposed capsule
patients with cirrhosis Haemorrhage from endoscopic model has to be further modified after
oesophagealvarices is a leading cause of death in cirrhotic knowing its disadvantage which occurs while the
patients, with mortality rates as high as 50% .Varices are transmission of video image.
veins that have become enlarged due to increased pressure.
The increased blood flow causes these fragile blood 5.3 FUTURE SCOPE
vessels to become so stretched that they are susceptible to This pill camera technology in future can be design to
breaking and bleeding. Pictures by pill camera of sense temperature, pressure, and various diseases with its
gastroesophageal endoscopy [7] and path moving of virus present in body. Also it can be made in the form of
capsule are as shown in fig 4.4 and fig 4.5 respectively. programmable chip so that it can work blood cell (WBC‟s
and RBC‟s) reconstruction. This can prevent patients from
surgical operation.

REFERENCES

[1]. New electronics magazine – the site for electronic design

engineers.– www.newelectronics.co.uk – Robotic pill to
revolutionise cancer treatment, 12 Nov 2012
[2]. World journal of Gastroenterology: WJG- 2014 Aug 7, published
online.Capsule endoscopy: present status and future expectation by
MaheshK. Goenka, & Shounak Mujumdar.
[3]. Web sites:
Fig.4.4 Images of Gastroesophageal Tract a. www.sciencedaily.com
b. www.dailytech.com/colonprobing+pill+camera
c. www.nanotecnology.com
[4]. Techno Crazed- Pillcam: Swallow a Pill with a Miniature Camera
to avoid Colonoscopy-video & news.
[5]. Technical paper on Camera pill endoscopy- Naga Raj.Y
[6]. Technical paper on Emerging Technology- an imaging pill for
gastro intestinal endoscopy.
[7]. Technical paper on Wireless capsule endoscopy by P.Swan.

Fig.4.5 Path of Moving Pill from Digestive System

V. CONCLUSION

5.1 INTRODUCTION
The given endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for
medical technology of the 21st century. The endoscopy
system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-
invasive imaging of the entire small intestine. It has
revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great
extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all
over the world. In the near future most of the conventional
manufacturing processes will be replaced with a cheaper
and better manufacturing process “nanotechnology”.

5.2 CONCLUSION
Scientists predict that this is not all nanotechnology is
capable to produce such products. They even foresee that
in the coming decades, with the help of nanotechnology
one can make hearts, lungs, livers and kidneys, just by
providing coal, water and some impurities and even
prevent the aging effect. Nanotechnology has the power to
revolutionize the world of production, but it is sure to
increase unemployment in next generation. This pill
camera technology has glorified biomedical science and
helped doctors to diagnose such a complicated intestinal
bowel in easy way. Use of Pill camera on large scale will
reduce unwanted death rate in upcoming decades. But in
rare case the capsule which is swallowed if does not pass

Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5485 338