Running head: CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 1

Cursive Writing in Schools

Cynthia Wolf

University of Northern Iowa

Abstract

Cursive writing has been removed as one of the requirements in schools. However, cursive

writing is a valuable skill to have and can help students overcome struggles in the classroom.

News sources, a non-fiction book, academic journals, credible websites, and a personal survey

were used to gather evidence as to why cursive writing should be taught in schools. Requiring

cursive writing in schools will help children during their developmental stages in reading,

writing, memory, and motor functions. It was found that cursive writing would benefit students

during their developmental learning as well as into their adult years.

Cursive Writing in Schools

As my family and I sat around the dinner table watching my 14-year-old little brother,

William, open up his birthday cards, I saw him pause while opening his last card. Instantly, I

knew that this card, covered with yellow flowers, was from our grandma Janet. He stared down

at the card in confusion before looking up at us. Grandma, while having been born deaf, had

beautiful cursive handwriting that she loved to write us notes with. However, William could not

read what that wonderful writing said. Having not been taught how to write cursive, he therefore

does not know how to read cursive writing. According to marthastewart.com, only 14 of the 50

states in America require cursive writing in the curriculum in public schools as of 2017. Meaning

less than 30 percent of the United States is required to learn cursive writing (Chef 2018).

Many people still write letters, put their signature on important paperwork, and read

historical documents written in cursive. Even simple writings like taking notes in class or seeing

doctors and professionals write notes, prescriptions, and papers in cursive for a sense of

professionalism. Annually, on a birthday card received from grandma or grandpa, their greetings

and endearments are in cursive.

With the modernizations of society, millions have started doing many things online

including signing important papers and using online methods to converse through digital medias.

These new advancements do not take away from the pleasure of doing things the old fashioned

way. Historical documents are easier to read online and are available at the touch of a button.

Important papers are convenient to sign online without the hassle of filing through so many

papers. Sending a simple text or email saying how a person is missed shows how you have been

thinking of a person without having to wait for the shipping days of the mailing process. While
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 4

all of these advancements seem simpler than doing it by hand, the teaching of the writing itself

plays a major role in the development of student’s lives. Teaching cursive writing should be

required in schools because it helps children to build motor skills, engages students with learning

disabilities, and will continue to help with future experiences with cursive writing.
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 5

Literature Review

Cursive writing has been used since close to the beginning of handwriting itself. It was

developed as a revolt against the ‘heavy look’ of print. It became a symbol for status, and was

soon after taught in schools. These last few years, Common Core State Standards do not require

cursive writing to be taught within schools. This research illustrates: how cursive writing affects

learning disabilities, motor skills, and our futures.

Cursive writing and learning disabilities

Spelling is used every day by people of all ages, but students begin by learning the letters,

District Administration, a monthly trade publication for educational leaders, explains, “But it’s

not just about forming the letters, it is also about linking letters into word units, and that helps a

student learn to spell words” (De La Rosa 2017). The European Scientific Journal claims,

“Children learn to write and read more easily if we teach them to write cursive longhand first”

(Meadows and Roberto, 2016). They also describe certain letters such as d,b,p, and q look

different, meaning they are harder to mix up. As opposed to the, “long d,b,p,q letters [which]

look entirely different and cannot be confused with each other” (Meadows and Roberto, 2016).

An experiment was done between teaching print only and cursive only that was analyzed by

PLOS ONE, “Achievements in spelling and word reading was higher in the experimental group

[cursive writing only group]” (Semeraro 2019).

In the same experiment between print learning and cursive learning, PLOS ONE reviews

the results based on reading improvement, “In addition, we observed that children who only

learned the cursive type made faster improvement in reading” (Semeraro 2019). The European

Scientific Journal refers to another experiment where there was taught only cursive and printed
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 6

writing, “Even though we learned to write cursive longhand, we had no difficulty learning how

to read the printed word in books” (Meadows and Roberto, 2016). They also go on to report

about the visual difference between print and cursive writing, “Cursive letters provide more

visual clues than print letters which makes them easier to identify” (Meadows and Roberto,

2016). The Ellsworth American newspaper also found about the visual difference between

cursive and print writing, “Because cursive letters are more distinct than printed letters, children

may learn to read more easily, especially dyslexics” (Sampson 2019).

As a continuous stroke, The European Journal points out how cursive writing can be

revised as it is being written, “Cursive letters are easier because they are made with one

continuous movement which can be corrected and refined as you go” (Meadows and Roberto,

2016). They also analyze how in print writing the pencil is lifted from the paper many times,

“Each time you pick up the pencil from the paper, in order to draw another part of a letter or

separate print letter you increase the potential for error” (Meadows and Roberto, 2016). The

PLOS ONE another experiment between learning print only, cursive only, and many different

types on writing. They review the results of the print only group, “There were more reversals

and transposition errors in the control group [print only group]” (Semeraro 2019). They also

gave the results of the group who learned many different types of writing compared to the

cursive only group, “We also observed that pupils using cursive as the only handwriting type had

better results in producing orthographically correct words than students using more types”

(Semeraro 2019).

Cursive writing and motor skills

From the PLOS ONE experiment between print and cursive writing, results of the speed

from each group was recorded, “The intervention group [cursive writing] was able to write 16

graphemes per minute, while the control group [print only] had a rate of 11 graphemes per

minute” (Semeraro 2019). The International Online Journal of Educational Sciences also did an

experiment between print and cursive writing, showing their results, “A comparison of the

writing styles in terms of speed, quality text production, length, word production and content

showed that more words are produced with cursive, and more success was achieved in writing

texts” (Demir and Deniz, 2017). The District Administration states how writing quickly works

well for students, “Because cursive is faster than printing, a student’s hand can better keep up

with their thoughts” (De La Rosa 2017). Instructor [1990] magazine describes how cursive

writing all starts the same way, “Even the mechanics of writing can bedevil a dyslexic learner,

and many elementary teachers have had success with cursive writing, since each letter can begin

on the same baseline” (2010).

The PRNewswire uses scientific research to show cursive writing is ‘critical to the

physical development of the brain’ and some ‘educational benefits of writing by hand include

brain development and memory’ (2013). PLOS ONE points out the continuous stroke of cursive

writing helps with memory, “The very nature of the cursive type may help students to easily

memorize and recall a word unit, since in the cursive type the letters of a word are linked one to

another, while in print type they are separated” (Semeraro 2019). Psychologytoday.com states

cursive writing promotes cognitive brain development, “In case of learning cursive writing, the

brain develop functional specialization that integrates both sensation, movement control, and

thinking” (Kelmm 2013). Medium.com claims learning cursive writing activates both sides of
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 8

the brain, “This right-left brain synergy, when both sides of the brain are used simultaneously,

promotes improved language and memory function” (Packhem 2017).

The Albany Herald news also analyze how cursive writing triggers the brain, “Cursive

writing ‘helps train the brain to integrate visuals and tactile information, and fine motor

dexterity” (Purcell 2019). The Springer Science+Business Media write about an experiment

setup between kindergarteners, 2nd graders, and 5th graders about writing control with cursive

writing, “Because continuity is, in particular, a rule that characterize drawing movements, they

probably therefore, have a representation of what the continuity of a motor sequence must be

even before cursive writing becomes part of their motor repertoire” (Bonneton-Botté, Bara,

Marec-Breton, Haye-Nicolas, and Gonthier). PLOS ONE illustrates how the brain is active when

learning cursive writing, “Brain imaging studies reveal that multiple areas of the brain become

co-activated during the learning of cursive writing” (Semeraro 2019). They also go on to show

how handwriting itself affects children's motor skills, “These results demonstrate how children

can improve not only basic skills, but also subsequent learning abilities thanks to

domain-specific training carried out in the field of grapho-motor learning” (Semeraro 2019).

Cursive writing and our future

The Washington Post mentions how cursive is used to express who you are, “Cursive…

is an artistic expression of who we want to be” (Keller 2018). In the book, The History and

Uncertain Future of Handwriting, the author explains how handwriting is different than an

electronic message, “Handwriting allows us to be artists and individuals during a time when we

often use computers, faxes, and email to communicate… Handwriting can add intimacy to a
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 9

letter and reveal details about the writers personality” (Trubek 147). An article from Politics &

Government Week tells how you can use handwriting personally:

Communication through writing, however, is richer in nature than sender simply sending

a message to a receiver that has meaning. The way a person expresses herself through

writing tells the reader more than the information the writer intended to convey through

the words. (VerticalNews journalists 2015).

The Telegraph acknowledges the importance of a signature, “Children should know how to write

their signature. That’s part of their identity. For me that’s part of what a public school should

include” (Pecci 2019).

After learning cursive writing, Politics and Government Week describes what one might

feel, “Additionally, the learning of cursive writing was and continues to be a source of pride and

accomplishment for the students of all age who master it” (Politics and Gov Week VerticalNews

journalists 2015). The Ellsworth American claims, “The ability to master the skill of writing

clearly and fluidly improves the students’ confidence to communicate freely with the written

word” (Sampson 2019). Newamericancursive.com gives benefits of learning cursive writing,

“Learning cursive prompts children to also develop self-discipline, which is a useful skill in all

areas of life” (Hatfield 2018). The author from the book, The History and Uncertain Future of

Handwriting, gives her son’s personal experience with handwriting in school, “Perennially being

told his handwriting was bad transmuted in his mind into proof that he was a bad writer - a poor

student incapable of expressing ideas” (Trubek 151).

If you do not learn it, you do not know it, States News Service breaks down how this

statement fits for cursive writing, “Children who are not taught cursive cannot read cursive. They
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 10

do not have a signature” (Schulenburg 2018). In a survey conducted by the writer, an anonymous

responder gave their opinion on cursive writing, “It’s important that they don’t just rely on

someone else telling them what it means - they need to be able to read it themselves” (Wolf

2019). UWIRE news shows some situations where knowing cursive would be useful, “Without

cursive, a sense of professionalism is lost in the work environment, as well as relationships with

older generations. Whether they be direct or indirect, these bonds become jeopardized due to an

inability to read cursive” (2019). The PRNewswire goes farther back in our history and justifies

their statement, “The forefathers of the United States signed the Declaration of Independence

with dynamic fervor. Today, without training in cursive writing, children and grandchildren

cannot read that important document” (2013).

Conclusion

In conclusion, research illustrates how: how cursive writing affects learning disabilities,

motor skills, and our futures. Cursive writing has been taken out of many school systems, and

has only stayed in a select few. Lawmakers and teachers are fighting for the chance for children

to be taught cursive writing. There are new laws in process that are for cursive writing being in

schools. Only time will tell if there will be a future for cursive writing to be taught in schools.
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 11

While there are many things that help to develop motor skills throughout our elementary

years, cursive writing is unique in bringing together fine motor skills, memory, and faster writing

ability. Using fine motor skills allow children to improve their hand-eye coordination, and use of

smaller muscles such as the wrists and fingers. The Albany Herald news also informs how

cursive writing helps to triggers the brain, “Cursive writing ‘helps train the brain to integrate

visuals and tactile information, and fine motor dexterity” (Purcell 2019). This shows learning

cursive writing develops the brain, which helps with their hand and eye movements. Not only

does it trigger the brain, it triggers both sides, PLOS ONE describes how the brain is active when

learning cursive writing, “Brain imaging studies reveal that multiple areas of the brain become

co-activated during the learning of cursive writing” (Semeraro 2019). The brain is strengthened

and becomes sharper when it is in the process of learning cursive writing. Being able to activate

the brain helps with the little things like motor skills and hand eye coordination.

Not only does the cursive writing help with fine motor skills, but memory is also

affected. While learning cursive writing, the brain is highly active. Memory in both learning the

movements and the writing of the letters are improved. Medium.com reveals learning cursive

writing activates both sides of the brain, “This right-left brain synergy, when both sides of the

brain are used simultaneously, promotes improved language and memory function” (Packhem

2017). Not only is language improved by learning the letters and words, but also memory

function is impacted. The memory will help in the future when you continue to write, because of

muscle memory. Another part memory can affect is the learning of the letters, and memorization

of the words. Being able to write without lifting the pencil from the paper helps students to see

how the word is formed and made. PLOS ONE claims the continuous stroke of cursive writing
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 12

helps with memory, “The very nature of the cursive type may help students to easily memorize

and recall a word unit, since in the cursive type the letters of a word are linked one to another,

while in print type they are separated” (Semeraro 2019). Not being able to pick up your pencil

when writing in cursive allows the brain to recall the words better, because the words are linked

together.

This continuous movement of writing not only helps with memory, but is also

advantageous in faster writing. An experiment was done for PLOS ONE, between cursive

writing and print writing, the results of the speed from each group was recorded, “The

intervention group [cursive writing] was able to write 16 graphemes per minute, while the

control group [print only] had a rate of 11 graphemes per minute” (Semeraro 2019). This shows

the cursive writing group wrote faster than the group who was print only. Being able to write

faster is better for children because they are thinking up so many ideas quickly. The District

Administration, a monthly trade publication for educational leaders, states how writing quickly

works well for students, “Because cursive is faster than printing, a student’s hand can better keep

up with their thoughts” (De La Rosa 2017). Being able to write down what you think as you

think is helpful, not only in taking notes, but also to fuel creative minds and keep ideas alive.

This is true especially for children who struggle with learning disabilities. They cannot always

keep up with their thoughts or ideas. Having the possibility of fluidly being able to have the same

motion to begin each word the same way also helps in the continuous movement of cursive

writing. Instructor [1990] magazine details how cursive writing all starts the same way, “Even

the mechanics of writing can bedevil a dyslexic learner, and many elementary teachers have had

success with cursive writing, since each letter can begin on the same baseline” (2010). Moving
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 13

your arm the same way every time you start a new word is important in keeping up with ideas

and faster movement and writing overall. Cursive writing is beneficial in helping students build

their fine motor skills, improving their memories, and allowing them to write faster than before.

There are many new ways and new technology to help children with learning disabilities,

but cursive writing helps children to spell easier, have improved reading skills, and make less

errors when writing. Children with learning disabilities have challenges other children do not

have, or not as severally. Some things they struggle with include mixing up letters, reading the

letters backwards, and having difficulty spelling. Students use spelling every day and to spell,

they need to know how to properly write their letters. District Administration, a monthly trade

publication for educational leaders, reports, “But it’s not just about forming the letters, it is also

about linking letters into word units, and that helps a student learn to spell words” (De La Rosa

2017). Knowing the letters is not the problem for students who are struggling, it is putting them

into words in the correct order children find difficult. The spelling itself can be extremely

difficult for children with dyslexia who mix up the letters when spelling the word. The European

Scientific Journal illustrate how certain letters such as d,b,p, and q look different, meaning they

are harder to mix up. As opposed to the, “long d,b,p,q letters [which] look entirely different and

cannot be confused with each other” (Meadows and Roberto, 2016). The cursive letters all take

on a different looking shape, therefore, mixing up the letters because they look similar will be

less of a problem.

In addition to being able to spell easier, cursive writing also aids in reading improvement.

An experiment was done between teaching print only and cursive only which was analyzed by

PLOS ONE, “Achievements in spelling and word reading was higher in the experimental group
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 14

[cursive writing only group]” (Semeraro 2019). Between the print and cursive writings, the

results showed the cursive writing group was able to spell and read at a higher level than those

who only learned print writing. In the same experiment between print learning and cursive

learning, PLOS ONE reports the results based on reading improvement, “In addition, we

observed that children who only learned the cursive type made faster improvement in reading”

(Semeraro 2019). Having learned cursive, children show more improvements in reading

compared to the children who have learned only print writing. Physically, these two different

types of writing are completely different from one another. The Ellsworth American newspaper

portrays the visual difference between cursive and print writing, “Because cursive letters are

more distinct than printed letters, children may learn to read more easily, especially dyslexics”

(Sampson 2019). Due to the loopy letters of cursive writing, each letter is different from the next.

Whereas in print, all of the letters have either straight lines or circles in some way or shape. This

distinct difference makes it easier for children to read cursive writing because none of the letters

are similar to one another.

Not only does the difference in letters help the children to make less errors when writing,

but the unbroken stroke also helps children while writing. As a continuous stroke, The European

Journal explains how cursive writing can be revised as it is being written, “Cursive letters are

easier because they are made with one continuous movement which can be corrected and refined

as you go” (Meadows and Roberto, 2016). The movement for writing cursive is the same, so

when you accidentally start writing one letter, it is easy to switch to the correct letter because the

movement is the same. The letters do not look the same, but they both require the same

movement in the writing. The European Journal goes on to explain how in print writing the
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 15

pencil is lifted from the paper many times, “Each time you pick up the pencil from the paper, in

order to draw another part of a letter or separate print letter you increase the potential for error”

(Meadows and Roberto, 2016). The more you lift the pencil, the higher the probability there will

be a mistake. Children with learning disabilities would benefit the most from cursive writing

because when they realize they are writing the wrong letter, they will be able to easily fix the

problem. These errors are why the cursive writing continuous movement is advised to children,

who tend to make the most mistakes. Cursive writing is important in helping children with

learning disabilities by helping with their spelling, reading, and potential errors.

While there is a choice of whether or not to learn cursive writing, the benefits received

from learning the writing will greatly improve your future. As a young child, we are all caught

up in learning who we are as a person, a friend, a son or daughter. For some, cursive writing is a

way for children and adults to express who they want to be. In the book, The History and

Uncertain Future of Handwriting, the author explains how handwriting can be used differently

than for just sending messages, “Handwriting allows us to be artists and individuals during a

time when we often use computers, faxes, and email to communicate… Handwriting can add

intimacy to a letter and reveal details about the writers personality” (Trubek 147). From

experience, getting a written card or message means a lot more than a typed note or email. While

reading a personal letter, it is easier to read deeper into what the messenger is saying when their

words are written down.

Not only does it seem more personal, it is also the link to an identity. A signature is used

across America to show legal binding to important documents. Many times, cursive is used for

the signatures. The Telegraph explains the importance of a signature, “Children should know
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 16

how to write their signature. That’s part of their identity. For me that’s part of what a public

school should include” (Pecci 2019). When schools stopped requiring cursive writing, those

students did not get the opportunity to learn things like their signature. While most things can be

signed online lately, there are still more legal and professional documents that require an actual

signature on paper.

Learning a new type of writing is not only beneficial for signatures and personality, but

also the sense of accomplishment and pride for acquiring this new skill. Trying to grasp a new art

like cursive writing can be time consuming and hard work. So when the achievement is made,

and the writing can be used regularly, it gives a sense of pride. Other benefits of learning the new

art is shown by Newamericancursive.com, “Learning cursive prompts children to also develop

self-discipline, which is a useful skill in all areas of life” (Hatfield 2018). Understanding how to

write cursive is not the only skill that comes out of the learning. In the time spent practicing, self

discipline is taught. Having to be patient while learning, and making errors can disrupt the word

or thought. Self discipline comes into play to overcome frustrations and keep on towards the goal

of mastery. After learning cursive writing, Politics and Government Week describes what one

might feel, “Additionally, the learning of cursive writing was and continues to be a source of

pride and accomplishment for the students of all age who master it” (Politics and Gov Week

VerticalNews journalists 2015). The final goal in learning cursive writing, is to master it. When

the level of skill is reached, it brings pride and joy to the learner.

Furthermore, another benefit of learning cursive writing is being able to understand and

read cursive writing. While it is no longer common to find cursive writing in our generations,

there are still important documents in our histories that are written in cursive. The PRNewswire
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 17

writes about our history and claims, “The forefathers of the United States signed the Declaration

of Independence with dynamic fervor. Today, without training in cursive writing, children and

grandchildren cannot read that important document” (2013). There are many copies of these

historical documents online, however, being able to read these documents first hand is an

experience that won’t be forgotten. Not only with historical documents, but also in everyday

situations. UWIRE news gives examples of situations where knowing cursive would be useful,

“Without cursive, a sense of professionalism is lost in the work environment, as well as

relationships with older generations. Whether they be direct or indirect, these bonds become

jeopardized due to an inability to read cursive” (2019). Getting a letter from a grandparent is a

heartwarming feeling. Many grandparents write in cursive, the writing that they were taught in

school. Children today have not learned this art. Sadly, they are unable to read what their

grandparents have written. In addition, many professional jobs such as doctors and secretaries

still use cursive writing. Cursive is a faster way to write down their prescriptions and necessary

paperwork. Doctors are extremely busy and being able to move from patient to patient while

taking notes by using a faster writing, is very helpful for them. Cursive writing benefits many

people by showing a personalized writing, giving a sense of accomplishment, and the ability to

read the writing.

Cursive writing should be taught in schools because of the benefits that it provides the

students learning it. Motor skills are enhanced at a younger age allowing children to develop

more brain function and memory. Children with learning disabilities have an easier time reading

and writing because of the vast differences between cursive and print. It will help individuals
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 18

find their identity through writing, not only with their signature, but also their own style of

writing.

Imagine what would happen if cursive writing was taught in all schools. English classes

would not have to change much, still containing both reading and writing. Children will be able

to relate better in their reading and writing groups, not falling behind as much. They will be able

to stay in the classroom instead of having to leave with another teacher for extra help. Not having

to leave the classroom during a subject will help children follow the pace in class and not fall

behind. They will not feel incompetent or embarrassed for not being able to do something as well

as their friends. Children will be able to stay ahead in reading and writing, which will help them

in the long run with other subjects. Right now, children with learning disabilities are moved to a

seperate room to have their test read to them, or they have to take the test during recess or an

extracurricular activity. The rates of how many people with a learning disability might not go

down, but it is possible the disability might not be as bad as it was going to be without the help

of cursive writing.

Teaching cursive writing needs to be required in schools. The only way for change to

happen is to take action now. Get on your local school board and make a difference. To do this

you must contact Joyce Coil, the President of the School Board, at joyce.coil@cfschools.org.

With permission from Joyce, you can attend their meetings and state your case that you want

cursive writing to be a required course in the school district. You can also become apart of the

school board by being elected at large by residents, so you must campaign to become a member.

You can find more information at http://www.cfschools.org/school-board. Let us work together

to change schools for the better, by requiring cursive writing to be taught. This will help the
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 19

younger generation to understand what their grandparents have written them, like my brother

Will.
CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 20

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CURSIVE WRITING IN SCHOOLS 22

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