UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

School of Electrical & Information Engineering

ELEC 5204 POWER SYSTEMS

TUTORIAL KM-1 System Protection Introduction S1, 2008.

Tutorial Answers

Q1. Consider the delta-star winding arrangement on the power transformer, we see that HV
winding A2-A1 is coupled to LV coil a2-a1, B2-B1 to b2-b1, etc. The voltage phasors on the HV
and LV sides of a coupled coil will, of course be in phase.
(a) The transformation ratio will be the ratio of HV and LV voltages. Considering phase to
neutral voltages, the HV side voltage is 66kV/ 3 and the LV side voltage is 11kV/ 3
giving a transformation ratio of a = 6.
(b) The HV coil however carries line-line volts of 66kV, whilst the LV matching coil carrries
phase volts of 11kV/ 3 to neutral, because the LV coils are connected in star with
terminals a1, b1 and c1 connected together as the star point. Hence the physical turns ratio
of each of the three phases must be 66k/(11k/ 3) = 6. 3 = 10.39.
(c) Looking at the phase relationships, consider the phasor diagram for the 3 HV voltages:

VC

VA

VB VAB

The line-line voltage between A nd B phases on the HV side VAB will be the vector
difference VAB = VAN – VBN = VAN + VNB, as shown. The resulting vector relationship is
VAB = 3 VAN +30 deg. Now, because the HV A1-A2 coil (A-B phase volts) are coupled to the
LV a1-a2 coil (a phase to neutral volts), then the LV a-phase voltage Va will be in phase with the
HV line-line voltage VAB Thus the corresponding phases (i.e. a compared to A) on either side of
this transformer will show a 30 deg phase shift, with the LV voltages leading the corresponding
HV voltages by 30 deg. (Note that convention with power transformers is that HV quantities e.g.
VA are shown with capital letters whilst LV quantities e.g. Va are shown with lower case).
(d) With single-phase transformers of course, the physical turns ratio will equal the
transformation ratio, and phase shift across the transformer will be zero. In 3-phase transformers,
the same will also apply if the connection arrangements are the same i.e. for star-star or delta-delta
transformers, the physical turns ratio and transformation ratios will again be the same, with no
phase shift. A turns ratio factor of 3 together with a 30 deg phase shift will come into effect for
either delta-star (as examined here) or star-delta transformers.
Note that by choosing different LV coils (e.g. if the HV A1-A2 coil was coupled to the LV b1-b2
coil) then various combinations of 30 deg phase shift, e.g. +30 deg, -30 deg, (180+30) deg, (180-
30) deg, can be obtained.

Q2. (a) For a LV single-phase to neutral fault on the LV „c‟ phase, as shown, current of 5000
Amp will flow in the c1-c2 coil only. As can be seen from the diagram this is coupled to HV coil
C1-C2. The physical coil turns ratio is 6. 3 = 10.39 as discussed in Q1, so for ampere-turns
balance, a current of 5000/6. 3 = 481 Amps will flow in coil C1-C2. Examining the delta

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connections, this will result in currents of 481 Amps flowing in A phase and C phase (in at A2,
then around through coil C1-C2 and out at C1).
Thus for a delta –star transformer, a single phase to earth fault on the LV side will result in
a phase-to-phase current on the HV side, whose magnitude will be the LV current divided by
transformation ratio and then divided again by 3. In this case, an overcurrent relay on the HV side
would have to be set to detect phase currents of 481 Amps; thus a suitable pick-up value would be
~481/1.5 = ~320 Amps. The HV line currents will contain no earth current components, as the
delta is unearthed.
(b) This result can also be determined by classical symmetrical components analysis. On the
LV side, I0=I1=I2=IF/3 (positive, negative and zero sequence networks in series) for a fault on LV
„a‟ phase to earth. On the HV side zero sequence is shorted out, thus only I1 and I2 transform
across. Thus I1HV = I1LV/6.e-j30 = IF/18.e-j30 and I2HV = I2LV/6.e+j30 = IF/18.e+j30. (The e+j30 and e-j30
come from the 30 deg phase shift that occurs from the HV to the LV due to the delta-star; back 30
deg for positive and forward 30 deg for negative sequence). The HV side phase currents will be:
IAHV = I0HV+I1HV+I2HV = 0 + IF/18 e-j30 + IF/18 e+j30 = 3.IF/18 = IF/( 3.6);
IBHV = I0HV+a2.I1HV+a.I2HV = 0 + e-j30 .a2IF/18 + e+j30 .aIF/18 = IF/18.( ej210 + ej150 ) = - 3.IF/18;
ICHV = I0HV+a.I1HV+a2.I2HV = 0 + e-j30 aIF/18 + e+j30 a2 IF/18 = IF/18.( ej90 + ej270 ) = 0;
as e+j30 = 3/2+j0.5 and e+j30 + e-j30 = 3. Thus IAHV = - IBHV = IF/( 3.6) and the values are 1/ 3 of
the value of the transformation ratio.

Q3. Problems with delta-connected supply systems:

Single phase to earth fault cannot be detected at source. The remaining healthy phases
experience a rise in voltage to earth by 3 times, which will strain insulation
Most small loads in premises are single phase. In a delta system, this would require two
phases to be brought into the premises, with again a 3 increase in voltage, i.e. a 240 volt
appliance would have to be replaced by a 415 volt one, with both incoming lines insulated
from earth (appliance frame).
A fault to frame in an appliance in one premises would establish an earth connection. A
second fault to earth, say in a nearby premises, if on one of the other two phases, would
create a phase-to-phase (415 volt) fault, via the earth and the two frames of the faulty
appliances. This would expose people to potentially 415-volt shock.

Some advantages of delta supply systems are:

A phase to earth fault in a relatively isolated system (e.g. an industrial plant) may be
tolerated for a short time, say up to 15 min, as risk of phase to phase faults via the earth is
much lower in a small, isolated network. This would enable certain critical loads, such as
computers, electronic systems, rolling mills, extrusion plant, etc to be closed down
“gracefully”, i.e. clear molten and other material out of presses, back-up files, etc.

As a result, earthed star connected supply system are used in public supply networks where
safety is a major concern, whilst delta supply systems are occasionally used in some industrial
plant, where shut down of machines is an issue (most often found in the “MV” system – 3.3 to
6.6kV) in aluminium rolling mills).

Q4.
Three-phase fault level = 900 MVA. Using 100 MVA base as 1 per unit, FL = 9 p.u. Thus the
positive sequence impedance Z1 = 1/9 = 0.1111 p.u. Negative sequence is the same, thus Z2 =
0.1111 p.u. as well. Both impedances assumed inductive.

At 66 kV, the 3-ph fault current = 900 x 106 /( 3 x 66 x 103) = 7.87 kA/phase.

From the formula for a ph-ph fault, FL = 3.V/(Z1+Z2+Zf). Here fault impedance Zf = 0.
Thus FL = 3/(0.1111+0.1111) = 7.8 p.u. = 780 MVA = 6.82 kA

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Q5.
Single-phase to earth FL = 1100 MVA = 11 p.u. From the formula for single phase faults, ie
FL = 3V/(Z1+Z2+Z0) = 3V/(2Z1+Z0) where Z1=Z2, then Z0 = 3V/FL – 2Z1. Thus,
Z0 = 3/11 – 2*0.1111 = 0.0505 p.u.

Q6.
(a) Gen impedance = 12% on 350 MVA. This is 0.12 p.u. on a 350 MVA base. Changing
bases to 100 MVA, Z‟ = 0.12*100/350 = 0.03429 p.u. or 3.429 %.
(b) Line impedance = 50 ohms at 132 kV. Base impedance at 132 kV on 100 MVA base =
Zbase = (132k)2/(100M) = 174.24 . Thus per unit impedance = 50/174.24 = 0.286 p.u.

Q7.
For the network shown, which has 2 generation sources:-

The positive sequence network is (negative sequence the same, but no generator)

And the zero-sequence network is

Note the presence of delta transformer windings, which act as sinks for zero sequence currents.
Also, as Gen B is unearthed Y, no zero sequence can flow hence its zero sequence is open circuit.

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For calculation of 3 phase, phase to phase and single phase to earth faults on that busbar, the
sequence networks will then be connected in the usual way, as shown below:

3-phase Fault Single phase fault Phase-phase fault

Q8.
Transformer line ratio = 33/11 = 3:1. Fault on LV side = 13 kA. Transf is delta-star, but as LV
fault current is 3-phase (symmetrical), HV side current will also be symmetrical (with 30-deg phase
shift). Current ratio will thus be 1:3.
Thus HV current = 13kA/3 = 4.3333 kA.

HV side CT ratio = 500:5. Thus HV CT secondary current = 4.3333k *5/500 = 43.33 A.

LV side CT ratio = 2000:5. Thus LV CT secondary current = 13k *5/2000 = 32.5 A.

Q9.
(a) Required secy current I‟ = 5 A
From the CT excitation diagram, E‟ = 5*(0.082+0.5) = 2.91 V
Looking at 100:5 curve, Ie = 0.25 A at 2.91 V
Pry current I = (100:5)*(5+0.25) = 105 A
CT error = 0.25/5.25 = 4.8%.

(b) Required secy current I‟ = 8 A

From the CT excitation diagram, E‟ = 8*(0.082+0.8) = 7.06 V
Looking at 100:5 curve, Ie = 0.4 A at 7.06 V
Pry current I = (100:5)*(8+0.4) = 168 A
CT error = 0.4/8.4 = 4.8%.

(c) Required secy current I‟ = 15 A

From the CT excitation diagram, E‟ = 15*(0.082+1.5) = 23.73 V
Looking at 100:5 curve, Ie = 20 A at 23.73 V
Pry current I = (100:5)*(15+20) = 700 A
CT error = 20/35 = 57.1%.
Note the steep increase in error in the last case, where the CT has saturated.

(d) For ideal CT, (100/5)*8 = 160 A primary current, so relay would easily see 200 A current and
would trip.

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For a 0.8 burden, E‟ = 8*(0.082+0.8) = 7.06 V. Thus, from (b), Ie = 0.4 A and I = 168 A. Thus
200 A will cause relay to trip correctly.
For a 3 burden, E‟ = 8*(0.082+3) = 24.4 V. Thus, from (b), Ie = 30 A and I = (100/5)*(8+30) =
760 A. Thus 200 A will not cause the relay to trip correctly, due to the CT saturation. This
demonstrates the impact of high burdens on CTs.

Q10.
For full DC-offset and X/R = 5 at 50 hz, the time constant = L/R = X/(R.100 ) = 0.0159 sec.
First peak occurs at 5 m.sec, second peak at 30 m.sec. Thus the decrement = e-t/ , = 0.533 at the
first and 0.152 at the second peak. If the steady-state rms value of current is 1.0 p.u., then the
steady-state peak value will be 2 = 1.414 times and the offset values (1+0.533) x peak (= 2.167 x
rms) at the first peak and (1+0.152) x peak (=1.629 x rms) at the second peak.

Q11. See spreadsheet “KM Tute 2 Q9.xls”. The irregularity will potentially reach a temperature
of 13,400 deg C; obviously, the copper will melt and vaporise well before this occurs, so the
constant resistance assumed throughout is not correct. But it demonstrates why very clean smooth
surfaces are necessary to avoid localised melting, pitting and sputtering of the contact material in
load switches and circuit breakers.

Q12. The magnetic lines of force are:

Force

This results in an upward force on the current through the arc.

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