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Optics Review

The document discusses different types of light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, and bioluminescent lights. It also covers optical properties such as the electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, and how the human eye works. Primary topics include the nature of light, behaviors of reflection and refraction, uses of lenses and mirrors, and an overview of the eye's anatomy and vision corrections.

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207 views23 pages

Optics Review

The document discusses different types of light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, and bioluminescent lights. It also covers optical properties such as the electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, and how the human eye works. Primary topics include the nature of light, behaviors of reflection and refraction, uses of lenses and mirrors, and an overview of the eye's anatomy and vision corrections.

Uploaded by

reza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Optics Review: Types of Light Sources


 INCANDESCENT
 Created by glowing objects
 Give off lots of heat
 Inefficient – cost more to operate
 Cheap to make
 FLUORESCENT
 Created by UV emission from mercury source
 Less heat produced
 Less expensive to run
 More expensive to make
 PHOSPHORESCENT
 Glow in the dark stickers, clocks etc.
 Absorb light and then re-emit it later
 Usually a greeny-yellow colour
 CHEMILUMINESCENT
 Chemical reaction causes light
 No heat
 Glow sticks
 BIOLUMINESCENT
 Chemiluminescence in living organisms
 Fire flies, some deep sea fish
Optics Review: Properties of Light

 Light travels in straight lines called RAYS

 Light is a form of energy and travels in WAVES

 “White” Light can be refracted into the VISIBLE


SPECTRUM
ROY G. BIV
Optics Review: Primary Colours of
Light
 Primary Additive Colours
 All colours can be made from 3 primary additive colours of LIGHT

RED + BLUE + GREEN → WHITE

RED + BLUE → MAGENTA


RED + GREEN → YELLOW
GREEN + BLUE → CYAN

Technologies that use this: TV’s, spotlights, movie theatres


THE HUMAN EYE!
Optics Review Primary Colours of Light

 Primary Subtractive Colours of Light


 Take White light and subtract one primary colour and we have a
Subtractive Colour
Ex: White – blue = yellow

magenta + cyan → blue


magenta + yellow → red
yellow + cyan → green
magenta + cyan + yellow → black

 These are used in pigments (paints, ink jet printer cartridges)


 Coloured filters pull (subtract) colours to produce desired results
Optics Review Primary Colours of Light

Example
White – blue = yellow
R+G+B – B = R+G

yellow + cyan → green


R + G + G +B → Green
*Green dominates the combination
Optics Review: EMR

 Electromagnetic Radiation is a spectrum of wave


energies and includes VISIBLE light
 Waves have WAVELENGTH (), FREQUENCY(), and
AMPLITUDE (A)

 From shortest to greatest frequency


(least energy --------------------------------------------------------- most energy)

Radio – Micro – Infrared – VIS – UV – X-Rays – Gamma Rays

Longest  ----------------------------------------------- shortest 


Optics Review: Uses of EMR

 RadioWaves
 TV, radio, cell phones
 Microwaves
 Microwave ovens – cooking food
 Telecommunications
 Infrared
 Remote controls
 Thermal imaging
 UV
 Tanning (also causes sun burns and skin damage)
 Heating lamps – fast food, spas
 X-Rays
 Doctors and dentists use to see bones/teeth
 Gamma Rays
 Doctors use to target and kill cancer cells
Optics Review: Laws of Reflection

 Light travels in straight lines called RAYS

 Light bounces or reflects off of hard, shiny surfaces like a mirror

 Law 1: The Angle of Incidence (i) = the Angle of


Reflection (r)
 Law 2: The Incident Ray (IR), Reflected Ray (RR),
and the Normal (N) are in the same plane

IR RR
i r

Reflecting Surface
Optics Review: Laws of Reflection
 Example: If the angle of incidence is 45o, what is the
angle of reflection?
N

IR RR
45 r

Mirror

 Law of Reflection states that i =  r so both equal 45o

 NOTE: i is between the Incident Ray and the Normal


Optics Review: Laws of Refraction

 Light “bends” or refracts when light moves at an


angle from one medium to another IR

 Law 1: The refracted ray bends N


towards the normal if light enters a
denser medium (air → water)
 Law 2: The refracted ray bends
away from the normal if light
enters a less dens medium (water
→ air)
Optics Review: Refraction

 When light enters water, light is “bent”


 This causes optical illusions
 Double images
 Images of objects where they are not

 REFRACTION and REFLECTION ALSO CAUSE:


 Rainbows
 Sun dogs (rainbow like circles around the sun on the very cold
days)
 Sunsets and Sunrises – dust and oxygen and nitrogen particles in
the air reflect and refract light
 BLUE SKY – oxygen and nitrogen scatter (reflect) light filtering
out colours other than blue
Optics Review: Properties of Lenses

 Lenses are shaped pieces of


plastic or glass that refract
light
 Convex Lenses: thicker in
middle – converge or focus
light

 Concave Lenses: thicker on


edge – diverge or spread
light
Optics Review: Properties of Lenses

 Convex lenses can


 Magnify
 Invert
 Form real images
 Concave lenses can:
 Minimize
 Create inverted or upright images
Optics Review: Properties of Mirrors

 Lenses are shaped pieces of plastic or glass that refract light


 Convex Mirrors (fisheye): Create virtual, upright, smaller
images
 Used in side mirrors, security mirrors
 Concave Lenses: can create many different types of images
depending upon placement
 Used for vanity/makeup mirrors - magnifying
Optics Review: The
EYE

 The eye is the organ responsible for sight


 The retina has two types of cells:

 RODS – sensitive to light


 See in shades of gray

 CONES – sensitive to colour


 RED, GREEN & BLUE (the three primary colours)
Optics Review: The EYE
Optics Review: The EYE
Optics Review: The
EYE

 The EYE  The Camera


 Eyelash  Lens cap
 Retina  Film / chip
 Lens  Lens
 iris  Diaphragm
 Ciliary muscles  Focus ring
 Optic Nerve  USB cable
Optics Review: The EYE and
Lenses

 Farsightedness –
lens too flat, the
image produced by
the lens is too far
past the retina
 Correction – use a
convex lens to
converge the image
on the retina
Optics Review: The EYE and Lenses

 Nearsightedness – lens
too curved; the image
produced by the lens is
too far forward of the
retina
 Correction – use a
concave lens to diverge
the image on the retina
Optics Review: The EYE and
Lenses

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