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Ce-305 Seepage Theory

This document discusses key concepts in seepage theory and groundwater flow. It defines important terms like aquifers, aquicludes, and the hydraulic conductivity of soils. It explains concepts such as Darcy's law, flow nets, and methods for dewatering excavations during construction projects. The document also covers topics like steady and unsteady seepage, seepage forces, and the phenomenon of soil liquefaction.

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lance carter
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108 views31 pages

Ce-305 Seepage Theory

This document discusses key concepts in seepage theory and groundwater flow. It defines important terms like aquifers, aquicludes, and the hydraulic conductivity of soils. It explains concepts such as Darcy's law, flow nets, and methods for dewatering excavations during construction projects. The document also covers topics like steady and unsteady seepage, seepage forces, and the phenomenon of soil liquefaction.

Uploaded by

lance carter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE-305

Soil Mechanics-1
Course Instructor: Dr Saria Bukhary

SEEPAGE THEORY
Hydrologic Cycle

Groundwater table
Fully saturated zone/ phreatic zone
Partially saturated zone/ Vadose zone
Seepage Theory
• Some soils, such as sands and gravels, can transmit large quantities
of groundwater. These are known as aquifers, and are good
candidates for wells.
• Other soils, such as clays, transmit water very slowly. They are
known as aquicludes.
• Intermediate soils, such as silty sand, pass water at a slow-to-
moderate rate and are called aquítards.
• An unconfined aquifer, is one in which the bottom flow boundary is
defined by an aquiclude, but the upper flow boundary (the
groundwater table) is free to reach its own natural level.
• A confined aquifer, is one in which both the upper and lower flow
boundaries are defined by aquicludes.
• Most confined aquifers also are artesian, which means the water at
the top of the aquifer is under pressure. People often drill wells into
such aquifers, because the water will rise up through the aquiclude
without pumping. If the water pressure is high enough, artesian
wells deliver water all the way to the ground surface without
pumping.
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Hydraulic Conductivity /Coefficient of Permeability
• The hydraulic conductivity, k, depends on many factors,
including:
• void size (depends on particle size, gradation, void ratio, and other
factors)
• soil structure
• void continuity
• particle shape and surface roughness
• Liquid density and viscosity
• The most common unit of measurement for k is cm/s, ft/min,
ft/yr.
• Lab tests (falling head test, constant head test, indirect
determination through consolidation test)
• In-situ test (e.g. pumping test, slug test)
• Empirical relationships
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory

Hazen’s Correlation

Applicability ís limited to sandy soils with 0.1 mm < D10 < 3 mm and a
coefficient of uniformity, Cu < 5
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory

Steady-state flow
Unsteady flow
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory

∆h

Hydraulic
gradient=i=∆h/L
Seepage Theory

• Empirical relation developed by French engineer Darcy (1856).


• 1-D flow
• Laminar flow
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory

q = kiA
h
q x = k x ix Ax = k x dydz
x
h
q y = k y i y Ay = k y dxdz
y
h
q z = k z iz Az = k z dxdy
z
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory

Flow Net: Graphical Construction used to calculate groundwater flow through


soil. Comprised of Flow Lines and Equipotential Lines. ...

Equipotential Lines: A line along which the potential head at all points is equal.

Flow Line: A line along which a water particle moves through a permeable soil
medium. (a.k.a. streamline).

Flow Channel/ Flow tube: Strip between any two adjacent flow lines.

Flow Lines and Equipotential Lines must meet at right angles!


Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Dewatering: processes of removing groundwater are
called dewatering.
Engineers often need to control groundwater flows, either temporarily or
permanently. Temporary controls are necessary when performing underground
construction below the groundwater table; permanent controls may be needed to
keep groundwater from reaching sensitive areas. Permanent dewatering
measures are necessary when groundwater must be controlled throughout the
useful life of a civil engineering project.

Construction dewatering methods:


• open pumping, • ground-freezing
• predrainage, and • Permeation grouting
• cutoffs • Electro-osmosis method
Seepage Theory
Construction dewatering
Open Pumping
Seepage Theory
Construction dewatering
Predrainage
Seepage Theory
Construction dewatering
Cutoffs
• Sheetpile
• Diaphragm wall
• Slurry trenches
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Seepage Theory
Seepage Force
Seepage Theory
Liquefaction
• Static liquefaction
• Dynamic liquefaction

Static Liquefaction
• Quicksand
• Piping
• Boiling
• Heaving
Seepage Theory

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