Important opamp configurations

Willy Sansen
KULeuven, ESAT-MICAS
Leuven, Belgium
willy.sansen@esat.kuleuven.be

Willy Sansen 10-05 071

Table of contents

• Simple CMOS OTA

• CMOS Miller OTA
• Symmetrical CMOS OTA
• Folded cascode OTA
• Other opamps

Willy Sansen 10-05 072

Simple CMOS OTA
VDD Differential pair
M5
Current mirror

gm1
+ - GBW =
3 M2 2π CL
M1

vOUT gm3
Cn2
fnd =
2 1 CL 2π Cn2
M3 M4
fT3
VSS fnd ≈ ?
4
Cn2= 2CGS3+CDB3+CDB1 ≈ 4CGS3

Willy Sansen 10-05 073

Simple CMOS OTA : fnd
Av
M5
2x

2x f
+ 3 M2 -
M1 f
0o

vOUT -90o
fnd 2fnd
Cn2 2 1 gm3
M3 M4 fnd =
2π Cn2

GBW GBW
PM = 90o - arctan + arctan ≈ 85o
fnd 2 fnd
Willy Sansen 10-05 074
Telescopic CMOS OTA

M9

+ - More gain
M1 M2
At low frequencies
M5 M6
vOUT
CL
M7 M8 gm1
GBW =
2π CL
M3 M4
Gulati, JSSC Dec.98, 2010-2019
Willy Sansen 10-05 075
Cascodes increase gain at low frequencies
Av

104 Cascodes : high gain at low frequencies

102
No cascodes

GBW
1
f
gm1
GBW =
2π CL

Willy Sansen 10-05 076

Table of contents

• Simple CMOS OTA

• CMOS Miller OTA
• Symmetrical CMOS OTA
• Folded cascode OTA
• Other opamps

Willy Sansen 10-05 077

Miller CMOS OTA

VDD Differential pair

M7 M5 Current mirror
Second stage

4
vOUT
- 3 M2 + Cc
M1 CL
gm1
GBW =
2π Cc
2 1 M6
gm6 1
M3 M4 fnd =
2π CL Cn1
1+
VSS Cc

Willy Sansen 10-05 078

Miller BiCMOS OTA

VDD
M7
M5
gm6NPN > gm6NMOS
vOUT
4
- 3 M2 + Cc
M1 CL
Node 1:
M8 M9
High impedance
2 1 M6
6 Extra nodes 5, 6
M3 5 M4
VSS fnd ?

Willy Sansen 10-05 079

Table of contents

• Simple CMOS OTA

• CMOS Miller OTA
• Symmetrical CMOS OTA
• Folded cascode OTA
• Other opamps

Willy Sansen 10-05 0710

Symmetrical CMOS OTA
VDD
1: :1 Differential pair
M7 M9 M8 3 Current mirrors

5 4 vOUT
- 3 +
M1 M2 CL

2 1 Symmetrical :
M5 Node 1 = Node 2
M3 M4 M6
B:1 1:B Rail-to-rail output swing

VSS
B?
Willy Sansen 10-05 0711
Symmetrical CMOS OTA : GBW
VDD Av = gm1BRn4
M7 M9 M8 2VEnL6
1:1 =
VGS1-VT
5 4 vOUT if L8 > L6
- 3 +
M2 1
M1 CL BW =
2π Rn4CL
2 1
gm1
M5 M3 M4 M6 GBW = B
B:1 1:B 2π CL
VSS
B?
Willy Sansen 10-05 0712
Symmetrical CMOS OTA : fnd1,2
VDD gm1
M7 M9 M8 GBW = B
1:1 2π CL

5 4 vOUT Cn1= (1+B)CGS4+

- 3 + CDB4+CDB2
M1 M2 ≈ (3+B)CGS4
CL
Cn2 Cn1 gm4
2 1 fnd =
M5
2π Cn1
M3 M4 M6
fT4
VSS ≈
B:1 1:B 3+B
Willy Sansen 10-05 0713
Pole at output of a differential pair

M9 M9

- + - +
M1 M2 M1 M2
Cn

+ - + -
vo 2Cn
vo
RL RL RL RL 2Cn

1
One single pole : fp =
2π 2RLCn
Willy Sansen 10-05 0714
Symmetrical CMOS OTA : fnd5
VDD
M7 M9 M8 gm1
1:1 GBW = B
2π CL
Cn5 5 4 vOUT
- 3 +
M1 M2 CL
Cn5 causes
2 1 pole
M5 M3 M4 M6 and zero
B:1 1:B at 2 x freq.:
VSS ≈ 3 …6 o

Willy Sansen 10-05 0715

Symmetrical CMOS OTA : Design Example

gm1
M7 M9 M8 GBW = B
1:1 2π CL
fT4
5 4 vOUT fnd ≈
- 3 + 3+B
M1 M2 CL = 2 pF
GBW = 200 MHz
2 1
VGS-VT = 0.5 V; L = 1 µm
M5 M3 M4 M6
B:1 1:B fT4 = 5 GHz
fnd = 0.6 GHz
B≈5
Willy Sansen 10-05 0716
 Symmetrical BiCMOS OTA

gm1
M7 M9 M8 GBW = B
1:1 2π CL
fT4
5 4 vOUT fnd ≈
- 3 + 3+B
M1 M2 C

2 1
gm4NPN > gm4NMOS
M5 M3 M4 M6 CCS4NPN > CDB4NMOS
B:1 1:B
BiCMOS > CMOS ?
Willy Sansen 10-05 0717
 Symmetrical CMOS OTA with cascodes
VDD gm1
M7 M9 M8 GBW = B
5 1:1 2π CL
+ M10
M9
- 3 + 4 vOUT GBW same
M1 M2 CL but
+ +
M11 M12 Av is 100* x
2 1 higher !!!
M5 M3 M4 M6
B:1 1:B
VSS * gmro ≈ 100

Willy Sansen 10-05 0718

 Symmetrical Miller CMOS OTA
VDD
M7 1: M9 :1 M8 M12

M1 M2 Cc vOUT
5 4 8
- 3 +
M9 M10 CL
7 6
2 1
M5 M3 M4 M6 M11
B:1 1:B
VSS
gm1
GBW = B
2π Cc No zero !
Willy Sansen 10-05 0719
Bipolar transistor symmetrical amplifier

CA3080

0.12 MHz
1.2 V/µs
I3 = 10 µA

Willy Sansen 10-05 0720

Gain enhancement by current starving

2I1

inp
M1 inn

outn outn

K*I1 1:B
M3
M2

2 A0
A= =
(1 − k )(V GS − V T ) 1 ⋅ λ 3 1− k

Yao, ..., JSSC Nov.04, 1809-1818

Willy Sansen 10-05 0721
Table of contents

• Simple CMOS OTA

• CMOS Miller OTA
• Symmetrical CMOS OTA
• Folded cascode OTA
• Other opamps

Willy Sansen 10-05 0722

Folded cascode CMOS OTA

VDD
M9 M5 M6
7 6
Differential pair
M1 M2 M7
Cascode pair
M8 2 Current mirrors
- 3 + 4 vOUT
5
+
M3 M4
CL
2 1
Symmetrical
Node 1 = Node 2
High speed
M10 M11 VSS Input to rail

Willy Sansen 10-05 0723

Folded cascode CMOS OTA : DC

VDD
M9
50 50
100 DC current flow
M1 M2
- 3 + vOUT
+ M4
50 50 CL
2 1 50
50

100 100
M11 VSS

Willy Sansen 10-05 0724

Folded cascode CMOS OTA :

VDD
M9 M5 M6 Av = gm1Rn4
7 6
1
M1 M2
M8
BW =
- +
M7 2π Rn4CL
3 4 vOUT
5
+ CL
M3 M4
2 1
gm1
GBW =
2π CL
M10 M11
Single stage ?
VSS
Willy Sansen 10-05 0725
Folded cascode CMOS OTA :

VDD gm1
M9 M5 M6
GBW =
7 6 2π CL
M1 M2
M7 M8 Cn1= CGS3+
- 3 + 4 vOUT
5 CDB1+CDB10
+ CL ≈ 3 CGS3
M3 M4
2 1
gm3
fnd =
2π Cn1
VSS fT3
M10 M11
≈ Hi !
3
Willy Sansen 10-05 0726
Folded cascode CMOS OTA :

VDD
M9 M5 M6
gm1
7 6 GBW =
M1 M2
M8
2π CL
M7
- 3 + 4 vOUT
5
+ CL Cn5, Cn7 ,Cn6
M3 M4
2 1 Cause pole
and zero
at 2 x freq.:
≈ 5 …10 o
M10 M11 VSS
Ref Mallya, JSSC Dec 89, 1737-1740

Willy Sansen 10-05 0727

Folded cascode BiCMOS OTA

VDD
M9 M5 M6
gm1
7 6 GBW =
M1 M2
M8
2π CL
M7
- 3 + 4 vOUT
5
+ gm3
M3 M4 fnd =
CL 2π Cn1
2 1

fT3NPN
≈
3
M10 M11
Higher !
VSS
Willy Sansen 10-05 0728
Folded cascode OTA: input to Vss rail

VDD
M9 M5 M6
VT = 0.7 V
7 6 VGS1-VT = 0.2 V
M7
+ M8 VGS10-VT = 0.5 V
0.9 V 4 vOUT
M1 M2 5
+ V+ = 1.5 V
- 3 + M3 M4
CL VGS3-VT = 0.2 V
1 0.7 V 2

M10 M11 VSS = 0 Volt

Willy Sansen 10-05 0729

Folded cascode OTA with 2nd stage

VDD
M9 M5 M6
7 6 No zero !
M7
+ M8
4 M12
M1 M2 5
+ vOUT
- 3 + M3 M4
8
Cc
1 2
CL

+ M13
M10 M11 VSS = 0 Volt
Ribner, JSSC Dec.84, 919-925
Willy Sansen 10-05 0730
Conventional folded cascode OTA

VDD
M9 M5 M6
7 6
M7
+ M8
4 vOUT
M1 M2 5
+
- 3 + M3 M4
CL
1 2

+
M10 M11 VSS = 0 Volt

Willy Sansen 10-05 0731

Alternative folded cascode OTA

M5 VDD
M9 M6
7 6
M7 Current diff. amp.
M8
5 4 gm1vINd
M1 M2
M3
vOUT
- 3 + + M4
CL
1 2

gm1vINd /2
M10 M11 VSS = 0 Volt

Willy Sansen 10-05 0732

Comparison amplifiers

ITOT dvin,eq2 Swing

mA 8/3 kT df
gm1

Volt. OTA (4 Ts) 0.25 4 avg.

Symmetrical (B= 3) 0.33 16 max.

Telescopic 0.25 4 small

Folded casc. 0.5 4 avg.

Miller 2-stage (CL/Cc= 2.5) 1.1 4 max.

GBW = 100 MHz CL = 2 pF VGS-VT = 0.2 V Fully differential

Willy Sansen 10-05 0733

Table of contents

• Simple CMOS OTA

• CMOS Miller OTA
• Symmetrical CMOS OTA
• Folded cascode OTA
• Other opamps

Willy Sansen 10-05 0734

Sub-1 Volt OTA

Level shifting M6
1 V 80 µW (min: VT+2VDSsat) 4 Switches 2n :
Fully differential Only 2nd stage switched off !
75 dB 30 MHz (0.1 pF)
< 100 ns Baschirotto, .. JSSC Dec.97,pp.1979-1986

Willy Sansen 10-05 0735

LM 4250

GBW = 0.25 MHz

SR = 0.2 V/µs
I1 = 10 µA
ITOT = 90 µA
38 nVRMS/√Hz

Willy Sansen 10-05 0736

Increased input transconductance - 1
iout iout

vin vin
RS -RS

gm gm
gmR = gmR =
1 + gmRS 1 - gmRS

Willy Sansen 10-05 0737

Increased input transconductance - 2
iout iout

M1 M1
vin vin -vin

M2
M2

gm1 gm1
gm = gm =
gm1 gm1
1+g 1- g
m2 m2

Willy Sansen 10-05 0738

Increased input transconductance - 3

3:1 1:3 gm1

gm =
gm1
1-
gm3
gm ≈ 3 gm1
CL

3 gm
GBW =
2πCL
9 gm1
≈
Ref.: Castello, JSSC June 1990, pp. 669-676 M5,M6 for overdrive !
2πCL

Willy Sansen 10-05 0739

Transconductor with C DG compen.

VDS1 = RDID ≈ 0.2 V

IDS1 = β1VDS1(VGS1-VT)

gm1 = β1VDS1 is constant

Ref. Alini, JSSC, Dec.92, pp.1905-1915

Willy Sansen 10-05 0740

Ref. : Wu etal, JSSC Jan.1994, pp.63-66

14 MHz
/ 11pF
gm1vin
5.6 MHz
/ 100pF
gm3vin
4 V/µs

36 nV/√ Hz

5V
0.4 mA

Willy Sansen 10-05 0741

Problem: unequal gmtot

gm

gmtot
nMOST on :
pMOST nMOST
VINCM > 1.1 V
gmn gmp
VINCM
1.1 V VDD-1.1 V
VSS = 0 VDD /2 VDD
Increase gm:
pMOST on : VINCM < VDD - 1.1 V
gmn+ gmp= ct
Willy Sansen 10-05 0742
Wu : input rail-to-rail stage
VDD = 5V
20 20
5 10

5 10
20 5V 20

VDD
VDD V+- high :
2
10 10 20 20 pMOSTs off !

1.5V 5 1.5V 0 nMOSTs :

IDS1 x 2
5 0 gm1 x 2
0V Weak inv.
Willy Sansen 10-05 0743
Wu : output stage : gain

iin = gm1 v+-

Rin Rin

iin iin vin

= Rin
vin vout iin
iin
Z
vout
iin iin iin
= 2gmA1RL
RL vin

vin vout
= - 2RingmA1RL
Rin Rin iin
Av = 2gm1RingmA1RL

Willy Sansen 10-05 0744

Wu : output quiescent current control

VGS2 + VGS4 = VGS9 + VGS10

M4 = 2 M10 & M9 = M10

IDS2
VGS2 - VT =
K’p W/L2

4 µA IDS2 W/L2 1
= (2 - ) ≈ 91
4 µA IDS9 W/L9 2

IDS2 ≈ 364 µA since IDS9 ≈ 4 µA

Willy Sansen 10-05 0745

Enhanced full-differential folded-cascode

i/2 i/2
i/2 i/2
i i

i/2 i/2+i/2

CL CL i = gm1vin
i/2 i/2
gm1
GBW =
2πCL
Ref.Nakamura, JSSC April 1992, pp.563-568

Willy Sansen 10-05 0746

Bipolar opamp LM-124

GBW = 0.5 MHz

SR = 0.4 V/µs
I1 = 3 µA
ITOT = 650 µA
68 nVRMS/√Hz

Willy Sansen 10-05 0747

BiFET opamp TL-070
S D G
p p n
n
iDS

0 vP vGS

GBW = 3 MHz
SR = 13 V/µs
I1 = 100 µA
ITOT = 1400 µA
18 nVRMS/√Hz
Willy Sansen 10-05 0748
Bipolar 2-stage opamp 741

GBW = 0.8 MHz

SR = 0.7 V/µs
I1 = 10 µA
ITOT = 1100 µA
14 nVRMS/√Hz

Willy Sansen 10-05 0749

Two-stage opamp OP-97

0V
Vos +
trim
-

GBW = 0.8 MHz

SR = 0.1 V/µs
ITOT = 600 µA
25 µV offset
30 pA input

Willy Sansen 10-05 0750

Bootstrap for high gain Av2

Rm -> x β3

M1 1
Rout -> x
β3
Rm M3
Av2 ≈ gm1 ro2 x β3
M2
Rout
Same GBW !

Ref.De Man JSSC June 77, pp.217-222

Willy Sansen 10-05 0751

Table of contents

• Simple CMOS OTA

• CMOS Miller OTA
• Symmetrical CMOS OTA
• Folded cascode OTA
• Other opamps

Willy Sansen 10-05 0752