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Rutherford Atomic Model

1. The document discusses several historical atomic models, beginning with J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model which identified the electron. 2. Rutherford improved on this with his nuclear model, placing positively charged particles in the nucleus surrounded by electrons. 3. Bohr further developed this by proposing that electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. Sommerfield later expanded Bohr's model to account for multiple electrons through elliptical orbits.

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Richillo Oliveros
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128 views2 pages

Rutherford Atomic Model

1. The document discusses several historical atomic models, beginning with J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model which identified the electron. 2. Rutherford improved on this with his nuclear model, placing positively charged particles in the nucleus surrounded by electrons. 3. Bohr further developed this by proposing that electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. Sommerfield later expanded Bohr's model to account for multiple electrons through elliptical orbits.

Uploaded by

Richillo Oliveros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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“Beneficial”

His theory became the basis of today’s atomic theory. It became the foundation of what we have
today.

1. We can explain the laws of chemical combination with all possibilities based on theory.
2. The first person to recognize the molecular differences of elements and compounds.
3. Ability to explain the law of conservation of mass by using Dalton atomic theory. Therefore John
Dalton is considered as father of the modern atom theory.

Like these theories: J.J.Thomson atomic model:


Under study of a particle, many scientists proposed many models in which J.J. Thomson,
Rutherford, Bhor and Sommerfield atomic models are peculiar. First revolutionary development
on atomic model is that atom can not be divided as it proposed by John Dalton. The main micro
particle in an atom that electron which was found by J.J.Thomson. While doing experiment, he
observed that cathode rays in cathode ray tube when passing they deflected towards positive
plate. First of all, he named them as negative charged particle. Later it was named as electron.

Thomson, in his atomic model, he imagined that electrons are just like clumps in bread. But, the
former student of J.J.Thomson, Rutherford who said that J.J.Thomson atomic model is incorrect.
Rutherford atomic model:
After J.J. Thomson model, Rutherford proposed an atomic model to give new shape to an atom.
In his view, he proposed that a bunch of positive particles concentrated in the nucleus of the
atom surrounded by swirling ring of electrons. As nucleus is so dense that alpha particles can not
pass through the nucleus. As a result, they are repelled by the nucleus. Positive charged particles
in the nucleus have the same charge but opposite to that of electron.

According to electromagnetic theory, when an electron is revolved around the nucleus then after
some time electron loses energy finally it falls into the nucleus. This is the drawback of
Rutherford atomic model. For all atoms, number of protons in the nucleus are unique. But,
electrons and neutrons vary in their number. So, as there is no change in number of protons so
that the number of protons can be countable as atomic number.

Bohr atomic model:


In order to overcome the problem of stability of electron in an orbit around the nucleus, Bohr
proposed that the orbits in which electrons revolved are called stationary orbits. Whenever the
distance of the orbit from the nucleus increases, the electrons in that orbit having energy also
increases. Bohr did not use classical mechanics in his atomic model. According to classical
mechanics, size of an atom should be measured on a scale. But, quantum mechanics gives
opportunity by taking Planck's constant as a measurement for the atom. This advantage avails to
this atomic model when calculating the emission or absorption of energy while the electron is
jumped from lower energy level to higher energy level to higher energy level to lower energy
level.

Sommerfield atomic model(Improvised Bohr atomic model):


There is also a drawback in Bohr's atomic model that this model is suitable for the explanation of
one electron atom i.e., Hydrogen atom. This drawback is eliminated by Sommer field by
proposing that the electrons revolve around the nucleus in elliptical orbits by orienting in
different angles with nucleus. A revolving electron always produce magnetic field. For different
shapes of the orbits of the electrons, Sommerfield gave numbers as ezimuthal quantum numbers.
Improvised atomic model by Sommerfield gives more knowledge contributed to zeeman and
starck effect.

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