SKAA 2032 –

ELECTRICAL AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEM
WIRING AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Wiring System, Cable type & Size
Protection and Grounding
Electrical Load Estimation
Substation, Switchboard and Distribution Boards
Symbols and Single-Line Diagram
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING Enclosure

Service
Connection

Lightning
Protection

Overcurrent
protection & isolation

Protection against
direct and indirect
contact & protection
against fire

Remote control

Energy management
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
Wiring circuit to
lighting, socket etc

House
distribution board

Meter panel
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING

An electrical wiring system is an assembly consisting of cables, switches,

protection devices, cable trunkings and parts.

Two main types of wiring systems common to Malaysian buildings:

1. Single phase wiring system - Typically for residential areas
2. Three phase wiring system - Typically for industrial and commercial areas
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
Single-phase wiring system
❖ AC – M’sia follows British standard of 230 V, 50Hz.
❖ Suitable for building with low electricity demand. For high demand (e.g., many units of
air conditioner, water heaters, etc.) but still use a single phase system, then building may
experience frequent power trips and fuse blown.
❖ A single-phase electrical system consists of 3 wires:
• 1 x Live wire
• 1 x Neutral wire
• 1 x Earthing/Grounding wire
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
Three-phase wiring system
❖ AC – nominal 400 V, 50Hz.
❖ Suitable for building with higher electricity demand. One of the advantages is that with three
live wires if one live source has a blown fuse or the line is faulty, still possible to have
electricity in certain parts of your home.
❖ A three-phase electrical system consists of 5 wires:
• 3 x Live wires
• 1 x Neutral wire
• 1 x Earthing/Grounding wire
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING

Typical distribution voltage of 415/240V, 3 phase 4 wires system

ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING

Protection
It important that your electrical system have
all the following element in this sequence to
protect your home wiring, appliances and
you from dangers caused by over current,
earth leakage current, short circuit,
and lightning.
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
From the distribution line to the building:

(1) Incoming fuses

The live wire (R, Y or/and B) terminates at incoming service fuses which
prevent a major fault in a given building from affecting the rest of the
neighborhood.
(2) Meter
Measure electricity usage in kWH unit.

The above two parts are the property of TNB (energy supplier).
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
From the distribution line to the building:
(3) Consumer Unit / Distribution Board
✓ Main isolating switch - switches off everything.
✓ Residual Current Device (RCD) - minimum one unit
✓ Earth link/connection block
- connects earth to the earth wires of the various
circuits.
✓ Neutral link/connection block
- supply the neutral connection to the Neutral wires
of the various circuits.
✓ Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) for each sub-circuit
- Break the power to the individual sub-circuit in the
event of faulty current.
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING

To protect the individual sub-circuit, MCB with different current rating can be used for
different circuits. Example:
1. C10 (10 amp): Lights and ceiling fans
2. C20 (20 amp) or C32 (32 amp): Small appliances (power socket), Instant water
heaters, etc.
3. C32 (32 amp): Air-cond and range cooker
4. C63 (63 amp): Main incoming isolating MCB

When there is a fault in the circuit, the MCB will trip and cut off the power supply to
the circuit. Reset the system by flipping the switch of the MCB back to “on” position. If
the fault persists, the MCB will trip again and you will need to call an electrician.
ELECTRICAL WIRING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING
(4) Wiring
Finally is the wiring that links
your light and power sockets
to the main consumer box. It
is important that the correct
wire diameter/ rating is used
based on the load
requirements. Your home will
be wired with a combination
of ring main and radial wiring.

http://wiki.diyfaq.org.uk/index.php/House_Wiring_for_Beginners
ELECTRICAL CABLES

1. The cables are conductive materials that allow current to flow

2. It is a very important medium in electrical installations
3. It is the intermediate connection to supply electricity to electrical
equipment
4. Due to the current rated voltage, voltage, device and place conditions,
cables are also different to suit the application requirements
ELECTRICAL CABLES

Cable Selection Factor

1. Material of cable (Aluminium or copper)
2. The cable size is capable of carrying the current needed by a load without heating
the cable
3. The voltage drop does not exceed 2.5% of the supply voltage
4. Insulation cable according to condition (PVC cable suitable for temperature 0 –
65C)
ELECTRICAL CABLES (PARTS & TERMINOLOGY)
Terminology
Core Insulated conductor, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 etc
The number of conductors in a core, usually 3, 7, 19, 24, 37, 91 etc. Example cable
Strands
7/1.04 mm → 7 strands and the diameter of each strand is 1.04 mm)
Cable case Cable jacket
Conduit cross- total cross-sectional area of ​each conductor strand. Example cable 7 / 0.85 mm is a
sectional area 4mm2 cable
Insulation The insulating material surrounding the conductor to prevent current from being
leaked. Examples of rubber insulation, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), paper etc.
Conductors the most used materials are copper, aluminum, silver etc.
Rated voltage cable resistance rating in terms of its insulation when a voltage is applied. Example
600/1000 V means 600 V is the voltage resistance between the conductor and the
earth 1000 V is the voltage resistance between conductor and conductor
Current rating maximum current rating capable of being carried by the cable without heating the
conductor or damaging its insulation
CONDUCTOR MATERIAL

Copper and Aluminium

• The choice generally is between copper and aluminium.
• Copper has better conductivity for a given cross-sectional area and is preferable,
but its cost has risen over the years.
• Aluminium are now sometimes preferred for the medium and larger range of
cables.
• All cables smaller than 16mm2 cross-sectional area must have copper conductors.
CONDUCTOR MATERIAL

Comparison between copper and aluminium cables

CONDUCTOR MATERIAL

Other conductor materials

Cadmium copper: has a greater tensile strength for use with overhead
lines.
Steel reinforced aluminium: for very long spans on overhead lines.
Silver: used where extremely good conductivity is required. However, it is
extremely expensive.
Copperclad (copper-sheathed aluminium): cables that have some of the
advantages of both copper and aluminium but are difficult to terminate.
CABLE SIZE

Cable size determination and Protective devices

• Fuse or miniature circuit breaker controlling an end circuit shall
not exceed the carrying capacity of any cables in the circuit
• The size of the cable and the fuse of a circuit depends on the type
of load to be used
• Generally, for residential homes, the size of the cables used is 1.5,
2.5 and 4 mm2
• The commonly used fuse sizes are 5 A, 15 A and 30 A.
SWITCHES & SOCKET OUTLET (SSO)
Switching Circuit Socket Outlet (3-Pin Plug)
1. One-way switch

▪ Blue wire is connected to the neutral terminal;

▪ Brown wire is connected via a fuse to the live terminal;
2. Two-way switch
▪ Green & Yellow wire (when fixed) is connected to the earth terminal (the
two colors are used for the benefit of people who are color-blind);
▪ Cable should be secured in the plug by the cable grip;
▪ A fuse of the correct value (rating) should be in place.
▪ The pins are made from brass, which is a good conductor;
▪ The plastic or rubber case, cable grip and fuse are for safety.
ERRORS IN WIRING PLUGS
PLUG AND SOCKET OVER THE WORLD
THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
There are various electrical hazards within the home/office : -
1. Long or frayed/worn/threadbare cables
2. Cables in contact with something hot or wet
3. Water near sockets
4. Shoving things into sockets
5. Damaged plugs
6. Connection of too many plugs within a socket
7. Lighting sockets without bulbs in
8. Appliances without covers
9. Short-circuit
 POTENTIAL HAZARDS

Electrocution/Electric Shock
▪ The least you can expect from
touching a live wire is a severe
belt.
▪ If you are sweaty or wet, you can
get a severe burn or even be killed.
▪ The current does not need to be
very large to cause a severe burn
or death, especially if you are
sweaty or wet.
Body Resistance: 4 kΩ (moist skin) to 24 kΩ (dry skin)
Safe current (through chest): less than 20 milliamps

V = 240 VAC R = 4 kΩ I = 60mA

I = 30 mA → NOT SAFE!!!!
Electrical fires
▪ A short circuit or other electrical fault in an appliance can
make too big a current flow.
▪ This can melt and set fire to wires, sockets etc.
▪ When too big a current flows through the wiring they get
hot, just like toaster elements, and ignite building materials
such as timber, insulation, etc.
▪ Electrical fires can be very dangerous - especially in timber-
framed buildings, because they often start inside a wall.
▪ They can burn there for quite a while without being noticed.
▪ The main job of the fuse or circuit breaker is to stop too
large a current from starting a fire.
PROTECTION AS ELECTRICAL CONTROL
MEASURES
1. Protection means giving shield to the devices from any hazards caused by
electric current such as over current, leakage to ground, short circuit, lightning
and so on
2. In addition to protection from lightning hazard, 3 types of protection needed:
1. Protection to control installation or Isolation
2. Overcurrent protection (Fuse, Circuit Breaker, Relay)
3. Protection from electric shock
3. In order to protect the devices from any fatal hazards can be divided into
several elements:
1. Isolator
2. Fuses
3. Circuit breakers
INSULATION
Another safety measures for electrical protection, the cable used in the wiring system must be
properly insulated. There are several ways to insulate the cables as well as the plug used before
connected to the supply, which are:
1. Cable jacket or outer sleeve
2. Plug casing
3. Double insulation
ISOLATOR
1. Tools that can separate distribution supply to consumers by
disconnecting live and neutral cable connections simultaneously
2. For a 1-phase supply - it uses a 2-pole chain switch
3. For a 3-phase supply - it uses a 3-pole chain switch
4. The purpose of setting up isolators - to isolate the circuit and
thus protecting users from continuous electric shock in the
event of leakage and electrical shock contact
5. Usually isolators are installed at the beginning of the circuit
6. Additionally, isolators can be used to disconnect supply before
repairing works or making additional wiring
7. Isolator rating is to be matched with the current supply and load
8. Essentially, isolators must be able to carry full load current and
have the ability to disconnect and connect the supply as needed
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE
• The tool that can disconnect the supply circuit on its own (automatically) when there is
over current (short circuit etc) than its limit.
• This tool is attached to the live wire at the beginning of the circuit, in series with the supply
circuit.
• The purpose of installing an overcurrent protection device is to prevent damage to a device
when the current exceeds the maximum capacity rating of the appliance flowing inside the
circuit.
• In addition, it also protects the cable from being damaged
• Generally, the overcurrent protection devices are divided into 3:
1. Fuse
2. circuit breaker
3. relay
FUSE
• An electric fuse is a device which is used to limit the current in an electric
circuit.
• The fuse protects the circuit and the electrical appliances from being damaged
– when there is too much current, the fuse melt.
• Fuses in plugs are made in standard ratings (3A, 5A, 13A etc…)
There are 4 types of fuses:
a. Rewireable fuse
b. Cartridge fuse
c. High-capacity fuse breaker
d. Fuse plug
• To choose the correct fuse for an electrical device, always choose the
one with the closest rating that is greater than the operating current of
the device.
• Example, if a kettle operates with an electrical current of 10A, what fuse
should it be fixed with (from 3A, 5A and 13A)? Ans: 13A
• Other example, If a device operates at 3A, choose 5A fuse.
• Different appliances require different sized fuses:
• A cooker - 30 Amp, A lighting circuit - 5A, A table lamp - 3A, An
electric kettle, 13A
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
• A circuit breaker (CB) is an automatically operated
electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
• The basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by
interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow.
• Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.
• Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices
that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding
an entire city.
Switching mechanisms used in Types of circuit breaker
circuit breaker 1. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
1. Low voltage circuit breakers 2. MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)
2. Magnetic circuit breakers 3. Air Circuit Breaker
3. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers 4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker

4. Common trip breakers 5. RCD (Residual Current Device) / RCCB

(Residual
5. Medium-voltage circuit breakers 6. Current Circuit Breaker)
7. ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
8. RCBO (Residual Circuit Breaker with Overload)
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
✓ Rated current not more than 100 A.
ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
✓ Trip characteristics normally not adjustable.
o Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire
✓ Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.
connected through ELCB.
o ELCB is working based on Earth
leakage current.

MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker):

❖ Rated current up to 1000 A.
❖ Trip current may be adjustable.
❖ Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
➢ With rated current up to 3000 A,
➢ These breakers interrupt the arc in a vacuum
bottle.
➢ These can also be applied at up to 35,000 V.
Vacuum breakers tend to have longer life
expectancies between overhaul than do air
circuit breakers.
RCD (RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE / RCCB
(RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER)
• Phase (line) and Neutral both wires
connected through RCD.
• It trips the circuit when there is earth
fault current.
• The amount of current flows through the
phase (line) should return through
neutral.
• Any mismatch between two currents
flowing through phase and neutral detect
by -RCD and trip the circuit within 30
ms.
• RCDs are an extremely effective form of
shock protection
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT BREAKER

Work quicker
than fuse

To reset just
press the reset
button
SKAA 2032 – ELECTRICAL AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEM
WIRING AND DISTRIBUTION OF
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Wiring System, Cable type & Size
Protection and Grounding
Electrical Load Estimation
Substation, Switchboard and Distribution Boards
Symbols and Single-Line Diagram
GROUNDING
❖ Is one of the methods of protection
❖ It is also a connection made between metal and earth
❖ The Earth is the largest conductor in terms of size and total coverage area providing a
defective passage for defective current or leakage current
❖ Any connected objects will have zero potential
❖ The Earth that is in the zero potential (Reference) can quickly discharge high
potential difference
❖ This is the basic purpose of grounding a device or thing as a return current or for
safety
❖ Therefore, earthing provides security from the danger of electric shock and electrical
fires
WHAT TO BE GROUNDED/EARTHED??
A. All metal structures in the wiring system
(which do not carry current) such as
metal channels, vessel shields, ducts,
catenary wire and so on

B. The metal structure is exposed to an

electrical apparatus including non-
electrical items such as water pipes,
house frames and so on
GROUNDING AND BONDING
EARTH ELECTRODES
Variety of types of earth electrode including earth rods, plates electrodes, wire electrodes
ground ring electrodes and underground structural metalwork
There are certain requirements such as the soil resistivity, depth of grounding and types and
dimension of electrodes
SUBSTATION, SWITCHBOARD
AND
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Transport the
electricity to its
final destination

Generate
Transport electricity
electricity
over long distances
Raise the voltage of Lower the voltage of electricity.
the electricity for Ready to be delivered for
efficient transportation everyday usage
Distribution System can be divided into three major components:

1 Bulk Power Substations

It receives power from the transmission system and transform it to a sub-transmission
voltage by means of Transmission Power Transformer

2 Primary Feeder
It is the system between sub-transmission line and secondary feeder. Distribution Power
Transformer (33/11 kV) separates the primary feeder from sub-transmission line and;
Distribution Transformer (11kV/415 V) separates the primary feeder from secondary
feeder.

3 Secondary Feeder
The secondary components of a distribution system ends at the customer’s
meter.
Main Intake Substation
Pencawang Masuk
Utama (PMU)

Main Distribution
Substation
Pencawang
Pembahagian Utama
(PPU)

Main Switching Station

Stesyen Suis Utama
(SSU)

Distribution Substation
Pencawang Elektrik
(PE)
 SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

Begins whenever the High Voltage electrical supply (11 kV) received
at distribution substation is converted to Low Voltage electrical
supply (415 V).

Method used is the 4 wires (R-Y-B-N) through step-down

transformer.

Type of distribution substation : Single Chamber (200 A) and Double

Chambers (600 A).
SECONDARY DS – SINGLE CHAMBER
SECONDARY DS – DOUBLE CHAMBER
ELECTRICAL LOAD ESTIMATION

In estimating what type of electrical wiring system for and under

construction area, the developer’s electrical contractor shall do
preliminary planning.
The planning is already stated in the guideline given by
Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) especially for the electrical wiring
system for residential buildings.
As stated in Chapter 3 of the guideline, the contractor/wireman
shall plan and determine tasks to be undertaken prior carrying out
the electrical wiring works.
The contractor/wireman shall: To determine the installation requirements for
consumer load, the following shall be done with
1. Undertake a site visit the aid of building floor plan:
2. Determine the consumer load
requirements 1. the propose load,
3. Calculate the maximum load demands 2. placement of electrical equipment and
4. Submit the plans, drawings and 3. installation design
specifications

The purpose of site visit is to determine:

The calculation of maximum load demand is to
1. Electrical equipment suitable for use determine the specification of wiring equipment
2. Maximum load demand (i.e. cables, accessories).
3. Single or three phase incoming supply Some factor shall be considered (diversity
4. Type of wiring factors) to calculate maximum current demand by
5. Equipment arrangement referring to Third Schedule (Table A and B &
Regulation 11(2)) in the guideline.
THIRD SCHEDULE IN REGULATION 11(2)
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
❖Single line diagram – a diagram that uses single lines and graphic symbols
to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.

❖Single line diagram shows the relationship between circuits and their
components but not the actual location of the components.

❖Line diagrams provide a fast, easy understanding of the connections and

use of components.

❖Single line diagrams are used when information about a circuit is required
but detail of the actual wire connections and operation of the circuit are not.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM SYMBOLS (EXAMPLES)
EXAMPLE

➢A power system containing two synchronous machines, two loads, two

busses, two transformers, and a transmission line to connect busses together.
➢The diagram also indicates the type of connection for each machine and
transformer, and also the points in the system connected to the ground.
➢All devices are protected by oil circuit breakers.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM – MORE EXAMPLES
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM – MORE EXAMPLES

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA