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Design of Ejector for Cooling Load 1 Kw and Evaprator Temperature 5C

Conference Paper · December 2016

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 ISTE FACULTY COVECTION 2016 PAPER ID – ME17
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING”

Design of Ejector for Cooling Load 1 Kw and

Evaprator Temperature 5oC
Pragnesh Kandoliya1, Nirajkumar Mehta 2
1.Asst.Prof.Mech.Dept V.I.E.R., Kotambi, Vadodara, pragnesh377@gmail.com
2. Asst.Prof.Mech Dept. V.I.E.R., Kotambi, Vadodara, nirajmehta3@gmail.com

Abstract—To reduce electricity demand to environment friendly. It can destruct the ozone layer
cooling in summer is possible by using Ejector and so global warming effect. Many developed and
refrigeration system. Industrial Waste heat, developing countries aim to set to develop an
Solar energy, other source is used for generator environmental friendly refrigeration system with
in Ejector Refrigeration System (ERS).Today most efficient way [9]. Vapor ejector refrigeration
Researcher is trying to develop better systems utilize low grade energy like waste heat
configuration and design of ERS which has from industry, exhaust of I.C. engine. It can work
higher cooling capacity and higher C.O.P. To on renewable energy source like solar energy
design the configuration of ERS require instead of electricity. Ejector refrigeration system is
applying analytical, numerical and experimental simple and low capital cost system. Also ejector
approaches. In this paper, Main dimensional don’t have moving parts, little maintenance and
parameters of ejector are found by using long life. But Coefficient of performance (COP) is
mathematical equation for R 134a ERS. Those very low in the range of (0.1-0.4) and its operation
dimensions compare with the other authors should performed around critical points otherwise
research. Result of design will use to fabricate its COP deteriorates rapidly [1]. Even though COP
the ERS for experiment. It can use to investigate of system is very low which can be improving
the ERS. It can use the analysis of ERS for proper design of ejector, heat exchanger design,
optimum performance. selection of refrigerant and optimize the system. It
will reduce the usage of electricity and so fossil
Keywords—ERS, COP, R 134a, Ejector fuels. The next generation refrigerant like 1234yf,
I. INTRODUCTION
R1234ze, etc can be used in the ERS [9].
Computational heat transfer and computational fluid
In recent times most of the cooling and refrigeration dynamic analysis is done on various components
system is based on the mechanical vapor like condenser and evaporator on domestic
compression system which fundamentally takes refrigerator, induction melting furnace induction
high quality form of energy (electrical energy) to heat furnace and computational optimization is done
power compressor unit.Vapour compressor using finite element method and finite difference
refrigeration system is mostly used for producing method by different researchers [11-17]. These
cooling and refrigeration. This system takes electric researches can be used for heat transfer analysis of
energy to power compressor unit. The electric the ERS.
energy is produced from thermal power plant where
fossil fuels are used which generates air pollution, II. WORKING OF VAPOUR EJECTOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulpur, carbon An ejector is fulfilling the function of compressor in
monoxide and carbon dioxide. These pollution is ejector refrigeration system (ERS). The ejector is no
effects the human health and the environment. Also moving part device, non mechanical compressor,
VCR system use CFCs refrigerant which are not requiring no maintenance and no lubrication. Main

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 ISTE FACULTY COVECTION 2016 PAPER ID – ME17
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING”

concentration for use of supersonic ejector is the liquid in the generator, The liquid from
maximizing the performance of the refrigeration condenser is isentropically pumped to a higher
cycle through thermal compression. The basic pressure which shown by process 4-6. In process 6-
components are shown in figure 1 which is 3 the liquid is heated isobarically in the generator.
evaporator, condenser, pump, generator expansion The liquid is vaporized in the generator. In process
valve and ejector [2]. 3,1- 2 the mixed fluid is isentropically increased
their pressure by diffuser. The mixed fluid is
condensed isobarically in the condenser which is
shown by process 2-4. In Process 4-6 the fraction of
liquid is pumped to generator and remaining
fraction of liquid is isobarically evaporated in the
evaporator which is shown by process 4-5 and
process 5-1. CFD analysis of ejector can give us the
better understanding before experiment [10].
III. GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS
The primary fluid flows the nozzle where pressure
is reduced and its velocity increased as shown in
figure 2. A zero velocity (Stagnation condition) is
Figure 1 Ejector Refrigeration System
ERS can divide in the high temperature cycle and considered for the primary fluid inlet in the ejector.
low temperature cycle. In the generator waste heat At‘t’ nozzle throat the primary fluid flow reaches
is used to vaporize the refrigerant in high sonic velocity. Its Mach number is equal to one. So
temperature cycle. Vapour is accelerated through at the throat of the nozzle primary fluid flow is
the primary nozzle (convergent –divergent type). chocked. Maximum value of mass flux for inlet
The velocity reaches to the sonic velocity at pressure and temperature is achieved.
constant throat section. This phenomenon is called
the primary chocking of the primary or motive
fluid. The primary choking region creates the low
pressure which helps to the entrainment of the
secondary fluid from the evaporator. In the mixing
chamber the two fluids is mixed so pressure is
recovered in the ejector. In the condenser heat is
rejected to the environment by mixed vapour.

Figure-3 Section of ejector and Pressure-Velocity profiles of ejector

The velocity of secondary fluid is increased from

Figure 2 Pressure - specific enthalpy diagram of the ERS
inlet of secondary fluid to section y-y. Its pressure is
Pressure - specific enthalpy diagram of the ERS is decreased. For mixing of primary fluid and
shown in figure 2. In an ideal cycle, before entering secondary fluid the critical pressure of the
secondary fluid is achieved at the beginning of the
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 ISTE FACULTY COVECTION 2016 PAPER ID – ME17
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING”

mixing. So secondary fluid velocity require

reaching the speed of sound at design pressure
IV. EJECTOR DESIGN AND CALCULATION
level. Momentum loss of mixed fluid is realized due
to the friction between wall surface and mixed fluid We consider 1kW refrigeration effect at 5oC in
through the constant area section. At the end of evaporator at pressure 4bar. Then I plot point
mixing chamber normal shock is assumed. It may number 1 in R-134a P-h chart. I plot constant
be negligible because the zone of this phenomenon pressure line for condenser at the 8 bar. Like this we
is very thin. After mixed fluid passed the through plot point number 5, 6, & 3 for ideal assumption
diffuser its pressure become condenser pressure [2]. and other points plotted by solving equation [4] or
considering other research. It is shown in figure 4.
The following assumptions are considered
throughout the study of ejector refrigeration system: Refrigeration effect in the evaporator,
 No heat transfer and friction loss between the Qe = me (h1-h5)
ejector wall and fluid stream.
 The conditions in the ejector refrigeration system Heat extracted in the condenser,
are steady state. Qc = mc (h2 – h4)
 The primary and secondary fluids follow ideal gas
law and are perfect gases. Heat input in the generator,
 At t point in throat the mass flow rate per unit Qg = mg (h3- h6)
area of primary fluid is equal to the highest
possible value for inlet condition. The primary Work required for pump,
fluid flow is chocked at t point in the throat. wp = mg vg (Pg − Pc )
 In the constant area section fully mixed
conditions are considered. Entrainment ratio for ejector,
 The mixed flow is always subsonic at the me
ω=
diffuser inlet. mg
 The dimensions of the ejector are calculated for mc = m e + mg
the ejector refrigeration system for known
entrainment ratio, known inlet condition of
primary fluid flow, known inlet condition of
secondary fluid flow, known outlet condition of
mixed fluid from ejector.
 The values of the efficiency for the primary and
secondary expansion in the suction chamber are
known.
 The value of efficiency of compression in the
diffuser is known.
 The result about the length to diameter ratio for
constant area section by Keenan et al is considered
for the length to diameter ratio for constant area. Figure-4 P-h chart for R-134a
 The pressure of primary fluid flow and
secondary fluid flow at cross-section m is the Coefficient of Performance of ERS,
same. So no shocks due to overexpansion or under ω(h −h )
C.O.P = w +(h1 −h5 )
expansion of the primary fluid flow. p 3 6

 The exit of the primary fluid from nozzle is

supersonic. Diameter of throat for primary nozzle,
 The mixing of the primary fluid and secondary 4mg
fluid at constant pressure is complete at cross- dpn,t = √πG
pn,1
section x-x.
 The fluid flow through the ejector is one- Mass flux input for primary fluid,
dimensional, adiabatic and steady state flow [3].
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 ISTE FACULTY COVECTION 2016 PAPER ID – ME17
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING”

√2000ηpn (h3 − hpn,t )

Gpn,1 =
vpn,t
Diameter of outlet for primary fluid,
4mg
dpn,o = √
πGpn,2

Mass flux outlet for primary fluid,

√2000 ηpn (h3 − hpn,o )
Gpn,2 =
vpn,o

Efficiency of ejector,
(1 + ω)(h3 − h2 )
ηej =
(h1 − hpn,o )

Specific enthalpy for mixed fluid,

hpn,o + ω hsn,o
hm =
1+ω
(1) Control Panel, (2) Evaporator, (3) Ejector, (4) Air cooled condenser, (5)
Receiver, (6) Generator, (7) Evaporator, (8) Heater Tank, (9) Data
Diameter of outlet for secondary nozzle, Acquisition System
4me
dsn,o = √ Figure-5 Experimental rig of the ejector cooling system photo
πGsn,o of the experimental rig.
Mass flux outlet for secondary fluid,
Key geometric parameters of ejector are studied by
√2000ηsn (h1 − hsn,o ) Jiayan. The research is published in the
Gsn,o = International journal of refrigeration 67 (2016). He
vsn,o performed experiment on ERS. Working fluid is R-
134a. He found that NXP = 6.4mm and Lm = 22mm
Consider Qe = 1kW Pe = 4 bar, Pc = 8 bar, and Pg are optimal geometric parameter. And also NXP/Dm
= 20 bar from other research ω = 0.25, ηej = 0.85, = 1.25, Lm/Dm = 4.3 and Dpn,o / Dm = 0.74 are
ηpn = 0.95, ηsn = 0.98 and using P-h chart of R optimal dimensionless parameters. Figure 5 is
134a. I found the following result for 1 kW and 5oC photo of 1.2kW cooling capacity ejector
evaporator temperature. refrigeration test rig [5]. The experimental rig was
Qg = 5.04 kW, Qc = 5.55 kW, Wp = 24.48 kW, funded by the National Research Foundation
C.O.P = 0.176 also the dimension of ejector Singapore and the ASTAR-MND green building
Dpn t = 2.72 mm , Dpn,o = 2.60mm, Dsn,o = 1.05mm joint grant of Singapore.
Lm/Dm = 10, Dm = 3.9 mm.
Jiwei Yan is published research in applied thermal
V. COMPARISON WITH OTHER RESEARCH AND engineering about experimental investigations on R
VALIDATION 134a ejector refrigeration system. He selected H62
The design of ejector is validated with experimental brass to fabricate ejector. R 134a is used as a
data from the literature survey. The values of working fluid. He found that back pressure is
efficiencies are chosen properly on the refrigerant, important parameter for entrainment ratio [6]. He
geometry and affecting parameter. found that best performance of an ejector is
performed by increasing the pressure of primary
fluid. That can also improve the critical back
pressure. The main parameters of ejectors are Dpn,i =
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 ISTE FACULTY COVECTION 2016 PAPER ID – ME17
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING”

7mm, Dpn,t = 1.08mm, Dpn.o = 1.41, Dm = 2.88, ηej Efficiency of ejector,

Dd,o = 14mm and NXP= 2.65. v Specific volume of refrigerant, m3/kg

Subscripts
pn Primary nozzle
sn Secondary nozzle
t Throat
e Evaporator
c Condenser
g Generator
m mixed fluid
All dimension in m.m. NXP Nozzle exit Position
Figure-6 Ejector dimensions
References
Dimension of Ejector for refrigeration capacity of [1] Stefan Elbel , Predrag Hrnjak, “Ejector Refrigeration: An
1.5kW is shown in figure 6. Evaporation Overview of Historical and Present Developments with an
temperature of 15 oC, condensation temperature of Emphasis on Air-Conditioning Applications”International
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference 2005
45 oC and generator temperature of 80 oC is the
design condition for pump less ejector refrigeration [2] Bibekananda Nayak, Bijan Kumar Mandal, “Effect of
system. Results of experiment show for improving Generator, Condenser and Evaporator Temperature on the
the performance of the ejector. The value of Performance of Ejector Refrigeration System (ERS)” Journal
entrainment ratio is 0.1 which plays important role of Basic and Applied Engineering Research, Volume 1,
Number 1; September, 2014 pp. 4-9
in the system performance. The diameter of
constant area mixing section is increased to get a [3] Nicolas Galanis*, Mikhail Sorin, “Ejector design and
higher entrainment ratio at higher generator performance prediction”, International Journal of Thermal
temperature. Zhengshu Dai studied this system [7]. Sciences, 104 (2016) 315- 329
It was published in International Refrigeration and
[4] Md Fatouh, Essam Elgendy, “Ejector design and
Air Conditioning Conference 2015. theoretical study of R134a ejector refrigeration cycle ”,
International Journal of Refrigeration · November 2011
VI. CONCLUSION
[5] Jia Yan, Chen Lin *,Wenjian Cai, Haoran Chen, Hao
I conclude that for better performance of ERS Wang, “Experimental study on key geometric parameters of
dimension of ejector is main factor. There is scope an R134A ejector cooling system ”, international journal of
refrigeration 67 (2016) 102–108
for improvement of COP of ERS and ejector
performance parameter. Dimension of ejector which [6] Jiwei Yan, Guangming Chen, Chengyan Liu, Liming
is found by calculation for 1 kW can be used to Tang, Qi Chen, “Experimental investigations on a R134a
fabricate the ejector. It can be studied in CFD and ejector applied in a refrigeration system ”, Applied Thermal
numerical method. Dimension of ejector is near to Engineering 110 (2017) 1061–1065
used ejector by other researcher.
[7] Zhengshu Dai, “Ejector Performance of a Pump-less
Ejector Refrigeration System Driven by Solar Thermal
Nomenclature Energy”, International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Qe Refrigeration effect in evaporator,kW Conference, 2012
Qc Heat extract from condenser, kW
Qg Heat input to generator, kW [8] Pragnesh Kandoliya, Nirajkumar Mehta, “A recent review
wp Pump work, kW of refrigerant R-1234yf and R-1234ze (E).”, JETIR, Nov-
me Mass flow rate in evaporator, kg/sec 2016, 59-64.
mc, mm Mass flow rate in condenser, kg/sec
mg Mass flow rate in generator, kg/sec [9] Pragnesh Kandoliya, Nirajkumar Mehta, “Improvement in
ω Entrainment ratio solar powered ejector cooling system”, National Conference
h Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kg on “Recent Research & Development in Core Disciplines of
dpn,t Diameter of throat in primary nozzle, mm Engineering”
dpn,o Diameter of outlet in primary nozzle, mm
Pg Pressure in generator, bar [10] Nirajkumar Mehta, Pragnesh Kandoliya, “Comparison of
Pc Pressure in condenser, bar FDM & FEM for 2D transient heat transfer problem”, VIER
ηpn Efficiency of primary nozzle, of engineering research, (Apr-2015).

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 ISTE FACULTY COVECTION 2016 PAPER ID – ME17
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING”
[15] Nirajkumar Mehta, Akash Raiyani, Vikash Gondalia,
[11] Nirajkumar C Mehta, Dipesh D Shukla, Ravi K Popat, "Thermal Fatigue Analysis of Induction Melting Furnace Wall
"Optimisation of Wall Thickness for Minimum Heat Loss for for Silica Ramming Mass", Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013
Induction Furnace by FEA", Indian Foundry Journal, Vol. 60,
No. 12, December 2014 [16] Niraj Mehta, Vipul Gondaliya, Jayesh Gundaniya,
"Applications of Different Numerical Methods in Heat
[12] Akash D Raiyani, N R Sheth, Nirajkumar C Mehta, Transfer - A Review", Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013
"Thermal Analysis of Hot Wall Condenser for Domestic
Refrigerator", International Journal of Science and Research, [17] Vipul Gondaliya, Mehul Pujara, Nirajkumar Mehta,
Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2014 "Transient Heat transfer Analysis of Induction Furnace by
Using Finite Element Analysis", Volume 3, Issue 8, August
[13] Nirajkumar C Mehta, Vasim G Machhar, Ravi K Popat, 2013
"Thermal Fatigue Analysis of Induction Furnace Wall for
Alumina Ramming Mass", International Journal of Science
and Engineering Applications, Volume 2, Issue 10, 2013

[14] Vimal Nakum, Kevin Vyas, Nirajkumar Mehta,

"Research on Induction Heating -A Review", International
Journal of Science and Engineering Applications, Volume 2,
Issue 6, 2013

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