Affiliated to VTU Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

Recognized by UGC under 2(f) and 12(B),

Accredited by NBA and NAAC
Near ITPB, Channasandra, Bengaluru –560067

V SEMESTER B.E
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

17MEL57 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

LABORATORY

ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 – 2020

LABORATORY MANUAL

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

BRANCH :

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :

SEMESTER & SECTION :

BATCH :
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

M.V.J. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

17MEL57– FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY
LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB - 17MEL57 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Course Objectives:

1. This course will provide a basic understanding of flow measurements using

various types of flow measuring devices, calibration and losses associated
with these devices.
2. Energy conversion principles, analysis and understanding of hydraulic turbines
and pumps will be discussed. Application of these concepts for these machines
will be demonstrated. Performance analysis will be carried out using
characteristic curves.

Course Outcomes:

At the end of this course students are able to,

1. Perform experiments to determine the coefficient of discharge of flow

measuring devices.
2. Conduct experiments on hydraulic turbines and pumps to draw characteristics.
3. Test basic performance parameters of hydraulic turbines and pumps and
execute the knowledge in real life situations.
4. Determine the energy flow pattern through the hydraulic turbines and pumps
5. Exhibit his competency towards preventive maintenance of hydraulic machines

1. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be regionally and nationally recognized as department of excellence by

providing high quality Mechanical Engineering education leading to competent
engineers shouldering the responsibility to contribute effectively to the
advancement of industry and society.
2. MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. Technical Excellence: To be a center of excellence for Mechanical

Engineering education by providing the state of the art facilities & learning
environment. To mould engineers with sound basics to adopt to latest
technologies.

2. Industry Relationship: To promote industry-institute interaction through

consultancy services and continuing education programmes and providing

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
specialized programmes as per the need and become active partner for the
industries in their R & D work.
3. Competency: Imparting quality education to the students and enhancing their
skills to make them competitive Mechanical Engineers. And encouraging students
to actively involve in entrepreneurship development.
4. Social and ethical Competency values: To provide the students with
academic environment of excellence, leadership, ethical guidelines and lifelong
learning needed for a long productive career.

3. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

The Mechanical Engineering program will prepare graduate students such that:
PEO1: Career platform: Graduates will have utilized a strong foundation in
engineering and science to improve quality of life and livelihoods through a
successful career in mechanical engineering or related fields.
PEO2: Social Responsibility: Graduates will become effective collaborators and
innovators, leading or participating in efforts to address social, business design
and production challenges and competitive to work for any Industry in our nation.
PEO3: Continuous Learning: Graduates will have engaged in life-long learning
and professional development through self-study, continuing education or
graduate and professional studies in engineering and carryout the research work.

PROGRAM OUTCOME (POs):

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

 PSO1. Basics Mechanical Knowledge: An ability to apply a knowledge of
mathematics, science, engineering, and technology to engineering technology
problems that require limited application of principles but extensive practical
knowledge.

 PSO2. Mechanical Design: Ability to model and design a system, component, or

process to meet desired needs within the realistic constraints.

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB - 17MEL57 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
PART – A

1. Lab layout, calibration of instruments and standards to be discussed

2. Determination of coefficient of friction of flow in a pipe.
3. Determination of minor losses in flow through pipes.
4. Application of momentum equation for determination of coefficient of impact of jets on
flat and curved blades
5. Calibration of flow measuring devices.
6. Orifice meter
 Nozzle
 Venturimeter
 V-notch

PART – B

7. Performance on hydraulic Turbines

a. Pelton wheel
b. Francis Turbine
c. Kaplan Turbines
8. Performance hydraulic Pumps
a. Single stage and Multi stage centrifugal pumps
b. Reciprocating pump
9. Performance test on a two stage Reciprocating Air Compressor
10. Performance test on an Air Blower

PART – C (Optional)

11. Visit to Hydraulic Power station/ Municipal Water Pump House and Case Studies
12. Demonstration of cut section models of Hydraulic turbines and Pumps.

Scheme of Examination:
ONE question from part -A: 50 Marks
ONE question from part -B: 30 Marks
Viva –Voce: 20 Marks
Total: 100 Marks

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

CONTENTS

EXPT. PAGE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
NO. NO.

01 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF FLOW IN A PIPE 01

02 DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES IN FLOW THROUGH PIPES 03

03 DETERMINATION OF FORCE DEVELOPED BY IMPACTS OF JETS ON VANES 06

04 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF ORIFICE METER 08

05 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF VENTURIMETER 10

06 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF V – NOTCH 12

07 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF PELTON WHEEL 14

08 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF FRANCIS TURBINE 17

09 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF KAPLAN TURBINE 20

10 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 23

11 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 26

12 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP 29

13 PERFORMANCE TEST OF TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR 32

14 PERFORMANCE TEST ON AN AIR BLOWER 34

15 VIVA QUESTIONS 36

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 1 Date:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF FLOW IN A PIPE

Aim: - To find the co-efficient of friction ‘f’ of the given pipe.

Theory: - when a liquid is flowing through a pipe the velocity of the liquid layer adjacent
to the pipe wall is zero. The velocity of liquid gases on increasing from the wall and thus
velocity gradient and hence shear stress are produced in the whole liquid due to viscous
action causes loss of energy which is usually known as frictional loss.

Apparatus:

1. A small diameter pipe line.

2. U-tube manometer to measure the pressure difference across the tapings, one at
either end of the pipeline.
3. A constant supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate.
4. Measuring tank and stop watch to measure the flow rate.

FRICTION IN PIPES
Procedure:

1. Measure the length 1 between the tappings and the diameter d of the pipeline.
2. Connect the pressure tappings to the U-tube manometer and expel any air trapped in
the system.
3. Adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum possible flow through the pipe.
4. Record the difference in mercury level D within the manometer limbs.
5. Collect the water discharging from the pipe in a measuring tank of known dimensions
and measure the rise of water level R in the measuring tank for certain period of
time t sec.
6. Reduce the discharge in steps by adjusting the flow control valve and record the
series of readings D, t and R at each stage.
7. Repeat the above procedure for pipes of different diameters.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Graph: - f v/s Re (Re = Reynolds no’s)

Observations and Tabulation:

Diameter of pipe = d = 25 mm = 0.25 m

Area of Pipe = a = π/4 (0.0275) 2 = 4.91 x 10 -4
m2
Area of collecting tank = A = 0.125 m 2 =
Mass density of water = ρ = 1000 kg /m 3 =
Dynamic viscosity of water =  = 0.9  10 – 3 kg/ m – Sec
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/Sec 2
Length of Pipe = L = 1.5 m

Qa = AR / t m 3 /sec
Where: A = Area of collecting tank
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank
t = Time taken for rise of water level in measuring tank
V = Qa / Area of pipe (a)
hf = 4f L v 2 / 2gd
f = hf  2gd /4 L v2

Sample Calculations:-

hf =12.6 D=12.6 *0.007=0.0882

–4
Qa= (AR)/T= (0.125*0.1)/25=5*10 m3/sec

V=Qa/a =5*10-4/4.91*10-4 =1.02 m/sec

f=hf  2gd /4 L v2 = (0.082*2*9.81*25*10 )/ (4*1.5*1.02*1.02) =6.9*10-3

–3

Re= (VD)/ = (1000*1.02*25*10-3)/(0.9*10-3) =28333

Results: -The friction co-efficient (f) using the formula is obtained as

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 2 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 2 Date:

DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES IN FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Aim: To determine the coefficient of losses in pipes due to:

i) Sudden enlargement
ii) Sudden contraction.
iii) Bend

Apparatus Used: Straight pipe fitting setup, stopwatch, and measuring tank.

Theory: When the directional change in the flow of fluid is required, pipe fittings for the
flow are considered. The common fittings that are used are bends; elbows, flanged
fittings etc. expansions & contractions may also be provided in the pipeline. In the
expansion of the total loss depends on the average velocity of the fluid stream. When
the fluid encounters an expansion join the cross section of the pipe is suddenly enlarged
& the fluid stream separates from the wall & issues a jet into the enlarged section. The
jet then expands to fill the entire cross section. The space between the expanding jet &
the conduit is filled with fluid in vertex motion characteristic of boundary layer separation
& considerable friction is generated.

Procedure: Connect the Manometer between two tapings of the pipefitting. Allow the
water to flow through the pipe fitting by regulating the flow with gate valve. Remove any
entrapped air bubbles from the manometer. After steady state is reached, note down the
difference in level of manometer fluid. Collect the water in the water level tank for
known height by considering time. Repeat the procedure for various flow rates.

Sudden Enlargement

Sudden Contraction

Bend

Data: Reducer = 3 / 4” X 1/2” (19.05mm X 12.7mm)

Expander = 1/2” X 3/4” (12.7mm X 19.05mm)

Bend = 3/4” (19.05mm)

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Observation Table:
Expander

Manometer reading
Sl. Rise in collecting Time taken for R cm rise
L.H.S R.H.S h = (L.H.S. -
No. tank R (cm) in collecting tank (t) Sec
(mm) (mm) R.H.S) (mm)
1 48.6 47.5 1.1 0.1 22

Reducer

Manometer reading
Sl. Rise in collecting Time taken for R cm rise
L.H.S R.H.S h = (L.H.S. -
No. tank R (cm) in collecting tank (t) Sec
(mm) (mm) R.H.S) (mm)
1 48.6 47.5 1.1 0.1 44

Elbow

Manometer reading
Sl. Rise in collecting Time taken for R cm rise
L.H.S R.H.S h = (L.H.S. -
No. tank R (cm) in collecting tank (t) Sec
(mm) (mm) R.H.S) (mm)
1 48.3 47.3 1 0.1 19

Calculation Table
Expander
Coefficient of loss
Manometric head Qa = AR / t V1 = Qa/ a1 V2= Qa/ a2
K = H.
H = h (12.6)/1000 (m) m3/s m/s m/s
(V12 - V22)/2g
0.1386 5.68*10-4 4.47 1.99 0.17

Reducer
Coefficient of loss
Manometric head Qa = AR / t V1 = Qa/ a1 V2= Qa/ a2
K = H.
H = h (12.6)/1000 (m) m3/s m/s m/s
(V22 – V12)/2g
0.1386 2.84*10-4 0.99 2.24 0.67

Bend

Manometric head Qa = AR / t V = Qa/ a1 Coefficient of loss

H = h (12.6)/1000 (m) m3/s m/s K = H. (V2)/2g
0.1260 6.58*10-4 2.31 0.46

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

h = L.H.S - R.H.S

H = h (12.6)/100 = m

Actual volumetric flow rate

Qa = [(Area of tank) (height)]/ time = m3 /S

V 1 = Qa / cross sectional area of pipe. = m/S

V 2 = Qa / cross sectional area of pipe. = m/S

Coefficient of loss

 
 
H
1. Expander: K   2 
 V1  V2 2 
 
 2g 

 
 
H
2. Reducer: K   2 
 V2  V12 
 
 2g 

 H 
3. Elbow: K   2 
V / 2 g 

 Sample Calculations:-

h = L.H.S - R.H.S = (48.6-47.5) =1.1 cm

H = h (12.6)/100 = (1.1*12.6)/100 =0.1386 m
[(Area of tank) (height)]/ Time = (0.125*0.1)/22 =5.68 *10-4
V1=Qa/a1 = (5.68*10-4)/(1.27*10-4) =4.47 m/sec
V2 = Qa/a2 = (5.68*10-4)/(2.85*10-4) =1.99 m/sec
 
 
 H  = (0.1386)/[(4.472-1.992)/(2*9.81)] =0.17
K
 V12  V2 2 
 
 2g 

Result: The coefficient of resistance offered by the fittings is

Expander

Reducer

Elbow

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 5 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 3 Date:

DETERMINATION OF FORCE DEVELOPED BY IMPACT OF JETS ON VANES

Aim: - To determine the co- efficient of impact by comparing the momentum in a fluid
jet with force generated when it strikes fluid surface.

Theory: - When water issuing from a round jet is directed against a flat stationary
object with a large area, it can be expected to flatten out and disperse parallel with the
surface. The force exerted by the surface on the body of fluid in the opposite direction of
jet stream equals to the product of the specific weight (w), flow rate (Q), and change in
fluid velocity (v). In flattening out, the direction of the jet is changed by 90 outward
from the center of the impact area, and velocity component in the direction of the jet is
zero. Thus theoretical force exerted by the jet on the plate. F t = √ Q v / g. the exit
velocity (u)=Q/a. the exit velocity (u) and impact velocity (V) are related by the
equation; V2= U2-2gs, where 'S' is the distance between the nozzle tip and impact point

Apparatus:

1. A nozzle of known diameter.

2. A flat plate on which the water jet can impinge.
3. A device for measuring the force of the jet on the flat plate.
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate.
5. Measuring tank and stop watch to measure the flow rate.

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 6 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experimental Procedure:

1. Install the flat plate in position and carefully level the apparatus.
2. Rotate the knob provided at the top of the weighing balance to show zero in the
weighing balance before you put on the pump.
3. Put on the pump and adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum possible flow
through nozzle. Note down the discharge rate in rotometer and weighing balance
reading in each stage.
4. Then by using formula we can calculate the co-efficient of impact.

Result: - The co-efficient of the jet is

Observations & Tabulation:

Diameter of nozzle = d = 8mm = 0.008m.

Area of nozzle = a = ∏d2/4 = 5.02 *10-5 m2
2 2
Inclined Vane =  = 75 = F  wav sin  N
th
g
2
Flat vane = F  wav N
th
g

wav 2
Hemi-spherical vane = Fth  2 N
g

w= Specific weight of water = 1000 Kg/m3 = 9810 N/m3

G = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2

Graph: Fact Vs Fth

Result:

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 7 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 4 Date:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF ORIFICE PLATE

Aim: - To determine the coefficient of discharge of the given orifice meter by

establishing the relationship between the flow rate and pressure.

Theory: - Orifice meter is a device used for measuring the rise of a fluid through a pipe.
It consists of a flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edge hole called orifice which
is kept generally 0.5 times the distance of the pipe, through it may vary between 0.4 to
0.8 times the pipe diameter.

ORIFICE METER

Apparatus:

1. An orifice plate of known dimension installed in a horizontal pipeline with pressure

tapping at upstream and downstream of the plate.
2. U-tube mercury filled manometer to measure the difference across the tappings.
3. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate...
4. Measuring tank and stop watch to measure the flow rate.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Measure the diameter of the pipe d1 and the diameter of the orifice d2.
2. Connect the pressure tappings to the U-tube manometer and expel any air trapped in
the system
3. Adjust the flow of control valve to give maximum possible flow through the orifice
meter
4. Record the difference in mercury level D within the manometer limbs
5. Collect the water discharging from the orifice meter in a measuring tank of known
dimensions and measure the rise of water level R in the measuring tank for certain
period of time t sec.
6. Reduce the discharge in steps and record the series of readings D, t and R at each
stage

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Observations and Tabulation:

Area of collecting tank = A = 0.125m2

Pipe diameter d1 (m) = 0.0 25m
Area of the pipe a1 (m2) = d2/4 =4.91×10-4
Orifice diameter d2 (m) = 0.012m
Area of the Orifice a2 (m2) = d2/4 = 1.13 ×10-4m2,
Theoretical Discharge, a1 a2 2gH =1.027*10-4 m3/sec
Q TH 
2 2
a1  a2

Actual discharge Qact = A R / t in m3/sec =1.66*10-4 m3/sec

Where: A = Area of measuring tank

R =Rise of water in measuring tank in mt
t = Time required for 'R' m rise

Manometer Head of Rise of Time

a1 a2 2gH Discharge
Reading water (H) QTH  water in taken for Coefficient
Sl. Qa = AR
in mts=Diff 2
a1  a2
2
measurin 'R' mts of discharge
No t (m 3/
Left Right Diff x12.6/1000 In m3/sec g tank Rise in t Cd = Qact/Qth
sec.)
mm mm mm (m) 'R' in mts sec

01

02

03

04

05

Graph: - Draw the following graph: Qact v/s Qth

Results: - The co-efficient of discharge (Cd) of the given orifice meter is

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 5 Date:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF VENTURIMETER

Aim: - To calculate the co-efficient of discharge (cd) of the given Venturimeter

Theory: - A Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
through a pipe. It consists of three parts (1) A converging part (2) throat (3) Diverging
part. It is based on the principle of Bernoulli's equation.

Apparatus:

1. Venturimeter with pressure tappings at the entrance (mouth) and at the throat
installed in a horizontal pipeline
2. U-tube mercury filled manometer to measure the difference across the toppings.
3. A constant steady of water with a means of varying the flow rate
4. Measuring tank and stop watch to measure to measure the flow rate.

VENTURIMETER

Procedure:

1. Measure the diameter of the Venturimeter at the mouth d1, and the throat d2.
2. Connect the pressure tappings to the U-tube manometer and expel any air trapped in
the system.
3. Adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum possible flow through the
Venturimeter.
4. Record the difference in mercury level D within the manometer limbs.
5. Collect the water discharging from the Venturimeter in a measuring tank of known
dimensions and measure the rise of water level R in the measuring tank for certain
period of time t sec.
6. Reduce the discharge in steps by adjusting the flow control valve and record the
series of reading D, t and R at each stage.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Observations & Tabulation:

Diameter of the pipe (D) =25mm

Area of measuring tank (A) =0.125m2
Mouth diameter d1 (m) = 25mm =0.025m
Area at the mouth a1 (m) = πd2/4 = 4.91x10-4 m2
Throat diameter d2 (m) = 12mm = 0.012m
Area at the throat a2 (m) = πd2/4 = 1.13 x 10-4 m2
Theoretical Discharge, a1 a2 2gH =2.31*10-4m3/sec
Q TH 
2 2
a1  a2

Actual discharge Qact = A R / t in m3/sec =2.2*10-4m3/sec

Precautions: 1. Venturimeter should be horizontal.

2. The air bubbles in the manometer tubes should be removed.

Manometer Rise of Time Coefficient

Head of water a1 a2 2gH
Reading Q TH  water in taken for Discharge Qa = of
Sl. (H) in 2
a1  a2
2
measuring 'R' mts AR (m 3/ sec.) discharge
No mts=Diff x
Left Right Diff in m /sec
3 tank Rise in t T Cd =
12.6/1000
mm mm mm 'R' in mts sec Qact/Qthe

01

02

03

04

05

Graphs: Draw the following graph: Qact v/s Qth

Results: - the co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter is

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 11 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 6 Date:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF V - NOTCH

Aim: - To find the co-efficient of discharge of a v-notch

Theory: - A notch may be defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which flow of a
liquid occurs. The sheet of water discharged by a notch is called nappe or vein. Notches
are used for measuring the flow of water from a reservoir and are generally rectangular,
trapezoidal or triangular in shape. The most common shape is triangular, since it has the
advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rates compared with other shapes. The
coefficient of contraction will be constant for all head. A triangular notch is known as V-
notch.

Apparatus:

1. An approach channel with baffle plates in it and fitted with Triangular notch.
2. A surface level gauge (hook gauge) to measure the head over v-notch
3. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate
4. Measuring tank and stop watch to measure the flow rate.

V – NOTCH

Procedure:

1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in a vertical plane,
with the sharp edge on the upstream side.
2. Fill the channel with water up to the crest level and note the initial reading h1 on the
hook gauge
3. Adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum possible discharge without
flooding the notch. Note the final hook gauge reading h2
4. The difference between the two hook gauge readings gives the head over the notch
H.
5. Collect the water discharging from the notch in a measuring tank of known
dimensions and measure the rise of water level R in the measuring tank for certain
period of time t sec. Conditions are allowed to steady before the head and rise of
water level are recorded.
6. Lower the water level in the approach channel in stages by adjusting the flow control
valve and record the series of readings h2, t and R at each stage.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Observations & Tabulation:

Measuring Tank Dimensions:

Area of collecting tank (A) =0.25 m2  = 60

Breadth (b) =200mm =0.2m

Theoretical discharge = Qth  8 2g Tan  H

5
2 =3.383*10-4 m3/sec
15 2

Actual discharge {Qa} = AR =2.941*10-4 m3/sec Where:

T
R =Rise in measuring tank in mt
t=Time taken for R m rise

Graph: Draw the following graph: Qact v/s Qthe

Result: The co-efficient of discharge in notch is

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 13 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 7 Date:

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF PELTON WHEEL

Aim: - To study the performance of Pelton wheel and to draw the operating
characteristic curves at constant speed. To draw the main characteristic curves at
constant head.

Theory: - A turbine acts as a pump in reverse, to subtract energy from a fluid system.
In impulse turbine the fluid energy, first in the potential form is converted into kinetic
energy by means of a free jet in one or two nozzles. Pelton wheel is a parallel flow
impulse turbine. It operates under a high head of water and therefore requires a
comparatively less quantity of water. Water is conveyed from the reservoir to the turbine
through penstock. The penstock is connected to a branch pipe fitted with a nozzle. A
powerful jet issues out of the nozzle, impinges on the buckets provided on the periphery
of a wheel. These buckets are usually spoon shaped, with a central ridge spilling the jet
into two halves, which are deflected backward. As there is no pressure variation in flow,
the fluid partly fills the buckets and the fluid remains in contact with atmosphere. Water
after imparting its energy to the turbine is discharged into the tailrace

Apparatus:
1. A centrifugal pump to supply the required head of water
2. Pelton wheel.
3. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves as shown in fig.
4. Pressure gauge to measure the flow rate.
5. Venturimeter to measure the flow rate.
6. Tachometer to measure the speed.
7. Rope brake with two spring balances to measure the torque.

Procedure:

 Contact Head:

1. Adjust the spear mechanism to a particular position to keep the head constant.
Increase the load on the rope brake in steps and in each case record N, D, T 1 and T2,
by keeping the head (p) constant.
2. Switch on the motor so that the centrifugal pump supplies the required head and
quaintly of water from the sump.
3. Adjust the spear mechanism and measure the discharge using the Venturimeter at
no load condition.
4. Record the pressure P from the pressure gauge.
5. Measure the speed of the wheel n by using a tachometer.
6. Load the turbine by means of rope brake and keep the speed constant by adjusting
the spear mechanism
7. Record the spring balance reading T1 and T2, the difference of mercury level D in the
manometer.

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 14 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
8. Increase the load on the rope brake in steps and in each record P, D, T 1 and T2 by
keeping the head constant.

Observations:

Inlet diameter of Venturi meter d1 = 65 mm

Throat diameter of Venturi meter d2 = 39 mm
Inlet area of Venturi meter a1 = 0.0033 m2
Throat area of Venturi meter a2 = 0.0019 m2
Diameter of drum D = 300 mm
Thickness of belt = 6mm
Co-efficient of discharge = 0.95
Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m 3
Effective Radius Reff = 300/2 + 6 = 156 mm

Formulae:

Discharge = Q = Cd a1a2√ 2gh m3/sec

√ a12-a22

Input Power = IP = wQH kw

1000

Output Power = OP = 2∏N(T1-T2)*Reff *9.81 kw

60*1000

Efficiency = T= OP * 100 %

IP

Unit speed (Nu) = N

H

Unit discharge (Qu)= Q  Q

u
H

Unit power = pu = output

H3/2

Specific speed = Ns = output

H 5/4

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 15 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Tabular Columns:

Spring Balance
Head on Turbine Head Across Venturimeter
Reading in kg
Sl Speed in
No Rpm (N)
hp in H= hp*10 h1 in h2 in hw=(h1- h2)*10
T1 T2 T1-T2
kg/cm2 m kg/cm2 kg/cm2 in m

Input Output
Qact (m3/S) Power Power N (rpm) Efficiency in % Ns Pu Qu Nu
(kw) (kw)

Graph: Efficiency v/s Unit Speed

Output v/s Discharge
Efficiency v/s Discharge
Unit Power v/s Unit Speed

Conclusion:

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 16 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 8 Date:

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF FRANCIS TURBINE

Aim: - To study the performance of Francis turbine at constant head and constant speed
and to draw the main characteristic curves.

Theory: - Francis turbine is a radial flow reaction turbine, suitable for intermediate
heads and intermediate rates of flow some smaller machines of this type have horizontal
shafts, the majority has vertical shafts. The fluid enters a volute casing, which
completely surrounds the runner. The cross sectional area of the volute decreases along
the fluid path in such a way as to keep the fluid velocity constant in magnitude. From the
volute the fluid passes between stationary guide vanes called wicket gates mounted all
around the periphery of the runner. The function of these guide vanes is to direct the
vane is pivoted and, by a suitable mechanism all may be turned in synchronism so as to
alter the flow rate angular momentum is changed. From the center of the runner the
fluid is turned into the axial direction and flows to tail race via the draft tube. The lower
end of the draft tube must, under all conditions of operation, be submerged below the
level of water in the tailrace.

Apparatus:

1. A centrifugal pump to supply the required head of water.

2. Francis turbine.
3. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves
4. Pressure gauge and vacuum gauge on turbine inlet and outlet connections.
5. Venturimeter to measure the flow rate.
6. Tachometer to measure the speed.
7. Rope brake Dynamometer with two-spring balance to measure the torque.

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 17 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Procedure:

1. Record the initial manometer reading h1.

2. Switch on the motor so that the centrifugal pump supplies the required head and
quantity of water from the sump.
3. Adjust the guide vane to about 50% opening and measure the discharge by Venturi
at no load condition.
4. Record the supply pressure P and the delivery pressure G from a pressure gauge and
vacuum gauge respectively
5. Measure the speed of the turbine N by using a tachometer.
6. Load the turbine by means of rope brake.
7. Record the pressure gauge reading P, vacuum gauge reading G, final hook gauge
reading h2, speed N, spring balances-reading T1 and T2. Increase the load on the rope
brake in steps and in each case record N, h2, T1 and T2 by keeping the head constant.
8. Repeat the above procedure by varying the percentage gate opening.

Observation:

Inlet diameter of Venturi meter d1 = 100 mm

Throat diameter of Venturi meter d2 = 60 mm
Brake drum diameter D = 300mm
Rope diameter DRope = 16mm
Inlet area of Venturi meter a1 = 0.00785 m2
Throat area of Venturi meter a2 = 0.00283 m2
Co-efficient of discharge = 0.95
Effective Radius Reff = 300/2 + 16 = 166 mm

Formulae:

Qact = Cd a1a2√ 2gh m3/sec

√ a1 -a2
2 2

IP = wQH kw
1000
OP = 2∏N(T1-T2)*Reff *9.81 kw
60*1000
T = OP * 100 %
IP
Unit Discharge = Qu = Q
√h

Unit Speed = Nu = N
√h

Unit Power = Pu = OP
H3/2

Specific Speed = Ns = N√P

H5/4

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 18 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Tabular Column:

Head on Turbine
kg/cm2 Head Across Venturimeter Spring Balance Reading in kg
Sl Speed in
No H= Rpm (N) hw=(h1-
hp in h1 in h2 in
hp*10 h2)*10 T1 T2 T1-T2
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 kg/cm2
(m) in m

Qact Input Power Output Power

Efficiency % Ns Pu Qu Nu
m3/Sec kw kw

Graph: Efficiency v/s Unit Speed

Efficiency v/s Discharge
Output Power v/s Discharge
Output Power v/s Unit Speed

Conclusion:

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 19 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 9 Date:

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF KAPLAN TURBINE

Aim: - To study the performance of Kaplan turbine at constant head and to draw the
main characteristic curves.

Apparatus:

1. A centrifugal pump to supply the required head of water.

2. Kaplan turbine.
3. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves.
4. Pressure gauge and vacuum gauge on turbine inlet and outlet connections.
5. V-notch to measure the flow rate.
6. Rope brake with two spring balances to measure the torque.

Procedure:

1. Switch on the supply pump motor. Open gate valve to allow flow of water into casing.
Set rotor blade piston adjustment hand wheel such that the passage is fully open.
2. Note head reading from pressure gauge on front control panel. If not operating at
constant head, adjust the hand wheel to obtain constant head.
3. Apply electrical loading of 500 watts. We see that the speed of propeller decreases.
Note this speed, vacuum pressure gauge reading and head over notch
simultaneously record generator current and voltage.
4. To calculate electrical o/p power, note down the time taken for 5
rotations/revolutions of energy meter.
5. Calculate the full parameters from the obtained data.
 Quantity of water through turbine (Q)
 Hydraulic I/p power
 Hydraulic o/p power and
 Turbine efficiency
6. Repeat the trial by applying load in increments of 500 watts. Again speed
correspondingly reduces. Note down the required data as in the first trial.
7. Tabulate all readings and calculate efficiency of the turbine.

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 20 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Observation:

Inlet diameter of Orifice meter d1 = 250 mm

Throat diameter of Orifice meter d2 = 150 mm
Efficiency of the generator g = 0.75
Specific weight of water w = 9810 N/m3
Inlet area of Orifice meter a1 = 0.05 m2
Orifice area a2 = 0.0176 m2
Co-efficient of discharge = 0.62

Formulae:

Discharge = Q = Cd a1a2√ 2ghw m3/sec

√ a12-a22

Input to Turbine = IP = wQH kw

1000

Output of Turbine = OP = V*I kw

1000*g

Efficiency = T = OP * 100 %
IP

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 21 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Tabular Column: -

Pressure Head Across Orifice meter

Head on Voltmeter Ammeter
Sl gauge reading
Turbine Reading in Reading in
No (P)
H = P*10 m h1 in h2 in h=(h1- h2)*10 Volts Amps
kg/cm2
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 in m

Applied Input Power Output Power

Discharge Efficiency of Turbine
load in RPM kw kw
m3/Sec (%)
Watts

Graph: Efficiency v/s Discharge

Efficiency v/s RPM
Output Power v/s Discharge
Output Power v/s RPM

Conclusion:

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 22 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 10 Date:

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim: - To study the performance of single stage centrifugal pump and the characteristic
curves.

Theory: - Centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating within a casing; the impeller
is made up of a number of curved vanes which are supported on both sides by plates
known as shrouds. Fluid enters the impeller in the central portion, flows radically
outward and discharges around the entire circumference of the casing. During flow
through the rotating impeller the fluid receives energy from the vanes, then resulting in
an increase in both pressure and absolute velocity. Since a large part of the energy of
fluid having the impeller is kinetic it is necessary to reduce the absolute velocity and
transform the large portion of the velocity head into pressure head. This is accomplished
in the volute casing surrounding the impeller. Centrifugal pump are self-primed to
initiate priming action.

Apparatus:

1. Centrifugal pump with an electric motor drive (constant speed).

2. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves.
3. Vacuum and pressure gauges on pump suction and discharge connections.
4. Venturimeter to measure the flow rate.
5. An energy meter to measure the input power to the motor.

SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 23 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Procedure:

1. Priming of the pump is required initially.

2. Switch on the motor with the discharge valve fully closed.
3. Keep the speed steady and increase the flow rate in stages by means of a flow
control valve.
4. For each valve position record the following readings:
 Vacuum Gauge reading G,
 Pressure reading P,
 Rise of water level L in the measuring tank for certain period t sec.,
 Time taken t in sec. for K revolution of the energy meter disc.

Observation:

Inlet diameter of Venturi meter d1 = 65 mm

Throat diameter of Venturi meter d2 = 37 mm
Energy meter constant K = 400 rev/kwh
Density of Mercury Hg = 13600 kg/ m3
Density of Water w = 1000 kg/ m3
Specific weight of water w = 9810 N/m3
Mechanical Efficiency of motor motor = 0.75
Inlet area of Venturi meter a1 = 0.00331 m2
Throat area of Venturi meter a2 = 0.001075 m2

Calculations:

Water head = hw = (h1-h2) Hg – 1

1000 w

Discharge = Q = a1a2√ 2ghw m3/sec

√ a12-a22

Total Head = [Delivery head + suction head] * 10

HT = [Hd + (Hs /760)] * 10 m

Input Power IP = N*3600 * motor kw

k*t

Output Power OP = wQHT kw

1000

Efficiency p = OP * 100 %
IP

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 24 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Tabular Column: -

Manometer Reading
across venture meter in
Vaccum gauge mm Time taken
Sl Delivery head Discharge Q
reading for 10 rev of
No kg/cm2 m3/Sec
mm of Hg E M in sec
h1 h2 h1- h2

Total Head Output Power

Input Power kw Efficiency %
HT m kw

Graphs: Discharge versus Total Head

Discharge versus Efficiency

Conclusion: -

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 25 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 11 Date:

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim: - To study the performance of multi stage centrifugal pump and the characteristic
curves.

Theory: - Centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating within a casing; the impeller
is made up of a number of curved vanes which are supported on both sides by plates
known as shrouds. Fluid enters the impeller in the central portion, flows radically
outward and discharges around the entire circumference of the casing. During flow
through the rotating impeller the fluid centrifuge receives energy from the vanes, then
resulting in an increase in both pressure and absolute velocity. Since a large part of the
energy of fluid having the impeller is kinetic it is necessary to reduce the absolute
velocity and transform the large portion of the velocity head into pressure head. This is
accomplished in the volute casing surrounding the impeller. In Multistage series pump
the water from the first casing & sent to the second casing mounted in the same shaft if
impeller increase the heat of water.

Apparatus:
1. Centrifugal pump with an electric motor drive (constant speed).
2. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves.
3. Vacuum and pressure gauges on pump suction and discharge connections.
4. Venturimeter to measure the flow rate.
5. An energy meter to measure the input power to the motor.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 26 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Procedure:

1. Priming of the pump is required initially.

2. Switch on the motor with the discharge valve fully closed.
3. Keep the speed steady and increase the flow rate in stages by means of a flow
control valve.
4. For each valve position record the following readings:
 Vacuum Gauge reading G,
 Pressure reading P,
 Rise of water level L in the measuring tank for certain period t sec.,
 Time taken t in sec. For K revolution of the energy meter disc.

Observation:

Inlet diameter of Venturi meter d1 = 50 mm

Throat diameter of Venturi meter d2 = 28 mm
Energy meter constant K = 150 rev/kwh
Density of Mercury Hg = 13600 kg/ m3
Density of Water w = 1000 kg/ m3
Specific weight of water w = 9810 N/m3
Number of Revolutions of Energy meter disc = N = 10 rev
Mechanical Efficiency of motor motor = 0.75
Inlet area of Venturi meter a1 = 0.00196 m2
Throat area of Venturi meter a2 = 0.0006158 m2

Calculations:

Water head = hw = (h1-h2) Hg –1

1000 w

Discharge = Q = a1a2√ 2ghw m3/sec

√ a12-a22

Total Head = [Delivery head + suction head] * 10

HT = [Hd + (Hs /760)] * 10 m

Input Power IP = N*3600 * motor kw

k*t
Output Power OP = wQHT kw
1000
Mechanical Efficiency of pump = p = OP * 100 %
IP

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 27 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Tabular Column:

Manometer Reading
across venture meter in
Vaccum gauge Time taken
Sl Delivery head mm Discharge Q
reading for 10 rev of
No kg/cm2 m3/Sec
mm of Hg E M in sec
h1 h2 h1- h2

Total Head Output Power

Input Power kw Efficiency %
HT m kw

Graphs: Discharge versus Total Head

Discharge versus Efficiency

Conclusion: -

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 28 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 12 Date:

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

Aim: - To find the performance of a double acting reciprocating pump & to find the co-
efficient of discharge, slip % age slip & volumetric efficiency

Theory: - The figure shows a double acting-reciprocating pump. The crank is rotated by
means of an electric motor. Suction and delivery pipes with suction and delivery valves
are fitted to the cylinder. When the crank rotates, the piston moves to and fro in the
cylinder. When the piston is in extreme right position, partial vacuum is created on the
left side of the cylinder and water is sucked in to the left side of the cylinder. When the
piston is in extreme left position, water is filled into the right side of the cylinder. During
movement of piston from one end to the other, there are 2 strokes i.e., one suction
stroke and one delivery stroke.

Apparatus:

1. Reciprocating pump with an electric motor drive.

2. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves.
3. Vacuum and pressure gauges on pump suction and discharge connections.
4. Measuring tank and stop watch to measure the flow rate.
5. An energy meter to measure the input power to the motor.

Procedure: -

1. Prime the pump first. Switch on the motor with the discharge valve fully opened.
2. Keep the speed steady and decrease the flow rate in stages rate in stages by means
of a flow control valve
3. For each position record the following readings.
a. Vacuum gauge reading G
b. Pressure gauge reading P
c. Rise of water level L in the measuring tank in certain period of time t sec
d. Speed N in rpm
e. Time taken t in sec. for K revolution of the energy meter disc.

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 29 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Observation:

Cylinder bore d = 0.05m

Stroke length L = 3.1*10-2m
Area of measuring tank AT = 0.125m2
Energy meter constant K = 3000 rev/kwh
Number of Revolutions of Energy meter disc N = 5 rev
Area of bore A = 1.96*10-3 m2
Mechanical Efficiency of motor motor = 0.75

Formulae:

Actual Discharge = Qact = AT * L m3/sec

T

Total Head = [Delivery head + suction head] * 10

HT = [Hd + (Hs /760)] * 10 m

Input Power IP = N*3600 * motor kw

k*t

Output Power OP = wQHT kw

1000
Mechanical Efficiency = m = OP * 100 %
IP
Theoretical Discharge = Qth = 2ALN m3/sec
60

Volumetric Efficiency = V = Qact *100 %

Qth

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 30 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Tabular Column:

Time taken for

Time taken for 10
Sl Speed Vacuum gauge reading Pressure gauge 10 cm raise of
rev of E M (t) in
No in rpm in mm of Hg reading kg/ cm2 water in sec
sec
ttank

Theoretical Total Output

Actual Dicharge Input Mechanical Volumetric
Discharge Head Power
m3/Sec Power kw Efficiency % Efficiency %
m3/Sec HT m kw

Graph: Actual Discharge versus Volumetric Efficiency

Actual Discharge versus Mechanical Efficiency

Conclusion:-

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 31 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 13 Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST OF TWO – STAGE RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

Aim: Determine the volumetric efficiency and isothermal efficiency of air compressor at
various delivery pressures.

Procedure:

1. Close the control valve (or) delivery valve.

2. Start the compressor.
3. When the compressor develops the pressure, adjust the control valve and maintain a
constant delivery pressure.
4. Note down the following readings.

a) Delivery Pressure Pd, Bar

b) Speed of the compressor N, rpm
c) Manometer reading h, cms of water
d) Time for 5 rev. of energy meter disc T, secs
e) Room temperature T c

5. Repeat the same procedure for various delivery pressures and tabulate the values

Observation:

Bore diameter of compressor D = 90 mm

Stroke length L = 120 mm
Orifice Diameter d = 20mm

Density of air a = 1.293 kg/ m3

Density of Water w = 1000 kg/ m3
Energy meter constant k = 150 rev/kwh
Number of Revolutions of Energy meter disc N = 10 rev
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 32 V SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Area of Orifice A = 0.0003142 m 2

Throat area of bore Ab = 0.006362 m2

Formulae:

Air head = ha = hw w –1

1000 a
Actual volume = Va = CdA√2gha m3
Swept Volume = Vs = ∏d2*L*N m3
4*60

Volumetric Efficiency = v = Va * 100 %

Vs

Input Power = IP = N*3600 * m kw

k*t
Discharge = Q = A*V m3/Sec [V = √2gh]

Tabular Column:

Pressure Gauge Temp in oC

Manometer Energy meter
Sl Discharge
Reading (h2-h1) reading for 10
No m3/Sec
P1 in P2 in mm pulse time
T1 T2 T3 T4
kg/cm2 kg/cm2

Swept
Actual Volume Speed Input Power
Volume Volumetric Efficiency %
m3 RPM kw
m3

Graphs: Actual volume versus Volumetric Efficiency

Theoretical volume versus Volumetric Efficiency

Conclusion:

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 33 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
Experiment No: 14 Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON AN AIR BLOWER

Aim: To conduct the test on Air blower and to determine overall efficiency at different
gate openings.

Procedure:

1. Close the control valve (or) gate valve.

2. Start the blower.
3. Adjust the control valve for specified positions: [1/4, 1/2, 3/4, Full Gate]
4. Note down the following readings.

a. Position of the gate valve

b. Manometer reading
c. Time for 5 rev. of energy meter disc
d. Room temperature

5. Repeat the same procedure for different gate openings and tabulate the values

Observation:

Diameter of duct D = 105mm

Area of duct A = 0.00866m2
Density of air air = 1.29 kg/ m3
Density of mercury Hg = 13600 kg/ m3
Density of mercury w = 1000 kg/ m3
Energy meter constant K = 3200 Rev/Kwh
Specific weight of air w = 12.65 N/m3
Motor Efficiency motor = 0.75
Pitot Constant = 8

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 34 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

Formulae:

Suction head = Hs = (H1-H2) Hg –1 m

a
Velocity =V = √2ghw m3/Sec

Water Head = hw = (h1-h2) w – 1 m

a

Discharge = Q = A*V m3/sec

Input Power = IP = N*3600 * motor kw

k*t

Output Power OP = wQhw kw

1000

Efficiency = m = OP * 100 %
IP

Tabular Column:

Manometer head at Manometer Reading in

Speed in suction duct Energy meter reading for
Sl No
Rpm H1 H2 (H1-H2) h1 h2 (h1-h2) 10 pulse time
mm mm mm mm mm mm
Full
Open

3/4th

1/2

1/4

Output Power
Suction Head m Water Head m Discharge m3/Sec Input Power kw Efficiency %
kw

Graph: RPM versus Discharge

Discharge versus Efficiency

Conclusion:

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 35 V SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a notch? Give the classification of notch.

2. What are the advantages of triangular notch over a rectangular notch?

3. Explain ventilation of notch.

4. Differentiate between notch and mouthpiece

5. Give the practical applications of Bernoulli’s theorem.

6. Descibe Venturi meter.

7. What are the two types of loses. List them in brief

8. Define friction loss and derive an equation for the same

9. Classify the types of flow based on Reynolds number.

10. Define hydraulic coefficients and bring out the expression between them.

11. Derive an expression for flow through a mouthpiece.

12. Explain impulse momentum equation.

13. What is priming of the pump?

14. Differntiate single stage and multistage pumps?

15. What is an axial flow turbine?

16. Why is gauge correction provided in centrifugal pump?

17. What is the difference between a pump and a turbine?

18. Explain the role of penstock in a hydropower plant?

19. What are the types of rain gauges?

20. How is efficiency of a Pelton wheel determined?

21. What are the types of pumps?

22. Define specific weight, mass density, specific gravity of fluids.

23. Differentiate between absolute pressure, gauge pressure and vacuum pressure

24. What are total pressure and centre of pressure?

25. What is priming of pumps and how it is done

26. What are draft tubes and what are its functions.

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB – 17MEL57 36 V SEMESTER