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Common Symbols Used in Set Theory: Symbol Meaning Example

The document defines common symbols used in set theory and provides examples of their meanings. It lists set symbols like {}, ∪, ∩, ⊆, ⊂, which represent operations like union, intersection, subset, and proper subset. Other symbols presented include complement (Ac), difference (A-B), element of (a∈A), and not element of (a∉A). Cardinality (|A|) and the power set (P(A)) are also defined. Common algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric symbols are outlined as well to save time and space when writing mathematical expressions and definitions.

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83 views3 pages

Common Symbols Used in Set Theory: Symbol Meaning Example

The document defines common symbols used in set theory and provides examples of their meanings. It lists set symbols like {}, ∪, ∩, ⊆, ⊂, which represent operations like union, intersection, subset, and proper subset. Other symbols presented include complement (Ac), difference (A-B), element of (a∈A), and not element of (a∉A). Cardinality (|A|) and the power set (P(A)) are also defined. Common algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric symbols are outlined as well to save time and space when writing mathematical expressions and definitions.

Uploaded by

Kpsmurugesan Kpsm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Common Symbols Used in Set Theory

Symbols save time and space when writing. Here are the most common set symbols

In the examples C = {1,2,3,4} and D = {3,4,5}

Symbol Meaning Example


{} Set: a collection of elements {1,2,3,4}
A∪B Union: in A or B (or both) C ∪ D = {1,2,3,4,5}
A∩B Intersection: in both A and B C ∩ D = {3,4}
A ⊆ B Subset: A has some (or all) elements of B {3,4,5} ⊆ D
A ⊂ B Proper Subset: A has some elements of B {3,5} ⊂ D
A⊄B Not a Subset: A is not a subset of B {1,6} ⊄ C
A ⊇ B Superset: A has same elements as B, or more {1,2,3} ⊇ {1,2,3}
A ⊃ B Proper Superset: A has B's elements and more {1,2,3,4} ⊃ {1,2,3}
A⊅B Not a Superset: A is not a superset of B {1,2,6} ⊅ {1,9}
Dc = {1,2,6,7}
Ac Complement: elements not in A
When = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
A−B Difference: in A but not in B {1,2,3,4} − {3,4} = {1,2}
a∈A Element of: a is in A 3 ∈ {1,2,3,4}
b∉A Not element of: b is not in A 6 ∉ {1,2,3,4}
∅ Empty set = {} {1,2} ∩ {3,4} = Ø
Universal Set: set of all possible values
(in the area of interest)

P(A) Power Set: all subsets of A P({1,2}) = { {}, {1}, {2}, {1,2} }
A=B Equality: both sets have the same members {3,4,5} = {5,3,4}
Cartesian Product {1,2} × {3,4}
A×B
(set of ordered pairs from A and B) = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4)}
|A| Cardinality: the number of elements of set A |{3,4}| = 2

| Such that { n | n > 0 } = {1,2,3,...}


: Such that { n : n > 0 } = {1,2,3,...}
∀ For All ∀x>1, x2>x
∃ There Exists ∃ x | x2>x
∴ Therefore a=b ∴ b=a

Natural Numbers {1,2,3,...} or {0,1,2,3,...}

Integers {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

Rational Numbers
Algebraic Numbers

Real Numbers

Imaginary Numbers 3i

Complex Numbers 2 + 5i

Symbols save time and space when writing. Here are the most common algebraic symbols:

Symbol Meaning Example


+ add 3+7 = 10
− subtract 5−2 = 3
× multiply 4×3 = 12
multiply (as "×" can look like "x") 4·3 = 12
/ divide 20/5 = 4

square root ("radical") √4 = 2

cube root

nth root

() grouping symbols (round brackets) 2(a−3)


[] grouping symbols (square brackets) 2[ a−3(b+c) ]
{} set symbols (curly brackets) {1,2,3}
= equals 1+1 = 2
approximately equal to π 3.14
≠ not equal to π≠2
<≤ less than, less than or equal to 2<3
>≥ greater than, greater than or equal to 5>1
implies (if ... then) a and b are odd a+b is even
"if and only if" or iff or "is equivalent to" x=y+1 y=x−1
Therefore a=b b=a
! Factorial 4! = 4×3×2×1 = 24

Symbols save time and space when writing. Here are the most common geometrical symbols:

Symbol Meaning Example In Words


Triangle ABC has 3 Triangle ABC has three equal sides
equal sides
Angle ABC is 45° The angle formed by ABC is 45 degrees.

Perpendicular AB CD The line AB is perpendicular to line CD

Parallel EF GH The line EF is parallel to line GH

Degrees 360° 360 degrees (a full rotation!)

Right Angle (90°) is 90° A right angle is 90 degrees

Line Segment "AB" AB The line segment between A and B

Line "AB" The infinite line that includes A and B


The line that starts at A, goes through B
Ray "AB"
and continues on
Congruent (same shape Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle
ABC DEF
and size) DEF
Similar (same shape, Triangle DEF is similar to triangle
DEF MNO
different size) MNO
Therefore a=b b=a a equals b, therefore b equals a

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