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Conventions in Mathematics

This document defines commonly used symbols in mathematics across several categories including sets and logic, basic operations and relations, and sets of numbers. It provides the symbol, name, meaning, and an example for each. Some key symbols defined include set operations like union and intersection, logical symbols like implies and if and only if, relational symbols like equal, greater than, and less than, and number sets like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers.

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49 views2 pages

Conventions in Mathematics

This document defines commonly used symbols in mathematics across several categories including sets and logic, basic operations and relations, and sets of numbers. It provides the symbol, name, meaning, and an example for each. Some key symbols defined include set operations like union and intersection, logical symbols like implies and if and only if, relational symbols like equal, greater than, and less than, and number sets like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers.

Uploaded by

CLARISSA MIRANDA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conventions in Mathematics, Some Commonly Used Symbols, Its Meaning, And An Example

• Sets and Logic


SYMBOL NAME MEANING EXAMPLE

∪ Union Union of set A and set B 𝐴∪𝐵

∩ Intersection Intersection of set A and set B 𝐴∩𝐵

∈ Element x is an element of A 𝑥∈𝐴

∉ Not an element of x is not an element of set A 𝑥∉𝐴

{} A set of.. A set of an element {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 }

⊂ Subset A is a subset of B 𝐴⊂𝐵

⊄ Not a subset of A is not a subset of B 𝐴⊄𝐵


There are still other items to
… Ellipses 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, …
follow
⋀ Conjunction A and B 𝐴⋀𝐵

⋁ Disjunction A or B 𝐴⋁𝐵

∼ Negation Not A ∼𝐴
Implies (If-then
→ If A, then B 𝐴→𝐵
statement)
↔ If and only if A if and only if B 𝐴↔𝐵

∀ For all For all x ∀𝑥

∃ There exist There exists an x ∃𝑥

∴ Therefore Therefore C ∴𝐶

| Such that x such that y 𝑥|𝑦

∎ End of proof ∎
Congruence / A is equivalent to B 𝐴≡𝐵
≡
equivalent a is congruent to b modulo n 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑛
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … 𝑧 Variables (𝑎𝑥0 )𝑝 (5𝑥2 )6
• Basic Operations and Relational Symbols
SYMBOL NAME MEANING EXAMPLE
a plus b
+ Addition; Plus sign a added by b 𝑎+𝑏
a increased by b
a subtracted by b
− Subtraction; minus sign a minus b 𝑎−𝑏
a diminished by b
𝑎∙𝑏
∙ a multiply by b
Multiplication sign 𝑎 (𝑏 )
() a times b
𝑎𝑏
÷ the quotient of a and b 𝑎÷𝑏
Division sign; divides
/ a divided by b 𝑎/𝑏
∘ Composition of function f of g of x 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥)
a is equal to b 𝑎=𝑏
= Equal sign
b plus a equals a plus b 𝑏+𝑎 = 𝑎+𝑏
≠ Not equal to a is not equal to b 𝑎≠𝑏

> Greater than a is greater than b 𝑎>𝑏

< Less than a is less than b 𝑎<𝑏

≥ Greater than or equal to a is greater than or equal to b 𝑎≥𝑏

≤ Less than or equal to a is less than or equal to b 𝑎≤𝑏

∗ Binary operation a function mapping 𝐴 𝑥𝐴 → 𝐴 𝑎∗𝑏

• Set of Numbers
SYMBOL NAME MEANING EXAMPLE
natural numbers / whole
ℕ0 ℕ0 = {0,1,2,3,4, … } 0 ∈ ℕ0
numbers set (with zero)
natural numbers / whole
ℕ1 numbers set (without ℕ1 = {1,2,3,4, … } 6 ∈ ℕ1
zero)
ℤ integer numbers set ℤ = {… , −2, −1,0,1,2, … } −9 ∈ ℤ
𝑎
ℚ rational numbers set ℚ = {𝑥|𝑥 = 𝑏 , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 0} 2/6 ∈ ℚ

ℝ real numbers set ℝ = {𝑥| − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞} 3.14 ∈ ℝ


ℂ complex numbers set ℂ = {𝑥|𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, −∞ < 𝑎 < ∞, −∞ < 𝑏 < ∞} 7 + 3𝑖 ∈ ℂ

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