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Lec2.Velocity and Acceleration by Egnr. Wendhel Q.L

1) The document discusses resultant velocity and acceleration in fluid flows. Velocity has components u, v, and w in the x, y, and z directions, respectively, which are functions of space and time. 2) Total acceleration has components ax, ay, and az, which are calculated using the chain rule of differentiation and the velocity components. 3) For steady flow, the time derivative of the velocity components is zero, simplifying the acceleration equations. 4) Local acceleration is the time derivative of velocity at a point, while convective acceleration is the rate of change due to particle movement. 5) Sample problems demonstrate calculating velocity and acceleration vectors at points using given velocity component equations.

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james Principe
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136 views34 pages

Lec2.Velocity and Acceleration by Egnr. Wendhel Q.L

1) The document discusses resultant velocity and acceleration in fluid flows. Velocity has components u, v, and w in the x, y, and z directions, respectively, which are functions of space and time. 2) Total acceleration has components ax, ay, and az, which are calculated using the chain rule of differentiation and the velocity components. 3) For steady flow, the time derivative of the velocity components is zero, simplifying the acceleration equations. 4) Local acceleration is the time derivative of velocity at a point, while convective acceleration is the rate of change due to particle movement. 5) Sample problems demonstrate calculating velocity and acceleration vectors at points using given velocity component equations.

Uploaded by

james Principe
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VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

RESULTANT VELOCITY
Let V be the resultant velocity at
any point in a fluid flow. Let u, v and
w be its components in x, y and z 𝒖 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
directions, respectively. The velocity 𝒗 = 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
components are functions of space- 𝒘 = 𝒇𝟑 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
coordinates and time.
Mathematically, the velocity
components are given as:
RESULTANT VELOCITY

𝑽 = 𝒖𝒊 + 𝒗𝒋 + 𝒘𝒌 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐
TOTAL ACCELERATION

Let ax, ay, and az be the total acceleration in x, y and z


directions, respectively. Then by chain rule of differentiation,
we have
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = + + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
TOTAL ACCELERATION

But
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑢, = 𝑣, = 𝑤.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Thus,
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 + 𝐸𝑞. 2.1(𝑎)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
TOTAL ACCELERATION

Similarly,
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 + 𝐸𝑞. 2.1(𝑏)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 + 𝐸𝑞. 2.1(𝑐)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
TOTAL ACCELERATION

𝝏𝑽
For steady flow, = 𝟎 , where V is resultant velocity (or
𝝏𝒕
velocity at any direction), therefore,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= 0, = 0, =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
TOTAL ACCELERATION

Hence, acceleration in x, y and z directions becomes


𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 𝐸𝑞. 2.2(𝑎)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 𝐸𝑞. 2.2(𝑏)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 𝐸𝑞. 2.2(𝑐)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
TOTAL ACCELERATION

Acceleration vector (A) is expressed as

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 𝐸𝑞. 2.3(𝑎)

𝐴= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2 𝐸𝑞. 2.3(𝑏)
LOCAL ACCELERATION AND
CONVECTIVE ACCELERATION

Local acceleration is defined as the rate of increase


of velocity with respect to time at a given point in a
flow field. In the equation given by equations 2.1a,
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘
2.1b and 2.1c, the expression , , or is known as
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
local acceleration.
LOCAL ACCELERATION AND
CONVECTIVE ACCELERATION

Convective acceleration is defined as the rate of


change of velocity due to the change of position of
fluid particles in a fluid flow. The expressions other
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘
than , , and in equations 2.1a, 2.1b and 2.1c
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
are known as convective acceleration.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Problem 2.1. The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given as


𝑉 = 4𝑥 3 𝑖 − 10𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑡𝑘
Find the resultant velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle at
(2,1,3) at time t=1.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Given: Sol’n:
u = 4x3 x=2 compute for the value of u, v and w
v = -10x2y y = 1 u = 4 x (2)3 = 32 units
w = 2t z=3 v = -10 x (2)2 x 1 = -40 units
t=1 w = 2 x 1 = 2 units
Find: a. V b. A Velocity vector V at (2,1,3) = 32i - 40j + 2k

𝑉= 322 + (−40)2 +22 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔


SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Now from velocity components, we have
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 12𝑥 2 , = 0, = 0 and =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= −20𝑥𝑦, = −10𝑥 2 , = 0 and =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= 0, = 0, = 0 and =2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Substituting these values, the acceleration components at
(2,1,3) at t=1 are
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
= 4𝑥 3 12𝑥 2 + −10𝑥 2 𝑦 0 + 2𝑡 0 + 0
= 48𝑥 5 = 48 25
= 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
= 4𝑥 3 −20𝑥𝑦 + −10𝑥 2 𝑦 −10𝑥 2 + 2𝑡 0 + 0
= −80𝑥 4 𝑦 + 100𝑥 4 𝑦
= −80 24 1 + 100 24 1
= 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
= 4𝑥 3 0 + −10𝑥 2 𝑦 0 + 2𝑡 0 + 2
= 𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Acceleration vector A at (2,1,3) = 1536i + 320j + 2k


𝐴= 15362 + 3202 + 22 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2.2. The following cases represent the two velocity
components, determine the third component of velocity
such that they satisfy the continuity equation:

(i) 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ; 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦
(ii) 𝑣 = 2𝑦 2 ; 𝑤 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Sol’n: The continuity equation for incompressible fluid is given
by equation 1.9:
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘
+ + =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Case (i).
2 2 2
𝜕𝑢
𝑢 =𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 ∴ = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 ∴ = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Substituting these values in continuity equation,
2
𝜕𝑤
2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝑥 + =0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤
= −3𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑧
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Integration of both sides gives

න 𝑑𝑤 = න(−3𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧

𝑧3
𝑤 = −3𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + +𝐶
3
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Where C (constant of integration) cannot be a function
of z but it can be a function of x and y that is f(x,y).
𝒛𝟑
𝒘 = −𝟑𝒙𝒛 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 + + 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝟑
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Case (ii).

2
𝜕𝑣
𝑣 = 2𝑦 ∴ = 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤
𝑤 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 ∴ = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Substituting these values in continuity equation,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 4𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 = −4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

න 𝑑𝑢 = න(−4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝒖 = −𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒇(𝒚, 𝒛)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2.3. A fluid flow field is given by
𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘
Prove that it is a case of possible steady incompressible
fluid flow. Also, calculate the velocity and acceleration
at point (2,1,3).
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Sol’n: For the given fluid flow field
2
𝜕𝑢
𝑢=𝑥 𝑦 ∴ = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑦2𝑧 ∴ = 2𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤
𝑤 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 2 ∴ = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑧
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
For a case of possible steady incompressible fluid flow, the
continuity equation 1.9 should be satisfied,
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘
+ + =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
Substituting the values,
2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 = 0
Hence, 𝑽 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒊 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒋 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌 is a possible case of
steady incompressible fluid flow.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Velocity at (2,1,3)
𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘
= 22 1 𝑖 + 12 3 𝑗 − 2 2 1 3 + 1 32 𝑘
= 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟐𝟏𝒌

𝑉= 42 + 32 + (−21)2 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔


SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Acceleration at (2,1,3)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥𝑦, = 𝑥 2, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 0, = 2𝑦𝑧, = 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= −2𝑦𝑧, = −2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧 2 , = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑥 2 + −2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 2 0
= 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 2(2)3 (1)2 + 2 2
1 2
3
= 𝟐𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 0 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 2𝑦𝑧 + −2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑦 2
= 2𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 − 𝑦 3 𝑧 2
=2 1 3 3 2−2 2 1 3 3 − 1 3
3 2

= −𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 −2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 −2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + −2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 2 −2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧
= −2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 3
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 3
=2 2 2 1 2 3 +4 2 1 2 3 2+ 1 2 3 3
= 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝐴 = 𝟐𝟖𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝒌

𝐴= 282 + (−3)2 +1232 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

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