Complete and detailed discussion of the formulas and

principles
Over 800 solved and supplementary problems
AUseful tables and conversion factors
• With index for easy access to topics in the book
Includes recent board examination questions
-~-------~~~---~--~~ - -- - - -- -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface .. ........................................................ ................................. vii

Dedication .................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER 1
Properties of Fluid ..................... ............................................ :....... 1
Types of Fluid ........................................... .......................................... 1
Mass Density .............................................. ........................................ 2
SpL'Cific Volume ................................................................................. 3
Unit Weight or Specific Weight ...................................................... 3
Specific Gravity ................................................................................. 4
Viscosity ............................................................................, ................ 4
Kinentatic Viscosity ..................................................................... 5
Surface Tension ....................................................~ ............................ 6
To my mother Iluminada, Capillarity .......................................................................................... 7
my wife Imelda, Compressibility ..................................................... ............................ 8
and our Children Kim Deunice, Pressure Disturbances ...................................................................... 9
Ken Dainiel, Property Changes in Ideal Gas ...................._. .................................. 9
and Kq.rla Denise \ 'upor Pressure ................................................................................ 10
SOLVFD PROBLEMS .......................................................... 11to23
SUPPLEMJ:NTARY PROBLEMS ...................................... 24 to 26

CHAPTER 2
Principles of Hydrostatics .......................................................... 27
·unit Pressure ................... ................................................................ 27
Pascal's La \V . ................. ................................ .... ................ .... ........... 27
Absolute and Gage Pressures .................... .................................... 29
Variations in Pressure.. .. .............. ............................................ 31
Pressure below La> ers of Different Liquids .... .. ..................... 32
Pressure Hea9 .. ............ ............... ............. ........................ 33
Manometerc:; ............ ... ........ . .: ............. .. .............................. 34
SOLVFn PROBI l Ms...... .. ........................................35 to 68
"UPPL'EMENT ARY PROBLEMS ................................... 69 to 72
 - -

- - - - - - - - -- - - - -- -
--
---- -
~

II TABLE OF CONTENTS r ABLE OF CONTENTS 111

CHAPTER 3 HAPTER 5
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces ......................................... 73 11mlamentals of Fluid Flow ................... ................................. 241
Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface ................................... 73 I)ischarge ......................................................................··················· 241
Properties of Common Geometric Shapes .............................. 76 Definition of Terms ....................................................................... 241
Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface ..: ............................. 78 I~nergy and Head .......................................................................... 244
Power and Efficiency .................................................... :............... 245
Dams ............. :............ :...................................................................... 81 Bernoulli's Energy Theorem ........................................................ 246
Types of DanlS ............................................................................ 81 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines ........................................... 248
Analysis of Gravity Dams ......................................................... 84 SOLVED PROBLEMS ...................................................... 250 to 273
Buoyancy ................................... ....................................................... 88 SUPPLEMENT ARY PROBLEMS .................................. 274 to 276
Archimedes' Principles ............................................................. 88
Statical Stability of Floating Bodies .............................................. 90
Stress on Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels ...................................... 96
Cylindrical Tank ......................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 6
Spherical Shell ............................................................................ 98 I l11id Flow Measurement ........ ..... ............................................ 277
Wood Stave Pipes ....................................................................... 98 . c oeff"ic1en
D ev1ce . ts ...................................................... ·.. ·············· 277
SOLVED PROBLEMS ........................................................ 99to195 . · M
H ead 1ost m easurmg . D evn::es ·. ....... ......................................... . 2/l)
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS .................................. 196 to 200 Orifice ..................................................................................... ········ 281
Values of H f or Vanous . c ond"1tions . ...................................... -'18'.1-
Contraction of the Jet ............................................................... 284
Orifice under Low Heads ......................................................... 285
CHAPTER 4 Venturi Meter ...................................................................... ·· ···· ·· ·· 285
Relative Equilibrium of Liquids ............. ............................ .'.... 201 Nozzle ............................................................................................. 287
Rectilinear Translation ................................................................. 201 Pi tot Tube ............................................................................. ·· ···· ·· ·· 288
Horizontal Motion ................................................................... 201 Gates ............................................................................................... 290
Inclined Motion ........................................................................ 202 Tubes ................................................................................................ 291
Vertical Motion ................... ..................................................... 203 Unsteady Flow (Orifice) ............................................................... 294
Rotation .......................................................................................... 203 Weir ................................................................................................. 297
Volume of Paraboloid ............................... ....................... ........ 205 Classification of Weirs ............................................................. 297
Liquid Surface Conditions ...................................................... 206 Rectangular Weir ......... ,............................................................ 298
SOLVED PROBLEMS ...................................................... 210 to 240 Contracted Rectangular Weirs ...... .......... :......................... 301
Triangular Weirs ...................................................................... 301
Trapezoidal Weirs .................................................................... 304
Cipolletti Weir ..................................................................... 30-l
Suttro Weir ................................................................................ 305
 JV TABLE OF CONTENTS f ABLE OF CONTENTS v

Submerged Weir ....................................................................... 305 HAPTER 8

Unsteady Flow .......... ,............................................................... 306 pen Channe1 . .... .. .... .. .. .. ... ... . .. ... . ..... ................. ........................
, 48 1
481
SOLVED PROBLEMS ...................................................... 307 to 371 Specific Energy ........................ .............................. ..........·············· 482
SUPPLEMENT ARY PROBLEMS ................................... 372 to 374 Chezy Formu1a ····· .....:..... ... ....... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... .... ... .. ......................... 483
Kutter and Gungmllet Formula ........................................... ..
. F ormula .................................... .. .............................. 483
M anrung
Bazm. FormuIa ... ··· .. ··· ......... ·· ............. ·......... .............................. 483 484
CHAPTER 7 . ............. ·· .... ·· ·· ·... ··· ···· ... ··· ·· ····· .. ..................... .
Powell E quat ion
Fluid Flow in Pipes.'. .'. ...:··················· ········································· 375 · . Flow ........................... ._............ ........................................ 4485
Uruform 85
Definitions .......................................................................... ;........... 375 Boundary Shear Stress ................................................................. :
Reynolds Number ......................................................................... 376 NormaIDep th ...................................... .......................................
· . 486
486
Velocity Distribution in Pipes ..................................................... 377 Most Efficient Sections ................ ··· ······ .. ··...... ·· ·· ·· ···· .. ··· ·· ··· ···· ·· .. ··
Shearing Stress in Pipes ............................................................... 379 Proportions for Most Efficient Sections .. ····..... ············.. ······· 4 ~;
Head Losses in Pipe Flow ............................................................ 381 RectanguIar Secti.o n ................... ·.. ··.. ··········......................... 4
Major Head Loss ...................................................................... 381 T rapezo1'da ISec ti'on ..................................... ......................... 437 89
Darcy-Weisbach Formula................................................... 381 . 1 s ti'
Triangu ar ec on ..................... ·· .. ············ .......................... 4
Value of/.......................................................................... 382 . Iar Sec ti'ens........................................ ............................... 490
Cuen
Moody Diagram .............................................................. 384 Velocity Distribution in Open Channel ..................................... 491
Manning Formula ............................................................... 385 Alternate Stages . of Flow ................................... ........................... 491
Haz'e n Williams Formula ................................................... 386 Frou d e N umb er.............................................. .......................... 492 92
Minor Head Loss ...................................................................... 387 · · ID ep th ...... ...... ... ....... .. ... ..... ..... .... .. ................................. 4495
Cntica
Sudden Enlargement .......................................................... 388 Non-Uniform or Varied Flow .....................................................
Gradual Enlargement ......................................................... 388 I Iydraulic Jump ............................................................................. 497 500
Sudden Contraction ............................................................ 388 Flow around Channel Bends ....··· ... ·......................... ·· ... ··· .... ·· .... ·
Bends and Standard Fittings.............................................. 390 SOLVED PROBLEMS ..................................................... .501to547
Pipe Discharging from Reservoir ............................................... 390 SUPPLEMENT ARY PROBLEMs ................................. .547 to 550
L

Pipe Connecting Two Reservoirs ................................................ 391

Pipes in Series and Parallel.. .............. ., ......................................... 392
Equivalent Pipe ............................................................................. '394
Reservoir Problems ....................................................................... 394
Pipe Networks ............................................................................... 398
SOLVED PROBLEMS ..................................................... .400 to 476
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS ..................................477 to 480
 FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 1

CHAPTER9
Hydrodynamics ..............................................................~ .......... 551
Force against Fixed Flat Plates .................................................... 551
Chapter 1
Force against Fixed Curved Vanes ............................................. 553
Force against Moving Vanes ....................................................... 554
Properties of Fluids
Work Done on Moving Vanes ................................................ 555
Force Developed on Closed Conduit ......................................... 556 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS
Drag and Lift. ........................................................'......................... 557 Fluid Mechanics is a physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or
Terminal Velocity ....................................... :............................. 559 in motion, and with applications and devices in engineering using fluids.
Water Hammer .............................................................................. 560 Fluid mechanics can be subdivided into two major areas, fluid statics, which
SOLVED PROBLEMS ...................................................... 563 to 597 -deals with fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, concerned with fluids in motion.
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS .................................. 597 to 598 The term lzydrodynamics is applied to the flow of liquids or to low-velocity gas
flows where the gas can be considered as being essentially incompressible.

Hydraulics deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices

involving liquids, usually water or oil. Hydraulics deals with such problems
APPENDIX as the flow of fluids through pipes or in open channels, the design of storage
Properties of Fluids and Conversion Factors ........................ 599 dams, pumps, and water turbines, and with other devices for the control or
Table A - 1: Viscosity and Density of Water at 1 ahn .............. 599 use of liquids, such as nozzles, valves, jets, and flowmeters.
Table A - 2: Viscosity and Density of Air at 1 ahn ................... 600
Tabl~ A - 3: Properties of Common Liquids at 1 ahn & 20°C .. 601
Table A - 4: Properties of Common Gases at 1 ahn &20°C ..... 601 TYPES OF FLUID
Table A - 5: Surface Tension, Vapor Pressure, Fluids are generally divided into two categories: ideal fluids and real fluids.
and Sound Speed of Water ........................................... 602
Table A - 6: Properties of Standard Ahnosphere ..................... 603 Ideal fluids .
Table A - 7: Conversism Factors from BG to SI Units .............. 604 •Assumed to have no viscosity (and hence, no resistance to shear)
• Incompressible
Table A - 8: Other Conversion Factors ...................................... 605
•Have uniform velocity when flowing
• No friction between moving layers of fluid
• No eddy currents or turbulence

INDEX I- IV Real fluids

• Exhibit infinite viscosities
•Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
• Compressible
• Experience friction and turbulence in flow
 CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANl(:S CHAPTER ONE
2 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS · & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 3
Real fluids are further divided into Newtonia1t fluids and 11011-Newtonian fluids. where: p =absolute pressure of gas in Pa
R =gas constant Joule/ kg-°K
Most fluid problems assul11€ real fluids with Newtonian characteristics for For air:
convenience. This assumption is appropriate for water, air, gases, steam, and R = 287 J/kg - °K
o lher simple fluids like alcohol, gasoline, acid solutions, etc. However, R = l,716 lb-ft/slug-0 R
slurries, pastes, gels, suspensions may not behave according to simple fluid T = absolute temperature in °Kelvin
relationships. °K = °C + 273
0
R = °F + 460

Fluids Table 1 - 1: Approximate Room-Temperature

Densities of Common Fluids

Ideal Fluids Real Fluids Fluid pin kg/m3

AirJSTP) 1.29
AirJ..21°F, a ltml 1.20
Newtonian Fluids Non-Newtonian Fluids Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
IPseudoplastic Fluids ~ I
Delatant Fluids
- Bingham Fluids G!Y_cerin
Mercl.!.!Y_
Water
1,260
13,600
1,000
Figure 1 - 1: Types of fluid

MASS DENSITY, p (RHO) SPECIFIC VOLUME, Vs

The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume. Specific volume, V,, is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.

m~ss of fluid, M 1
V,= - Eq. 1-3
p= Eq. 1-1 p
volume, V

Units:
English slugs/ft3 Note: Pslugs = Plbm/ g
Metric gram/cm3 UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT, y
SI kg/m3 Specific weight or unit weight, y, is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.

f<or an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and weightoffluid, W
y= Eq. 1- 4
ideal gas law: volume, V
y=pg Eq. 1- 5
p=L Eq. 1- 2
RT
 CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
4 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 5
Units: the upper plate will adhere to it CU}d will move with the same velocity U while
English lb/ ft3 the fluid irr contact with the fixed plate will have a zero velocity. For small
Metric dyne/cm3 values of U and y, the velocity gradient can be assumed to be a straight line
SI N/m3 or kN/m3 and F varies as A, U and y as:
AU F U
Foc - - or - oc -
y A y
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
but
u dV
(from the figure)
Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid's density to some y dy
standard reference density. For liquids and solids, the reference density is
water at 4° C (39.2° F). !_
A
=Shearin g stress, t
.
t oc d V or -r = k dV
P!iqui<l dy dy
s=-- Eq. 1- 6
I Pwater where the constant of proportionality k is called the d ynamic of
absolute viscosity denoted asµ.
In gases, the standard reference to calculate the specific gravity is the density dV
t=µ-
of air. dy

Pgas
s=--
Pair
Eq. 1- 7 µ= '
dV /dy
Eq. 1- 8

For water at 4°C: where:

y = 62.4 lb/ft3 = 9.81 kN/m3 ·( = shear stress in lb/ ft2 or Pa
p = l.94slugs/ft3=1000 kg/m3 µ=absolute viscosity in lb sec/ft2 (poises) or Pa-sec.
s = 1.0 y =distance between the plates in ft or m
LT = velocity in ft/ s or m/ s

VISCOSITY,µ (MU)
The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to KINEMATIC VISCOSITY v (NU)
shearing forces. A perfect fluid would have no viscosity. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, µ, to its
mass density, p.
Consider lwo large, parallel Area =-A u
--------~
F
plates at a small distance y
.apart, the space between moving plate v = .!:'.. Eq. 1- 9
p
them being filled with a fluid.
Consider the upper plate to y
be subject to a force F so as to where:
move with a constant velocity µ=absolute viscosity in Pa-sec.
U. The fluid in contact with p =density in kg/m3 ·
fixed plate
~
-~~------ - -

CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERONJ;:

6 Prope rtie s of Fluids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 7
Table 1 - 2: Common Units of Viscosity Capillarity

gyslem Absolu te, µ Kinem a tic, v d

English
lb-sec/ ft2
ft2/ sec ·1
J!'lu_g/ ft-se<:l_
dyne-s/cm 2 cm2/s
Metric
iE_oistl J!'tokaj_
Pa-s
S.l. m2/s
_(.N-s/ m:2_

Note:
1 poise= 1 dyne·S/ cm 2 = 0.1 Pa-sec (1 d yne= 10-s N)
1 stoke= 0.0001 m2/s

(a) Adhesion > cohesion (b) Cohesion > adhesion

SURFACE T ENSION cr (SIGMA) Capillarity (Capillary action) is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a
fhe membrane of "skin" that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is thin-bore tube. The rise or fall or a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by
du e to the intermolecular cohesive forces, and is known as surface tension. surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the
SurfaCl' tension is the r eason that insects are able to sit on water and a needle is liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
,1ble to float on it. Surface tension also causes bubbles and droplets to take on Liquids rise in tubes they wet (adhesion> cohesion) and fall in tubes they do
a spherical shape, since any o ther shape would have more surface area per not wet (cohesion > adhesion). Capillary is important when using tubes
unit volume. smaller than about 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) in diameter.

4crcose
Pressure inside a Droplet of Liquid: h=--- Eq. 1-11
yd

4cr
For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle e is 0° . Hence
· I~------------p_=_-_d_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _E_q_
. 1_-_1_0--'
the formula becomes
where:
4cr
cr =surface tension in N/ m h=- Eq. 1-12
d = diameter of the d roplet in m yd
p = gage pressure in Pa
where:
IL = capillary rise or depression in m
y =unit weight in N/m3
d = diameter of the tube in m
cr = surface tension in Pa
 .,
CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS I UID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
8 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS
1

' HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 9

Table 1 - 3: Contact Angles, 0
Es = stress = 6p Eq. 1-15
Materials Angle, 0 strain D. V
mercury-glass 140° v
water-paraffin 107°
water-silver 90° dp
orEB=---- Eq. 1-16
kerosene-glass 26° dV /V
g.!Y_cerin:-glass 19° '
water-glass oo
eth_}'l alcohol-glass· · oo
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES
I '11•ssure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or
.•lerity of pressure wave (also known as acoustical or sonic velocity) is
COMPRESSIBIUTY, J3 pressed as:
Cr)111pressibility (also known as the coefficie11I of co1111iressibi/1t11) is th<' fractional
chc:1nge in the volume of a fluid per unit changl' in pres~ure in ,, constant-
cmperature process. c=lf =frh Eq. 1-17

L\V
J3= _v_ Eq. 1 -13
D.p
PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS
For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the equation of state is given by:
dV /V
orP=--- Eq. 1 - 14
dp
Eq. 1-18
where:
D. V = change in volume
V =original volume
When temperature is held constant, Eq. 1 - 18 reduces to (Boyle's Law)
6p •change in pressure
dV/ V =change in volume (usually in perc:l·nt) Eq. 1-19

When temperature is held constant (isothermal condition), Eq. 1 - 18 reduces

to (Charle's Law)

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E8

Eq. 1-20
The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid expr-..">.,C'S the rnmpr1.'Ssibilitv of the·
fluid. It is the ratio of the change m unit pres~ure to the w rrespondmg
volume change per unit of volume.
! ...- -- - - -

CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE

10 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 11
For Adiabatic or Isentropic Conditions (no heat exchanged) Table 1 - 4: Typical Vapor Pressures

pi Vik= p2 V2k Eq. 1- 21 Fluid kPa, 20°C

mere~ 0.000173
or (~)k = E1.. =Constant Eq. 1- 22
turp_entine
water
0.0534
2.34
V2 P1
et~alcohol 5.86

rk
k-1 ether 58.9
and ~~ = (:~ Eq. 1- 23 butane
Freon-12
218
584
__E!O_r_ane 855
where: ammonia 888
p1 = initial absolute pressure of gas
p2 = final absolute pressure of gas
Vi = initial volume of gas
V2 = final volume of gas
r, =initial absolute temperature of gas in °K (°K = °C + 273)
!solved Pro~lems
T2 = final absolute temperature of gas in °K
Problem 1-1
k = ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at
constant volume. Also known as adiabatic exponent. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu. m.
Find its (a) weight, W, (b) unit weight, y, (c) mass density, p, and (d) specific
gravity (s).

VAPOR PRESSURE Solution

Molecular activity in a liquid will allow some of the molecules to escape the (a) Weight, W =Mg
liquid surface. Molecules of the vapor also condense back into the liquid. The = (1,200)(9.81)
vaporization and condensation at constant temperature are equilibrium Weight, W= 11,772N or11.772 kN
I
processes. The equilibrium pressure exerted by these free molecules is known
as the vapor pressure or saturation pressure.
(b) . . h t, y = -w
Umtwe1g
v
Some liquids, such as propane, butane, ammonia, and Freon, have significant 11.772
vapor pressure at normal temperatures. Liquids near their boiling point or 0.952
that vaporizes easily are said to volatile liquids. Other liquids such as mercury, Unit weight, y = 12.366 kN/m3
have insignificant vapor pressures at the same temperature. Liquids with low
vapor pressure are used in accurate barometers.
. M
The tendency toward vaporization is dependent on the temperature of the (c) Dens1ty, p=V
liquid. Boiling occurs when the liquid temperature is increased to .the point . 1200
that the vapor pressure is equal to the local ambient (surrounding) pressure. Density, p = 0.
952
Thus, a liquid's boiling temperature depends on the local ambient pressure, as
Density, p =1,260.5 kw'm3
well as the liquid's tendency to vaporize.
 CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
12 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 13
Solution
(d) S pec1'fic gravity,
. s= - Pgty
-
Pwater (a) W = mg = 22(9.75)
'fj . 1,260.5 W=214.5N
SpeCI c gravity, s = - - -
1,000
(b) Since the mass of an object is absolute, its mass will still be 22 kg.
Specific gravity, s = 1.26

Problem 1- 5
Problem 1- 2
What is the weight of a 45-kg boulder if it is brought to a place where the
The specific gravity of certain oil is 0.82. Calculate its (a) specific weight, in
acceleration due to gravity is 395 m/s per minute?
lb/ft3 and kN/m3, and (b) mass density in slugs/ft3 and kg/m3 .
Solution
Solution
W=Mg
(a) Specific weight, y = Ywater x s
_ m/s lmin
Specific weight, y = 62.4 x 0.82 = 51.168 lb/fP g- 395 - - x - -
min 60sec
Specific weight, y = 9.81 x 0.82 = 8.044 kN/m3
g = 6.583 m/ s2
(b) ' Density, p = Pwater x S w = 45(6.583)
Density, p = 1.94 x 0.82 = 1.59 slugs/fP W= 296.25 N
Density, p = 1000 x 0.82 = 820 kglmJ

Problem 1- 6
Problem 1- 3
If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.7848 m 3 /kg, what is its specific
A liter of water weighs about 9.75 N. Compute its mass in kilograms. weight?

Solution Solution
Mass= W V,= -1
g p
9.75 1 1.
M ass= - - p= - = --
9.81 vs 0.7848
Mass= 0.994 kg p = 1.2742 kg/m3

Specific weight, y = p x g
Problem 1- 4 = 1.2742 x 9.81
If an object has a mass of 22 kg at sea level, (a) what will be its weight at a · Specific weight, y = 12.5 N/m3
point where the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.75 m/s2? (b) What will be its
mass at that point?
 FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
14
CHAPTER ONE
Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 15

Problem 1- 7 Solution
What is the specific weight of air at 480 kPa absolute and 21°C? Density, p = .l
g
Solution 13.7
y=p xg 9.81
= 1.397 kg/m3
P- p where R = 287 J/kg-°K
RT Density p = .1!._
480 x 10 3 ' RT
3
287(21 + 273) 1.397 = (205+101 .325) x 10 Note: Potm - l 01.325 kPa
p = 5.689 kg R(32 + 273)
Gas constant, R = 718.87 J/kg - °K
y = 5.689 x 9.81
y = 55.81 N/m3
Problem 1 - 10
\ ir is kept at a pressure of 200 kPa absolute and a tempt.>r~t11rP nt ~0°C in .~
Problem 1- 8 500-liter container. What is the mass of air?
Fin? the mass density of helium at a temperature of 4 °C and a pressure of 184
kPa gage, if atmospheric pressure is 101.92 kPa. (R = 2079 J/kg • °K) Solution

Solution p = .1!._
RT
Density p = LRT 200x 10 3
' 287(30 + 273)
p = pg,1ge + p .1tm
p = 2.3 kg/m3
= 184 + 101.92
p = 285.92 kPa
Mass= p x V
T = 4 + 273 = 277°K =23x
. 2illL
1000

D . 285.92x 10 3 Mass= 1.15 kg

ensity, p = 2,079(277)
Density, p = 0. 4965 kglm3
Problem 1 - 11
A cylindrical tank 80 cm in diameter and 90 cm high is filled with a liquid
The tank and the liquid weighed 420 kg. The weight of the empty tank is 40
Problem 1- 9
kg. What is the unit weight of the liquid in kN/ m3.
\t 32°C and 205 kPa gage, the specific weight of a certain gas was 13.7 N/m3 •
I >etermine the gas constant of this gas.

. '
 CHAPTER ONE I I UID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
16 Properties of Fluids
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS 1 HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 17
Solution .olution
M dP
p=- EB= - - -
. v dV /V
P= 420 - 40 = 840 k /m3 dp p2 - p1
=
. f(0.8[2 (0.90) g p1=0
dp = p2
y=pg
= 840(9.81) = 8240.4 N/m3 dV = V2 - V1
y = 8.24 kN/m3 dV = -0.6% V = -0.006V

-
£B- Pi 22
'Problem 1 - 12 - 0.006V /V = .

A lead cube has a total mass of 80 kg. What is the length of its side? Sp. gr. of p2 = 0.0132 GPa
lead = 11.3. pi= 13.2MPa

Solution
Let L be the length of side of the cube: •1roblem 1 - 15
\l,tter in a hydraulic press, i)tltially at 137 kPa absolute, is subjected to a
M=p V .•rcssure of 116,280 kPa absolute. Using E8 = 2.5 GPa, determine the
80 = (1000 x 11.3) v lll'rcentage decrease in the volume of water.
L = 0.192 m = 19.2 cm
'iolution

Problem 1 - 13 EB= __:!E__

dV /V
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a pressure of 1
3
MPa and a volume of 0.995 liter at a pressure of 2 MPa. The bulk modulus of 2.5 x 109 = - (116,280-137) x 10
elasticity (EB) of the liquid is: dV /V
dV = -0.04'65
Solution v
EB= __d_P_ =---2_-_1__ dV
V = 4.65°/c, decrease
dV /V (0.995-1)/1
EB= 200 MPa

Problem 1 - 16
Problem 1 - 14 If 9 m 3 of an ideal gas at 24 °C and 150 kPaa is compressed to 2 m3 , (a) what 1s
What pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by 0.6 percent? Bulk the resulting pressure assuming isothermal conditions. (b) What would have
modulus of elasticity of water, EB= 2.2 ~Pa. been the pressure and temperature if the process is isentropic. Use k = 1.3

.·
 CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
18 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 19
Solution Problem 1 - 18
(a) For isothermal condition: Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space between them 1s fill~d
p1V, = p2 V2 with a liquid of viscosity µ = 0.958 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity gradient to ht>
150(9) = p2 (2) a straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate qf 0.37 m 2 area at
pi = 675 kPa abs a constant speed of 0.3 m/ s if the plate is 8.4 mm from one of the surfaces?

(b) For isentropic process: Solution

p1 Vik= pi Vik F = F, +Fi
150(9) 1.3 = p 2 (2) L3 T -~\
~l=--
pi = 1,060 kPa abs I \
u /y 16.6 I \
: \ F1
F/A ~mm
2 (El_)(k-1)/ .....
I \
T = k µ=--
u /y 8.4
r, p,
F= µUA
T2 = ( 1,060 )(1.3-l)/1.3 y
24 + 273 150 0.958(0.3)(0.37)
F1 = 0.0166 = 6.4 N
T2= 466.4°K or 193.4°C

0.958(0.3)(0.37)
Fi= O.OOS4 = 12.66 N
Problem 1 - 17
F = 6.4 t 12.66
If the viscosity of water at 70 °C is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is 0.978
F=19.06N
determine its absolute viscosity in Pa - s and its kinematic viscosity in mi/s
and in stokes.

Solution , Problem 1 • 19
Absolute viscosity: A cylinder of 125 mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
0.1 Pa-s 130 mm radius. Both cylinders are 300 mm long. Determine the viscosity of
µ = 0.00402 poise x ----
lpoise
• • the liquid which fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is
required to maintain an angular velocity of 2n radians/sec Assume thE'
µ = 0.000402 Pa - s velocity gradient to be a straight line

Kinematic viscosity:
µ 0.000402
v= -= - - - - -
p (1000 x 0.978)
v = 4.11 x 10-7 m 2/s

lstoke
v = 4.11 x10·7 mi/s x - - - - -
0.0001 m 2 /s
v = 4.11 x 10-3 stoke
 CHAPTER ONE
20 Properties of Fluids
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER ONE
Properties of Fluids 21
Solution fLF, = O]
fixed
1 Wsin (:) - Fs = 0
µ=-- ~y=0.005m
u /y D.._ Fs = Wsin (:)
U=rw u~5 F=tA , F, = 176.58 sin 15°
LI= 0.125(2tt) rotating
U = 0.785 m/s
cylinder
IF,
u
= 1 A = ~1-A I
fixed cylinder
y
y = 0.005 m
Torque= F(0.125) 176.58 sin 15° = 0.0814~ (0.3)
0.003
Torque= -rA (0.125) LI= 5.614 m/s
i
(11 = 5.614 m/s
0.88 = 1 [2rr(0.125)(0.3)] (0.125) ,, I
I
1 = 29.88 Pa I L = 0.3 m
I
I + f- liquid
29.88 I Problem 1 - 21
µ = 0.785/0.005
µ = 0.19 Pa-s
0.005 e- 0.13 m
0.125
l!stimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter 3
ll\m. Use cr = 0.0728 N/m and y = 9810 N/m3 for water

·01ution
Problem 1 - 20 Note: (:) = 90° for water in clean tube
An 18-kg slab slides down a 15° inclined plane on a 3-mm-thick film of oil 4
Capillary rise, h = cr
with viscosity µ = 0.0814 Pa-sec. If the contact area is 0.3 m2, find the terminal yd
velocity of the slab. Neglect air resistance. 4(0.0728)
Capillary rise, h = --'-----'-
9810(0.003)
Solution
W = 18(9.81) = 176.58 N
Capillary rise, Ii = 0.0099 m = 9.9 mm
.. y
I
I
Problem 1 - 22
I
I I stimate the capillary depression for mercury in a glass capillary tube 2 mm in
v= 0.003 m
......... .l1ameter. Use cr = 0.514 N/m and(:)= 140°

plane
'•olution
4cr cos El 4(0.514)(cos 140°)
Capillary rise, Ji = - - -
yd (9810 x 13.6)(0.002)
Capillary rise, '11 = -0.0059 m (the negative sign indicates capillary depression)
Terminal velocity is attained when the s um of all forces in the direction of
motion is zero.
Capillary depression, '1 = 5.9 mm
 CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER ONE
22 Properties of Fluids
FLUID MECHANICS
& , HYDRAULICS
11 UID MECHANICS
~ HYDRAULICS Properties vf Fluids 23
Problem 1 - 23 I 1oblem 1- 26
What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of water 0.3 mm in 'lOnar transmitter operates at 2 impulses per second. If the device is held tl'
diameter which is in contact with air if the pressure within the droplet is 561 1111• surfaceof fresh water (£8 = 2.04 x 1Q9 Pa) and the echo i'> received midwa\
Pa? I ·tween impulses, how deep is the water1

Solution olution
4o I he velocity of the pressure wave (sound wave) is
p=-

561=~
d·

0.0003
c= ff..----- Sonar
cr = 0.042 N/m 2. 04x10 9 = 1,428 m/ s
,____ transmitter ~Sound wave
('=

Problem 1 - 24
1000

•11\Ce the echo is received 0

9,
~ I
111dway between impulses, then 0 h
An atomizer forms water droplets 45 µm in diameter. Determine the excess 0
pressure within these droplets using cr = 0.0712 N/m.

Solution
•he total time of travel of sound.
¥2(0.5) = 114 sec and the total
listance covered is 2h, then;
0
0
0

1
Bottom
4cr
p= - 211 = cI
d
2lt = 1,428(114)
- (0.07l 2 ) = 6,329 Pa
4 /1=178.5 m
p - 45x 10-6

Problem 1 - 27
Problem 1 - 25
'\t what pressure will 80 °C water boil?
Distilled water stands in a glass tube of 9 mm diameter at a height of 24 mm. (Vapor pressure of water at 80°C = 47 4 kPai
What is the true static height? Use cr = 0.0742 N/m.
olution
Solution
Water will boil if the atmospheric pressure equals che vapor ~· ~sst.rt-
h = 4crcose
yd fherefore water at 80 °C will boil at 47.4 kP;;
where e = 0° for water in glass tube

h=
4(0.0742 ) 0 00336 33
9810(0.009) = · m = · 6 mm

True static height = 24 - 3.36

True static height = 20.64 mm
 CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER ONE
24 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Properties of Fluids 25
Problem 1 - 33
!supplementary Problems
(a) If 12 m3 of nitrogen at 30°C and 125 kPa abs is permitted to expand
isothermally to 30 m3, what ~s the resulting pressure? (b) What would the
Problem 1 - 28
pressure and temperature have been if the process had been isentropic?
What would be the weight of 1 3-kg mass on a planet where the acceleration Ans: (a) 50 kPa abs
due to gravity is 10 m/s27 (b) 34.7 kPa abs; -63°C
Ans: 30 N

Problem 1 - 29 Problem 1 ... 3:4

A vertical cylindrical tank with a diameter of 12 m and a depth of 4 mis filled A square block weighing 1.1 kN and 250 mm on an edge slides down an
with water to the top with water at 20°C. If the water. is heated to 50°C, how incline on a film of oil 6.0 µm thick. Assuming a linear velocity profile in the
much water will spill over? Unit weight o~ water at 20°C and 50°C is 9.79 oil and neglecting air resistance, what is the terminal velocity of the block?
kN/m3 and 9.69 kN/m3, r.espectively. fhe viscosity of oil is 7 mPa-s. Angle of inclination is 20°.
Ans: 4.7m 3 Ans: 5.16 m / s

Problem 1 - 30 Problem 1 - 35
A rigid steel container is partially filled with a liquid at 15 atm. The volume of Benzene at 20°C has a viscosity of 0.000651 Pa-s. What shear stress is required
the liquid is 1.23200 L. At a pressure of 30 atm, the volume of the liquid is lo deform this fluid at a strain rate of 4900 s·1?
1.23100 L. Find the average bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid over the Ans: r = 3.19 Pa
given range of pressure if the temperature after compression is ·allowed to
return to its initial value. What is the coefficient of compressibility?
Ans: ER= 1.872 GPa; P = 0.534 GPa·1 Problem 1 - 36
A shaft 70 mm in diameter is being pushed at a speed of 400 mm/ s through a
bearing sleeve 70.2 mm in diameter and 250 mm long. The clearance, assumed
Problem 1 - 31 uniform, is filled with oil at 20°C with v = 0.005 m 2 /s and sp. gr. = 0.9. Find
Calculate the density of water vapor at 350 kPa abs and 20°C if its gas constant the force exerted by the oil in the shaft. ·
is 0.462 kPa-m3/kg- 0 K. Ans: 987 N
Ans: 2.59 kg/ m3

Problem 1 - 37
Problem 1 - 32 Two clean parallel glass plates, separated by a distance d = 1.5 mm, are dipped
Air is kept at a pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 30°C in a 500-L in a bath of water. How far does the water rise due to capillary action, if cr =
c0ntainer. What is the mass of the air? 0.0730 N/m?
Ans: 1.15 kg Ans: 9.94 mm
 CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
26 Properties of Fluids & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 27
Problem 1 - 38
hnd the angle the surface tension film leaves the glass for a vertical tube
immersed in water if t~e diameter is 0.25 inch and the capillary rise is 0.08
inch. Use cr = 0.005 lb/ ft.
Chapter 2
Ans: 64.3°
Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 1 - 39
I UNIT PRESSURE OR PRESSURE, p
What force is required to lift a th(n wire ring 6 cm in diameter from a water
surface at 20°C? (cr of water at 20°C = 0.0728 N/m). Neglect the weight of the Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or
ring. surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all
Ans: 0.0274 N directions.

Force,F
p= Eq. 2-1
Area, A

In the English system, pressure is usually measured in pounds per square inch
(psi); in international usage, in kilograms per square centimeters (kg/ cm2), or
in atmospheres; and in the international metric system (SI), in Newtons per
square meter (Pascal). The unit atmosphere (atm) is defined as a pressure of
1.03323 kg/ cm2 (14.696 lb/in2), which, in terms of the conventional mercury
baron;i.eter, corresponds to 760 mm (29.921 in) of mercury. The unit kilopascal
(kPa) is defined as a pressure of 0.0102 kg/ cm2 (0.145 lb/ sq in).

PASCAL'S LAW
P11sc11/'s law, developed by French mathematician Blaisr Pascal, states that the
pressure on a fluid is equal in all directions and in all parts of the container. In
Figure 2 - l, as liquid flows into the large container at the bottom, pressure
pushes the liquid equally up into the tubes above the container. The liquid
rises to the same level in all of the tubes, regardless of the shape or angle of the
tube.
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS I l.UID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
28 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS ·'• HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 29
/\KSOLUTE AND GAGE PRESSURES
#! - - - __, .,.

«1 ge Pressure (Relative Pressure)

' ..1ge pressures are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can be
111«'asured by pressure gauges or manometers. For small pressure differences, a U-
1t1hc manometer is used. It consists of a U-shaped tube with one end connected to
llu• container and the other open to the atmosphere. Filled with a liquid, such as
'11\ler, oil, or mercury, the difference in the liquid surface levels in the two
111,mometer legs indicates the pressure difference from local atmospheric
11nditlons. For higher pressure differences, a Bourdon gauge, named after the
I r~nch inventor Eugene Bourdon, is used. This consists of a hollow metal tube
, 1th an oval cross section, bent in the shape of a hook. One end of the tube is
Figure 2 - 1: Illustration of Pascal's Law losed, the other open and connected to the measUJ"ement region.

The laws of fluid mechanics are observable in many everydp.y situation~. For
example, the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a p'Jnd will be the tmospheric Pressure & Vacuum
same as the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a much narrower pipe, \/111ospheric Pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth's surface from the
provided depth remains constant. If a longer pipe filled with water is tilted so •veight of the air above it. A vacuum is a space that has all matter removed from it.
that it reaches a maximum height of 15 m, its water will exert the same
II is impossible to create a perfect vacuum in the laboratory; no matter how
pressure as the other examples (left of Figure 2 - 2). Fluids can flow up _as well 1dvanced a vacuum system is, some molecules are always present in the vacuum
as down in devices such as siphons (right of Figure 2 - 2). Hydrostatic force irea. Even remote regions of outer space have a small amount of gas. A vacuum
causes water in the siphon to flow up and over the edge until the bucket is
1 ,m also be described as a region of space where the pressure is less than the
empty or the suction is broken. A siphon is particularly useful for emptying normal atmospheric pressure of 760 mm (29.9 in) of mercury.
con tainers that should not be tipped.
Under Norrnal conditions at sea level:
P•tm = 2166 lb/ft2
= 14.7 psi
= 29.9 inches of mercury (hg)
=760rnmHg
= 101.325 kPa

Absolute Pressure

Figure 2 - 2: Illustration of Pascal's Law

Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero (1111c1111m)

Pabs = pg.1ge + p.1hn Eq. 2- 2

Note:
• Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed. It is the lowest possible pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.
• The smallest gage pressure is equal to the negative of the ambient atmospheric pressu1•'
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS I I IJID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
30 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS 1IYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 31
Vl\IUATIONS IN PRESSURE
. 11·. id er any two points (1 & 2), whose difference in elevation is II, to lie m the
60 gage 58.675 gage l•• I, of an elementary prism having a cross-sectional area a and a length of L
Standard
atmosphere = 101.325 abs l1u ,. this prism is at rest, all forces acting upon it must be in equilibrium.

Current atmosphere = 100 abs Free liquid surface

-40 gage
•••• S,1 ••••••••••••••

Absolute zero =·101.325 gage P1 & P2 are gage pressures

60 abs
or ·100 gage

All pressure units in kPa

Figure 2 - 3: Relationship between absolute and gage pressures

Note: Unless otherwise specified in this book, the term pressure signifies gage pressure.

vacuum
MERCURY BAROMETER 760 mm
A mercury barometer is an accurate and relatively
simple way to measure changes in atmospheric Mercury
pressure. At sea level, the weight of the atmosphere
forces mercury 760 mm (29.9 in) up a calibrated Figure 2 - 4: Forces acting on elementary prism
glass tube. Higher elevations yield lower readings
because the atmosphere is less dense there, and the tfol 1•: Free Liquid Surface refers to liquid surface subject to zero gage pressure or with
thinner air exerts less pressure on the mercury. atmospheric pressure only.

"- at Sea Level Ith reference to Figure 2 - 4 :

W =yV
W = y (nL)

ANEROID BAROMETER
[LF:r = O]
In an aneroid barometer, a F2 - F1 = W sin 0
partially evacuated metal drum p2 a - pi a= y (aL) sin e
expands or contracts in response p2 - pi = y L sin 0 but L sin 0 = h
to changes in air pressure. A
series of levers and springs
translates the up and down Eq. 2- 3
movement of the drum top into
the circular motion of the
pointers along the aneroid l'herefore; the difference in pressure between any two points in a homogenequs f11111I
barometer's face. 11 rest is equal to the product of the unit weight of the fluid (y) to the vertical disl11111
(/1) between the points.
 CHAPTERlWO FLUID MECHANICS IJID MECHANICS CHAPTERlWO
32 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS
1I
I IYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 33
Also: 1 11~ider the tank shown to be filled with liquids of different densities and

pi =pi +wh Eq. 2-4 1th air at the top under a gage pressure of pA, the pressure at the bottom of
llu t.mkis:
fhis means that nny chnnge in pressure nt point 1 would cnuse an equal change at
pornl 2. Therefore; a pressure applied at any point in a liquid at rest is Pbottom =LY IL+ P = Y1 fti + Y2 '12 + Y3 h3 +PA Eq. 2- 7
transmitted equally and undiminished to every other point in the liquid.

Let us assume that point 0 in Figure 2 - 4 lie on the free liquid surface, then l'HESSURE HEAD
th,e gage pressure pi is zero and Eq. 2 - 4 becomes: l 1t''iSUre head is the height "h" of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit
tght y that will produce an intensity of pressure p.
p=wh Eq. 2-5
lz = E.. Eq. 2- 8
This means that the pressure at any point "lz" belmo a free liquid surface is equnl to y
the product of the unit weight of the fluid (y) and h.

1o Convert Pressure head (height} of liquid A to liquid B

Consider that points 0 and 6 in Figure 2 - 4 lie on the same elevation, such
that h = O;. then Eq. 2 - 4 becomes:
Eq. 2- 9
Eq. 2- 6

This means that the pressure along the same horizontal plane in a homogeneous fluid
at rrst are equal. Io convert pressure head (height} of any liquid to water, just multiply its
h lght by its specific gravity

lzwiller = hti<Jllid X SJiqulJ Eq. 2-10

Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids

Air, pressure = PA

h1 Liquid 1
0
0
0
Liquid 2 0

h3 Liquid 3
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS 1I lJIO MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
34 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS I fYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 35
MANOMETER l1 ps in Solving Manometer Problems:
A mm10111eter is a tube, usually bent in a form of a U, containing a liquid of I Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are to h1
known specific gravity, the.surface of which moves proportionally to changes expressed, (water is most advisable).
of pressure. ft is used to measure pressure ' Starting from an end point, number in order, the interface of diffNl'nl
fluids. ·
Identify points of equal pressure (taking into account that for a
Types of Manometer homogeneous fluid at rest, the pressure along the same horizontal plane
Open Type - has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of are equal). Label these points with the same number.
measuring gage pressures. I. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going down) or subtracting (if
Differential Type - without an atmospheric surface and capable of going up) pressure heads .as the elevation decreases or increa~e~,
measuring onJy differences of pressure. respectively with due regard for the specific gravity of the fluids.
Piezometer - The simplest form of open manometer. It is a tube tapped into a
wall of a container or conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. The
fluid in the container or conduit rises in this tube to form a free surface

Limitations of Piezometer: olved Problems

• Large pressures in the lighter liquids require long tubes
• Gas pressures can not be measured because gas can not form a free 1•roblem 2 - 1
surface depth of liquid of 1 m causes a pressure of 7 kPa, what is the specific
11 ' '

111vity of the liquid?

•.olution
Pressure, p =y h
7 = (9.81 x s) (1)
s = 0.714 7 Specific Gravity

Problem 2- 2
(a) Open manometer (b) Differential manometer
,Yhat is the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean? Use sp. gr. = 1.03 for salt water.
· olutlon
p=yh
p = (9.81 xl.03)(12.5)
p = 126.3 kPa

(c) Piezometer
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS I 1 llll MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
36 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS t fYl)RAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 37
Problem 2 - 3 1bl"m 2- 5
If the pressure 23 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine its unit 1111 pressure in the air space above an oil (s = 0.75) surface in a closed tank is
weight y, mass density p , and specific gravity s ld'a absolute, what is the gage pressure 2 m below the surface?

Solution l11tlon
(11) Unit weight, y P= Psurface + Yh
p=yh Psurface = 115 - 101.325 Note: Patm = 101.325 kPa
138.445 = y (23) Psurface = 13.675 kPa gage
y = 14.715 kN/m 3
p = 13.675 + (9.81x0.75)(2)
p = 28.39 kPa
'··) Mass density, p
p= l
g I • •1blem 2 - 6
14.715x10 3 ·1 I the absolute pressure in kPa at a depth of 10 m below the free surface of
p=
9.81 II if sp. gr. 0.75 if the barometric reading is 752 rnmHg.
p = 1,500 kglm 3
olution
(c) Specific gravity, s Pnl>s = Pn1111 + pgago·
~ = Pflu1d P•tm = Y111 h111
Pwate1 = (9.81 x 13.6)(0.752)

,=--
1,500 p,1tm = 100.329 kPa
1,000
Pnbs = 100.329 + (9.81 x 0.75)(10)
'= 1.5 p..1•• = 173.9 kPa

Problem 2 - 4 1•1 oblem 2 - 7

If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60 kPa, what is the pressure 27 meters pressure gage 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid reads 90
below this point? 1 I .1 Another gage height 4 m reads 103 kPa. Determine the specific weight of
11,, liquid.
Solution /

fhe difference in pressure between any two pomts in a •Olution

liquid is p2 - pi = y h
0
p2 = p1 + yh p2 - p1 = yh
0
0
0
= 60 + (9.81xl.03)(27) 103 - 90 = y(2)
f12 = 332.82 kPa y = 6.5 kN/m 3 0
~0
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
38 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 39
Problem 2 - 8 · Solution
An open tank contains 5.8 m of water covered with 3.2 m of kerosene (Y = 8 Since the density of the mud varies with depth, the pressure
kN/ m3). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank. should be solved by integration

Solution dp = y dh .
(a) Press ure at the interface dp = (10 + 0.5 h)dh
,, s
PA= Yk hk
= (8)(3.2)
PA= 25.6 kPa
f
0
dp = J1o + O.Sh)dh
0

r
Kerosene
=8 kN/m 3 0
5
(b) Press ure at the bottom p = 10h + 0.25h 2
PB =2: yh ]0
Water
= Yw h,,, + Yk hk y =9.81 kN/m3 = [10(5) + 0.25(5)2] - 0
= 9.81(5.8) + 8(3.2) . p = 56.25 k Pa
p~ = 82.498 kPa
B

~roblem 2 - 11
Problem 2 - 9
In tho figµre shown, if the atmospheric ,.
If atmospheric pressure is 95) kPa and the gage attached to the tank r eads 188 ltl'l.i~!lure
is 101.03 kPa and the ab.soh.ite
mmHg vacuum, find the absolute pressure within the tank. ~m11~nure at the bottom of the tank is
~ ~ t.:\ kPa, what is the specific gravity
Solution ~tf 11live oil?
P••V< = p.,,,,, + pgag.-
pg<1g1; = Ymercury hmerc ury
= (9.81x 13.6) (0.188)
= 25.08 kPa vacu um
Ps·•s~ = -25.08 kPa
p.... = % .7 + (-25.08)
I I
p,,1,, = 70.62 kPa abs

Problem 2 - 10
!hhttlon
The weight density of a mud is given by y = 10 + O.Sh, where y is in k N/ m 3 and I 1llf1.<! pressure at the bottom of the tank, p = 231.3 - 101 .03
his in meters. Determine the pressure, in kPa, at a depth of 5 m l 11\~~c pressure at the bottom of the tank, p = 130.27 kPa

,,, .. .Eyh]
(J • Ymhm + Yo 'h,, + Yw hw + Yoil hon
'L30.27"' (9.81 x 13.6)(0.4) + (9.81 ... s)(2. 9) + 9.81 (2.5) + (9.81 x 0.89)(1.5)
~ • 1.38
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
40 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrosta tics 41
Problem 2 - 12 Problem 2 - 14
lf air had a constant specific weight of 12.2 N/ml and were incompressible, Compute the barometric pressure in kPa at an altitude of 1,200 m if the
w hat would be the height of the atmosphere if the atmospheric pressure (sea pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa. Assum e isothermal conditions a 21°C. Use
level) is 102 kPa? R = 287 Joule /kg-°K.

Solution Solution
For gases:
Height of atmosp he re, Ir = !!.
y
Idp = -pgdh I
102x 10 3
12.2 p= _e_
Height o f atmosphere, h = = 8,360.66 m RT
p
287(21 +273)
Problem 2 - 13 (CE Board May 1994) p = 0.00001185 p
Assuming specific weight of air to be constant at 12 N/ m3, w hat is the
approximate height of Mount Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the base of dp = -(0.00001185 p)(9.81) dh
the mountain reads 654 mm and at the same instant, another barometer at the
dp = 0.0001163 dh
'\ top of the mou ntain reads 480 mm p

fd~J f
I' 1200
Solution
= -0.0~01163 1r
1
101 .3xl0 0

I' 1200
hm= 480 mm In p = -0.0001163 11
Air
y = 12 N/rn3
J101 .3 x10 1 J0
In p - In (101.3 x 103) = - 0.0001163(1200 - 0)
lnp = 11.386
p = e11.386
p = 88,080 Pa

Pbo• - Ptop = y h
1 (y,., 11,.,)bottom - ('1111 h m)top = (y h).,.
(9,810 x 13.6)(0.654) - (9,810 x 13.6)(0.48) = 12 h
h = 1,934.53 m
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER TWO
42 Principles of Hyd rostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 43
''
Prob.lem 2 - 15 Problem 2 - 18 (CE November 1998)
Convert 760 mm of mercury to (rr) oil of sp. gr. 0.82 and (b) wate r. Piston A has a cross-section of 1,200 sq. cm while that of piston B is 950 sq. cm.
with the latter higher than piston A by 1.75 m . If the intervening passages are
Solution filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.8, what is the difference in pressure
between A and B.
S mercury
(n) '1011 = ltmNr ury - - -
Solution
13.6 B
= 0.76 0.82 PA - PB= Yo ho
= ( 9,810 x 0.8)(1.75)
/1011 = 12.605 m of oil
PA - ps = 13,734 Pa
A
(b) fi w•lcr = izmcrr ury Smercury
= 0.76(13.6)
llwatN = 10.34 m of water ·~
Oil
s = 0.8
1200 OTI2 950 cm2
Problem 2 - 16 (CE Board May 1994)
A barometer reads 760 nunHg and a pressure gage attached to a tank reads
850 cm of o il (sp. gr. 0.80). What is the absolute pressu re in the tank in kPa? Problem 2 - 19
In the figure shown,
Solution
determine the weight W
p,ob; = p,11111 + P g•gc that can be carried by the
= (9.81 x 13.6)(0.76) + (9.81 x 0.8)(8.5)
1.5 kN force acting on the
p.1,,, = 168.1 kPa abs piston.
1.5 kN

Problem 2 - 17
A hydraulic press is used to raise an 80-kN cargo truck. If oil of sp. gr. 0.82
acts on the piston under a pressure of 10 MPa, what diameter of piston is
required?
Solution
Solution . Sin ce points 1 and 2 lie on the
Since th e pressure w1der the piston is uniform: same elevation, pi = pi
Force = pressure x Area
80,000 = (10 x 10~)
D = 0.1 m = 100 mm
*
02
I
1.5
t(0.03) 2
w
t(0.3) 2
W= 150 kN 1.5 kN
2
Oil, s .=.•0J12
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS ~LUID MECHANICS CHAP TER TWO
44 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS ,_ HYDRAULICS Prin ciples of Hydrostatics 45
Problem 2 - 20 Solution
A drum 700 min in d iameter and filled with water has a vertical pipe, 20 mm Cylinder
in diameter, attached to the top . How many New tons of water must be W =44kN
A = 0.323 m'
poured into the pipe to exert a fo rce of 6500 Non the top of the drum?

Solution -r- - o
h = 4. 6 m Plunger,
Force on the top:
~·
=
a 0.00323 m·
F= p x Area G_ l
t
6500 = p x (7002 - 202)
h
=
p 0.016904 MPa 20mm 0
p = 16,904 Pa

[p = y Ir]
l Oil , s = 0.78 Oil, s = 0.78
16,904 = 9810 ,, Top
IP2 - p1 = y,, it]
h = 1.723 m F F
pi = - =
n 0.00323
Weight = y x Volume pi = 309.6 F (kPa)
= 9810 x t (0.02)2(1.723) Area on top
w 44
Weight = 5.31 N Pz = fl = o.32..1
700 mm 0 p2 = 136.22 kPa

Problem 2 - 21 L36.22 - 309.6 F = (9.81 x 0.78)(4 .6)

The figure shown shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a F = 0.326 kN =326 N
cylinder. What force F is required to balance the weight of the cylinder if the
weight of the plunger is negligible?
~roblem 2 - 22
Cylinder
W=44 kN 1lw hydraulic press show n is filled with oil w ith sp. gr. 0.82. Neglecting the
A= 0.323 m2 li'1'1 Hht of the two pis tons, w hat force F on the handle is required to support
Ill' 10 kN weight?
f
4.6 m Plunger,
a =0.00323 m2
1 '100 mm
F

25 mm 0
Oil, s = 0.78 Oil, s = 0.78
oil
 CHAPTER nxtO FLUID MECHANICS flLUID MECHANIC::S CHAPTER nxtO
46 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS ' HYDRAULICS Pr.inciples of Hydrostatics 47
Solution ~Ince the gage reads "FULL" then the reading is equivalent to?,() cm of gasolin~·
Since points I and 2 lie on the samt>
e le11ation, the n; Reading (pressure head) when the tank contain
P1 = P2 water= (y + 2 o1;a) cm of gasolinl'
_!)_ = !i_
Ai A2 rhen. y+ 2....L
0.68
=30
10 11 =27.06 cm
2
f(0.075)
oil
Fi= 1.11 kN
~l'Oblem 2 - 24 (CE Board November 2000)
[L Mo= OJ
f(0.425) = f2(0.025) F
,,,l'or,,,the tank shown in the Figure, /1i = 3m and lh = 4 m ()ptPrmmE' tht> va luE>

F(0.425) = 1.11 (0.025)

r = 0.0654 kN
F = 65.4 N

FBD 'of the· lever arm

Problem 2 - 23
T'he fuel gage for a gasol ine (sp. gr. = 0.68) tank in a car reads proportional to llc1lutlon
its bottom gage. If the tank is 30 cm deep an accide ntally contaminated with 2 Summing-up pressure head
cm of water, how many centime ters of gaso line does the tank actually contain from 1 to 3 in meters of water
Oil .)
when the gage e rroneously read s "FULL" 1 ni
+ /12(0.84) - x = P3
El. s = 0.84
x
y y 2 2.
.S olution 0
0 + 0.84 h2 - (4 - 3) = 0
lt2= 1.19 m
n1
0
'l. Water " 0
0
0 Water
"
0
vent Vent

ry Gasoline, s = 0.68
=
30 cm
r Gasoline, s = 0.68

2 c°*~-----~ l '------..r
Water "Full" "Full"
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS
48 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER TWO
Principles of Hydrostatics 49
Problem 2 - 25 (CE Board May 1992) Problem 2 • 26
In tht> figurt> sho wn. what is the static pressure in kPa in the air cham~r? For the manome ter shown,
dl'termine the pressure at the
<'lmter of the pipe.
I 1 rn

Air

Oil Mercury, s = 13.55

Ii s = 0.80 1.5 rn

Sm
L .., .
:
'
/~~;· ~ ,...... ~,
" \ .
'
. \ ..
' .............: .~Oil, s = 0.80

Solution
The pressure m the air spact> l olution
equ als the pressure on the surfact> ~.um-up pressure head from
of oil, pi I tll 3 in meters o f water:
2m
,,, = (l l!..L + 1(13.55) + 1.5(0.8) = 12.
y· y
. 011
(12 = y,., h,, r- 0 s = 0.80 4m
0+14.75 =·Ji
2m
= 9.81 (2) y
1•2 = 19.62 kPa 6 6
P'?> = 14.75 m of water
3m y
p2.- p1 = y,, 11.i. Water
19.62 - p3 = (9.81 • 0.80)(4)
P• = -11.77 kPa
l /IJ
111 =
= 14.75(9.81)
144.7 kPa /
' 0
.
'
'

Another solution
\.. ................ .~Oil, s = 0.80
Sum-up pressure head trom I to ?o in me ters o t water
!!..!. + 2 - 4(0.80) = P3

'·
() + 2-~ 2 = ..El.
9.81
1•• = -11.77 kPa
I •
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECH AN ICS CHA PTER TWO
50 Prin cipl es of Hy drostatics
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS & HYDRA ULICS Principles o f Hydrostatics 51

Problem 2 - 27 (CE Board Novembe'r 2001} flroblem 2 - 28 ( CE May 1993)

Determine the value of yin the manometer shown in the Figure. In the fi gure shown, when the B
funnel is empty the water surfoce
-i:-
11 '1t point A and the mercury of
lm Air, 5 KPa •P· gr. 13.55 shows a deflection of

t
3m
Oil
s = 0.8
1~ cm. Determine the new
1l,1flcction of mercury when the
tunnel is filled w ith water to B.

i
lm
...L
Water
.I.
-..-
15 cm
-"-

0.5 m
Mercury
s= 13 .55
lolution

1- 30cm 0 j
Solution
Summing-up pressure head from
,:--
lm Air, 5 KPa A . T
A to B in meters of water: '
E..d_ + 3(0.8) + 1.5 - y(13.6) = ElL t Oil 80 cm

~
y y 3m s =0.8
-
5
9.81
·+ 3.9-13.6y= -
PB
y i
lm
...L
Water __j_
t+
2'
2 y+x
where pe = 0 ~
0.15 R 0.15
1_ 1

y = 0.324 m Lt l' - l'

Mercury
s = 13 .55
Figure (a): Level at A Figure (b): Level at B

'iolve for yin Figure (a):

Sum-up pressure head from A to 2 in meters of water:
El!_ +y - 0.15(13.55)= El_
y y
0 + y - 2.03 = 0
y = 2.03 m
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
52 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 53
In Figure (b): Sum-up pressure head from 2 to 111 in meters of water:
When the funnel is filled with water to B, point 1 w ill move down to 1'
E1_ + y(l3.6) - x = E.!E...
with the same value as point 2 moving up to 2' y y

Sum-up pressure head from B to 2':

13.6y - x =~ Eq. (1)
In Figure (b):
.. E!. + 0.8 + y + x - (x + 0.15 + x)(13.55) = EL
y y Sum-up pressure head from 2' tom' in ~eters of water:
0 + 0.80 + 2.03 + x - 27.lx - 2.03 =0 EL + (0.2 sin 0 + y + 0.2)(13.6) - (x + 0.2) = EE:...
26.l x = 0.80 y y
.x = 0.031 m = 3.1 cm
0 + 2.72 sin 0 + 13.6y + 2.72 - x·..: 0.2 = ~

New reading, R = 15+2x=15 + 2(3.1) 13.6y - x = 8.183 - 2.72 sin 0 Eq. (2)
New reading, R = 21.2 cm
[13.6y - x = 13.6y - x]
8.183 - 2.72 sin 0 = ;31
Problem 2 - 29 Water sin 0 = 0.3852
The pressure at point m in the figure 0 = 22.66°
shown was increased from 70 kPa to
105 kPa. This causes the top level of
.mercury to move 20 mm· in the sloping Problem 2 - 30
tube. What is the inclination, 0? A closed cylindrical tank contains 2 m of water, 3 m of oil (s = 0.82) and the air
1\hove oil has a pressure of 30 kPa. If an· open mercury manometer at the
hut tom of the tank has 1 m of water, determine the defle.c tion of mercury.

Solution Solution
Sum-up pressure head from
1 to 4 in meters of water:
pair + 3(0.82) + 2 + 1 - y(l3.6) = !!..!. 3m Oil, s =0.82
y y

L 1
L
0.2m
&
y= 0.626 m
+ 2.46 + 3 - 13.6y = 0 -*-
2m

4-
Water
4
...,..
Tl' lm y
3 3
Figure ( a) Figure (b)

In Figure (11):
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
54 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS • Princip les of Hyd rostatics 55
Pr oblem 2 - 31 ln Figure (b):
Su nuning-up pressure head from 1to3 in mm of water:
l'ht• U-tube s ho wn 1s 10 mm m diameter lOmm v
crnd con tain s me rcury . If 12 ml of w a te r is El +' 152.8 - R(l3.6) = .£.1-
poured into the right- ha nd leg, w ha t are y y
the ultimate heig h ts in the two legs? R =11.24mm

r· ·I
E
In Eq. (2):
11.24 + 2t = 240
E
E E x= 114.38mm
0
~
Mercury -
0
N

_J Ultimate heigh ts in each leg:

L Right-hand leg, lzR = h + x
L l20 mm
_j = 152.8 + 114.38
Solution Right-han d leg, llR = 267.18 mm
'-;olv tng tor Ii. (St't' fig11rt' b)
1N }2 /.i = 12 cm·' Left-hand leg, lzL = R + x
Volu mt? of water = .!.
~ ~1 0
Note: l ml = l cm3
= 11.24 + 114.38
Ir= 15.28 cm= 152.8 m m Left-hand leg, lzL = 125.62 mm

Since the q ua nti ty of me rcury before and afte r water 1s poured

re m ain the same, th e n; ftroblem 2 - 32
Gage
120(3) = R + x + 120 + .1 11111· a gage reading of -17.1 kPa, 02_ E F G
R + 2x = 240 -7 Eq . (1) tl..t1•rmjne the (n) elevations of
Ili11 Liq uids in the open Air
1•l11:r.ometer columns E, F, and
El. 15 m
t < .ind (b) the deflection of the - ~·

10 mm. ·
111..rcury in th~ U-tube s = 0.70
11 11111ometer neglecting_ the El. 12 m ~
-
rr
\~ 1·lght of air.

Water
r
I
~t
El. 8 m
E E
s= 1.6 .
E E

U_
0
~ N

Mercury
L _J
L 120 mm _J L 120 mm _j El. 4m ]h
Figure (a) Figure (b} . y Mercury
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
56 Principles of Hydrostat10 & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 57
Solution Column G
Gage
G Sum-up pressure head from 1 tog in meters of water;
"
El. + 3(0.7) + 4(1) - '13(1.6) = !£.
11 .. y y
El. LS m i.~; + 2.1 + 4 - l.6h3 = 0
1

e·
Sm s = 0.70 = 2.72 m
113
Surface elevation = 8 + 113
-t-~- :2_m_ 2
Surface elevation = 8 + 2.72 = 10.72 m
g
~m
.Water
Deflection of mercury
3 3 Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 5 in meters of water;
s"' 1.6 El. + 3(0.7) + 4 + 4 - '4(13.6) = J!2..
y y
4m
H 1
9~~1 + 10.l - 13.6/14
'14 = 0.614m
p1 = p... = - 17 I kPa
I
!_ 8.4 m
- - - 4
Mercurv. s = 13.o ftroblem 2 - 33
1\1\ npen manometer attached to a pipe shows a deflection of 150 mmHg with
Column E 1111' lower level of mercury 450 mm below the centerline of the pipe carrying
i:;um-up pressure head from I t0 1' m metes of water. 11111111,r. Calculate the pressure at the centerline of the pipe.

El + lt1(0.7) = Er_ lctlutlon

y y

9~~/ /~1(0 .7) = 0

+

h1 = 2.5 m - · -·-·-·-·- ·-·-·7·-·-·-·- ·~l._.

Surface elevation= 15 - h, Water
Surface elevation = 15 - 2.5 = 12.5 m
450 mm
Column F llH1111 up pressure head from 1 to
<;um-up pressure head trom I to fin meters ot water. lt1 meters of water;
Pi _PJ 111
- • W>.7\ - h2(1\ = + 0.45- 0.15(13.6) = E1-
y y Mercury
_!Z.J. ... ) 1 - Ji, = ll
Q.Rl -· ·
J!J_ + 0.45 - 2.04 = 0
112 = 0.357 m 1
UH
5urface elevation = l2 + fi2 /'I 15.6 kPa
Surface elevation= 12 + 0357 = 1Z.357 m
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
58 Principl es of Hydrostati cs & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles o f Hydrostatics 59
Problem 2 - 34
r:or th e configuration shown, calculate the
r-1m0-, "Gage liquld =mercury, 11=0.1 m
weight of the piston if the pressure gage
Piston
Il m Sum-up pressure head from
Air
4
reading is 70 kPa. 1 to 4 in meters _o f wa ter; 0
0 1.5 m
g Water Air

Oil
s = 0.86
E.!. + x +It - /r(13.6) - x -1.5 = Ei.
y

El.. - Ei.
y y
= 1.5 - 0.1 + 0.1(13.6)
y 0
0
g
tx
0
0
0
0

Water
0
'?,
El - E.!. = 2.76 m of water 3
0

y y h
Solution 2

Stun-up pressure head from (11) Gage liquid= carbon tetrachloride Gage liquid
Weight
A to B in meters of water; r- 1m0-, Pa= 70 kPa reading, h = ?
B
fu
y
-1(0.86) = }!.§_
y I Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 4 in meters of wateri.
Piston 1m Piston El.. + x +It - /r(l.59) - x - 1.5 = Ei.
~
y y
- 0.86 = .22._
9.81 9.81 A
Oil
El.. - Ei. = 1.5 + 0.59/r
p,i = 78.44 kPa y y
s = 0.86 ' '
FA= PA x Area
Weigh t = FA where El.. - P4 = 2.76 m -:) from (a)
y y
=PA x Area
2.76 = 1.5 + 0.59h
=78.44 x t (1)2 11=2.136 m
Weight = 61.61 kN

Problem 2 - 35 lti the figure shown, deter mine Air, p =175 kPa abs
Two vessels are connected to a differential manometer using mercury, the lht1 height Ii of water and the
connecting tubing being filled with water. The higher p ressure vessel is 1.5 m ••H'' reading at A when the 0
lower in elevation than the other. (a) If the mercury reading is 100 mm, what !'ltK(ll ute pressure at B is 290 i
0
Water
is the pressure head difference in meters of wa ter? (b) If carbon tetrachloride W11.
(~ = 1.59) were used instead of merc4ry, what would be the manometer
rt..1d ing for the same pressure difference?

.. B A
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHA PTER TWO
60 Principles of Hy drostatics & HYDRA ULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 61
Solution Sum-up press ure (gage) head from 1 to 4 in meters of water;
Sum-up absolute pressure head Air, p =175 kPa abs El.. + x(0.9) + 1.3(0.9) -1.3(13.6) = f.i_
from B to 2 in meters of water; y y
~ - 0.7(13.6) - h = E1..
y y
I
h i
o-
Water
2
~
9.81 '
+0.9x- 16.51 =O

175
9.8l - 9 .52 - Il -- 9.8T
.122.
t-~·~/ x = 13.81 m
h = 2.203 m 700 mm Then, x + y = 28.42 m
L_ I.:-'fE==:'...=::=== =t..:.l
B A
Problem 2 - 38 Oil, s = 0.85
Sum-up absolute 'pressure head from B to A in meters of water;
l'llr the manometer setup shown,
£..§_ - 0.7(13.6) + 0.7 = ~ 1h•tcrmine the difference in pressure
Water
y y 680 mm
l•l'lween A and B.

1
.i_
.l2!!. - 9.52 + 0.7 = Li_
9.81 9.81
1700 mm
p11 = 203.5 kPa abs
l
Problem 2 - 37
Alcohol vapor
In the figure shown, the atmospheric lolution
pressure is 101 kPa, the gage .._ A \ + 0.68 = y + 1.7 Oil, s =0.85
reading at A is 40 kPa, and the vapor \ - y = 1.02 m -7 Eq. (1)
pressure of alcohol is 12 kPa Air
absolute. Compute x + y. Sum-up pressure head from A to B
Alcohol x In meters of water;
s =0.90 _l_
1.3 m Ell_ - x - 0.68(0.85) + y = ~
y y

Mercury Ell_ - E.!_ = x - y + 0.578 -7 Eq. (2)

y y
Solution
p = 12 kPa abs "ubstitute x - y = 1.02 in Eq. (1) to Eq. (2):
Sum-up absolute pressure head from .._ A
1 to 2 in meters of water; Ell_ - ~ = 1.02 + 0.578
Air y y
El.. - y(0.9) = E1.. PA - Pe = 1.598
y y
Alcohol 9.81
40+101 - 0.9tj = _g_ s = 0.90 /IA - pa = 15.68 kPa
9.81 9.81
y = 14.61 m
 ,,, 11111111111.uuUUAMMllll

FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER TWO
Principles of Hydrostatics 63
62 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRf.ULICS

fl!roblem 2 - 40
Problem 2 - 39
/\ difforential manori1etc r is
It' the fig ure sh own, the
1foflcction of m ercu ry is initially
attached to a pipl:.' <1S <; hown.
Calcul ate ti1l.' . p r<'ssure
100 mm
_i__
a1>() rnm. If the pressm e a t A is
1111 rcased by 40 kPa, w hile
diffe rence betwl'<>n p(iin ts !\ , Mercury
11111intaining the p ressure at B
a nd 8.
1'11 11 ~ tant, wha t will be th e new
n w rur y deflection?
·- -o!I·-·- _...: -·-·-·· -
Oil, s = 0.90

Solution
Mercvry

lOO mm
1

y
0.25 m

·-·-0!3·- - ·-·-·-·- -· ·- E
Oil, 's = 0.90
'°
0

Sum-up· pressure head from A to Bin meters of water;

2.1 m
fu - y(0.9)- 0.1(13.6) + 0.1(0.9) + y(0.9) = I!.!l. E
.y y "'?

'.
EA - fl.!_ = 0.1 (13.6) - 0.1(0.9)
y y
·pi, .-yu = 1.27m
9.81
p,i - pn = 12.46 kPa
Figure (a) Figure (b)

111Pi1•,11rc11, su m-up pressu re head from A to Bin meters of water;

111
y
' - 0.6 - 0.25(l3.6) + 0.25 + 2.'I = EfL
y .

t.A - EfL = 1.65 m of wa te r

y y
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
64 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 65
In Figu re b, pA' = p.~ + 40 Solution
Sum-up pressure head from A' to B in meters of wa ter; Kerosene, s = 0.82

EK_ (0.6 - .x) - (0.25 + 2.x)l3.6 + (2.35 + x) = .E£.

y y
40
p11 + - 0.6 + x - 3.4 - 27.2x + 2.35 + x = Jj_
y y

Ell. + ~ -1.65 - 25.2x = El!...

y . 9.81 y

Ell. - .!!..!!.. = 25.2 x - 2.423 But Ell. - .E£. = 1.65

y y y y

1.65 = 25.2 x - 2.423

x = 0.162rn=162 mm 'ium-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water;

New mercury deflection = 250 + 2x = 250 + 2(162) !!.i.l. + 0.2(0.88) - 0.09(13.6) - 0.31 (0.82) + 0.25 - 0.1(0.0012) = E.!L
y y
New n\erCury d eflection = 574 mm
f!.!.l. - .f!..!}_, = 1.0523 m of water ,
y y
Problem 2 - 41 PA - pa= 9.81(1.0523) = 10.32 kPa
In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between poin ts A
and B.
Kerosene, s =0.82 •roblem 2 - 42 (CE Board)
AA1~111ning normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point
hW li111• fm air bubble, upo n reaching the surface, has six times its volume than
1

l!h111 l11tthebottom? · '

T E
E
llltlutlon
Applying Boyle's Law
0
..,.
0 (11 11'lt11ning
isothermal condition)

200mm 150 mm 11'1 V, = p2 V2]

90 mm ,,, = 101.3 + 9.81(1.03)h
t /It= 101.3 + 10.104 /J
Vi= V
/'2= 101.3+0=101.3
Water V1•6V
\1\11.3 f 10.104/i)V = 101.3 (6 V)
111llJ.l/t • 101.3(6) -101.3
It r;o.13 m
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
66 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 67
Problem 2 - 43 Since the p ressure in air inside the tube is u niform .
A vertical tube, 3 m long, w ith one end closed is inserted vertically, w ith the then Pr= p1. = 20.0124 kPa
open end dow n, into a tank of water to such a depth that an open manometer Pc= Yw h .
connected to the upper end of the tube reads 150 mm of mercury. Neglecting 20.0124 = 9.81h; Ii = 2.04 m
vapor pressure and ass.urning no rmal conditions, how far is the lower end of
the tube below the water surface in the tank? Then; x = /1 + y = 2.04 + 0.495
r = 2.535 m
Solution Area= A

Pfoblem 2 - 44
A bottle consisting of a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 25 cm high, has a neck
Which is 5 cm diameter and 25 cm long. The bottle is inserted vertically in
water, with the op,en end down, such that the neck is completely filled with
3m Wl\ter. Find the depth to which the open end is submerged . Assu me nor mal
lt.1rometric pressu re and neglect vapor pressure
x
y Solution LS cm 0
l\ pplying Boyle's Law I' 'I
Applying Boyle's Law:
P1 Vi= pi V1
~ ~·
p1Vi= p2 V2 ''• t11re the bottle was inserted 25 cm@ ::=:::--
Volume of air:
Before the tube was inserted; . t
v, = (15)2 (25) + t (5)2 (25)

T d
Absol ute pressure of air inside, p1= 101.3
V, = 4,908.74 cm '
Vo lume of air inside, Vi = 3A I·
Wat er x
l\bsolute pressu re m ai r·
When the tube was inserted; p1= 101 .325
Abso lu te pressure of air inside, p2 =101.3 + 9.81(13.6)(0.15) W•Wc
Absolute pressure of air inside, p2 = 121.31 kPa lt'V h1111 the bottle is inserted ·
Volume of air inside the tube, .V2 = (3 - y)A Vnlume of air:
V2 = t (15) 2 (25)
[p1 V1 = p2 Vz]
V2 = 4,417.9 cm'
101.3 (3 A) = 121.31 [ (3 - y) A]
fl11·~~ure in air:
3 - y = 2.505
,,, - 101.325 + 9.81 h
y = 0.495 m

From the manometer show n;

lr 11 111 • p2 V2J
10 1.325(4,908.74) = (1 01.325 + 9.81 h)(4,417 9)
P1> = y,,, /1,,,
10 1.325 + 9.81 11 = 11 2.58
= (9.81 x 13.6)(0.15)
It 1.15 cm
p1. = 20.0124 kPa /1 + 25 = 26.15 cm
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
68 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 69
Problem 2 - 45 [supplementary Problems
/\ bicycle tire is inflated at sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is 101.3
kPaa and the temperature is 21 °C, to 445 kPa. Assuming the tire does not Problem 2 ·- 46
expand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of a mountain
where the altitude is 6,000 m, atmospheric pressure is 47.22 kPaa, and the A we~ther repo rt indicates the barometric pressure is 28.54 inches of mercury.
What 1s the atmospheric pressure in pounds per square inch?
temperature is 5 °C.
Aus: 14.02 psi
Solution
P1V1 = P2V2 Problem 2 - 47
The tube shown is filled with oil. Determine the pressure heads at Band c in
moters of water.
At sea level: B
Absolute pressure of air: p1 = 101.3 + 445 Ans: E.!L = -2.38 m
Absolute pressure, pi== 546.3 kPaa y
Volume of air, V1 = V 2.2 m
Absolute temperature of ajr. T 1 = 21 + 273 = 294 °K
E£ = -0.51 m

On the top of the mountain:

· Absolute pressure of air, pi= 47.22 + p
i--
0.6m
Air
c y

Since the tire did not expand, volume of air, V2 = V

_L_
Absolute temperature of air, T 2 = 5 + 273 = 278 °K Oil, s =o.asl--<!:= = =:J

( P1 V1 = P2 V2 J
T1 T2 Oil, s =0.85
546.3(V) = (47.22 + p}V
294 278
47.22 + p = 516.57 1101 t~\C tank shown in the figure, compute the pressure at points 8, C, D,·and £
~.,kl 11. Neglect the unit weight of air.
p = 469.35 kPa
A11s: /1B = 4.9; pc = po= 4.9; PE= 21.64
Air B
0.4m D
0.4 m
Oil
0.5 m
s =0.90
c

l m

E
 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
70 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 71
Problem 2 - 49
A glass U-tube open to the atmosphere at both ends is shown. If the U-tube ,,.. <"ylindrical tank conta ins wa ter at a height of 55 mm, as show n. Inside is a
rontains oil a nd water. d etermine the specific gravity o f the oil ~1111111 open cylii1drical tank containing cleaning fl u id (s.g. = 0.8) al a h eight /r.
Ans: 0.86 !fh,• pressure pii = 13.4 kPa gage and Pl = 13.42 kPa gage. Assume the cleaning
"~\lid is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. Use unit weight of

·r 1 E
W11t,•r = 9.79 kN /m3. (n) Determine the pressure p.1 in kPa, (b) the value of /1 in
lllll\, and (c) the value of y in millime ters.
A11s: (11) 12.88; (b) 10.2; (c) 101

Air

Water
Water
0 55 mm
0
0
0
Problem 2 - SO
Kerosene
A g lass 12 cm tall filled with water 1s inverted. fhe bottom 1s open. What 1~
the p ressure at the closed end ? Barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa. -V- D
Ans: 100.15 kPaa y

Mercury
Prob!em 2 - 51 (s.g. = 13.6)
In Figure 13. in whic h fluid will a pressure of 700 kPa firs t be ac hieved?
Ans: glycerm

Po= 90 kPa A d1fforen tial manometer shown is measuring the differen ce in pressure two
W1tkr pipes. The indica ting liquid is mercllry (specific gravity = 13.6), /i 1 is 675

1 11lvPPn the two pipes.

~1111. lt,,, 1 is 225 mm, and !t,,, 2 is 300 m m. What is the pressure differen tial
ethyl alcohol 60 m
" = 7~3.3 kg/m3
Ans: 89.32 kPa

0 11
10 m
,, =899.6 kg/m 3
water
,, ~ 979 kg/m 3 5m
glycerin ,......,"'""".....,_....,,,,,.=,,_..,,...,..~ sm
,, = 1236 kg/m3 .-._......w.o-...--..;i;.r
i.-..;....;......
hml

1
 CHAPTER TWO FLU ID MECH ANICS FLUID M CHANICS CHAPTER THREE
72 Principles of Hydro ~tatics & H YDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 73

Problem 2 - 54
.A. force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB as shown. The end B is connected to
piston w h ich fits into a cylinder having a d iameter of 60 mm . What force Fn
r1cts on the larger piston, if the vo lume between C and D is filled with water?
cl
Chapter 3
Ans: 15.83 kN
Total Hydrostatic Force
460 N A on Surfaces

220 mm TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES

Ir the pressure ov er a p lane area js uniform, as in th e case o f a horizo n tal

120 mm uurface subme rged in a liquid or a p lane s urface ins ide a gas chamber, the
D II 1t.il hydros tatic fore~ (or total pressure) is giv en by:
•
B
L F = pA Eq. 3-1

Problem 2 - SS \~ l11·re pis the urufor m p ressure and A is the area.

An open tube open tube 1s attached to a tank as shown. If water rises to a
111 the case of a n inclined or vertical plan e submerged ·in a liq uid, the to tal
height of 800 mm in the tube, what a re the pressures PA a nd PB of the air above
1 11•i.sure can be found by the following fo rmula:
water? Neglect capillary effects in the tube
Ans: PA= 3.92 kPa; pn = 4.90 kPa

A
PA
k?> B
Pe
~ 1 E
E
to;;"'°mm
Water r- 0
0
00

l
30.0 tm Water
.. ;; .. " ~ ~
 74 ,
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic ~orce on Surfaces
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
rw10MEC~
4!, t IYDRAULICS To~al
CHAPTER THREE
Hydrostatic Force o n Surfaces 75
Consider the plane surface shown inclined at an angle a with the horizontal
To get the total force F, consider a differential element of area dA . Since this h1 hgure 3 - 1, taking moment of fo rce about S, (the intersection o f the
element is horizo ntal the pressure is uniform over this area, then; ~ 111lungalion of the plane area and the liq uid surface),

dF = pdA ry" = fydF

w here p = yli
w here dF ='Y y s in 0 rlA
p = yy sine
f = y sin 0 Ay
dF = y y sin0 dA

f F = y sin 0 f yd A
y sin e Ay"y,, = Iy('Y y s.in 0 di\)

From calculus, J ydA Ay

y sin 0 Ay y1, = y sin 0 f y 2 dA

F = y sin 0 Aj/
F = y( y sin 0) A
From calculus, f 2
y rlA =ls (moment of inertia about S)

./

From the figure, y sin 8 = /1

Then, I
yp= AV Eq. 3 - 4
F = ylr A Eq. 3 - 2
lly transfer formula of m oment of inertia:
Since y his the unit pressure 'at the centroid of the plane area, Peg, the formul a -2
ls= 13 +A Y
may also be .expressed as:
l g+ AY 2
F = Pc&A Eq. 3 - 3 !Ji· = AY

lg
Eq. 3 - 2 is convenient to use if the plane is submerged in a single Jjquid and y,.= f +--= Eq. 3 -5
AY
without gage pressure at the surface of the liquid. However, if the plane is
submerged under layers of different liquids or if the gage pressure at the
+ e, from Figure 3 - 1, then
liquid surface is not zero, Eq . 3 - 3 is easier to apply . See Problem 3 - 15 ,.
,,
I
Eccentricity, e = ~ Eq. 3- 6
AY

1
1
I ,1ble 3 - 1 in Page 76 for the properties of common plane sections.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
76 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 77
TABLE 3 - 1: Properties of Common plane sections Half ellipse Quarter ellipse
Triangle Rectangle 1Y
IY
v, a

'~-
Y1
-------1
~h
- a I af ·x ' a x
I .. • Arca = 12 mib 1

'--~ ------f9
,-: Ye
4b
y, = 3;r
Arcil = V. 1111b
411 4b
x,= - y, = -
3tr 31T
I<- b/2 ->f.-- b/2 --1 IT nb
3
I, = - - !8, = 0.11 nb~ m1b3 Jrl:ln 3
<l+b Arca = bd 8 / = -- / = --
y. =Ii/?> ' 16 y '16
lid~ rlb 3 I - 71'1m3
/ = - / = - gy - -8- I.~' = 0.055nb-' 18 , = 0.055b11'
Area= •12b/J ' 3 y 3
b/1 3 blr' lid~ db 3 Sector of a circle Parabolic segment
Ix = - I=- ( = - ( =-
12

Qb
12 8' 36 S' 12 gy

ij)·
Circle Quarter circle
"y
v•I
I cg - -

'~
1 y x
• h -
Area = 'h , 2 (20) = ,2 0

LL1 x ~,=
2 r sinO

r4
3-o-
x,= -ii
Area =

2
~bh
3

4r
Area = 'I• IT r 2 ; x, =y, = -;;- 1,, = "4 (fl - 'h sin 2G) 5
Arca • m ·l = 1• IT 02
1 ,,IT 2 '
I, = - I ii>'
IT•r4 IT 04 IT r4 r4 15
fv, .:c /'(llc __ c - - I=/=- ly = - (O+ 1/2 sin 20)
4 64 ' 16y 4
18, = lgy = 0.0551"' Spandrel Segment of arc
Semicircle Ellipse
1y
1
'r/·~
:L2fl=~T
'y y
I iY /
I
!
,
Xe h
+~ i·- .x
i~--
"· ' -
i Ye j_ i
,
Xe '
x
l+--b--+I
Area= Hll b Length of arc = r(20) = 21-Q
~r
Art-.i • 112 11 r'; y. = - 1Tllb
3 1 rsinB
~11 ( = -- Arca= - -bli f r= - 0 -
;r ,• ~· 4 11 + 1
I=/= - 1 II +1 When e = 90° (semicircle)
• '" 8 1rba~ x, = --b; y,= - - I r
1,, = 0.11 ,...
I=--
r.• . 4 II+ 2 411 +2
x( == -
2r
1t
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
78 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 79

TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVED SURFACES FH=prgA Eq. 3- 7

or F11 = y Ii A Eq. 3- 8
CASE I : FLUID IS ABOVE THE CURVED SURFACE.
Fv=y V Eq. 3- 9
tan 8 = Fv/ F11 Eq. 3-10
... __ ---
~i
where:
A =vertical projection of submerged curve (plane area)
0
Pc&= pressure at the cenb·ojd of A
cg of volume
N1>Le: The procedure used in solving FH is the same are that presented in Page 73.

FLUID BELOW AND ABOVE THE CURVED SURFACE

CASE II: FLUID IS BELOW THE CURVED SURFACE

Volume= V
cg of
cg of volume volume
0 f

Curved surface
Net vertical force Net vertical
projectlon of area
 ' ' 'l"!"l!l~IUMM++WlllllllllllUlllUIUUll

PLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS
a. t-IYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 81
80 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS

DAMS
Dams are structures that block the flow of a river, stream, or other waterway.
Some dams divert the flow of river water into a pipeline, canal, or ch annel.
Others raise the level of inland waterways to make them navigable by ships
and barges. Many dams harness the energy of falHng water to generate electric
power. Dams also hold water for drinking and crop irrigation, and provide
flood con trol.

PORPOSE OF A DAM
Dams are built for the following purposes:
1. Irrigation and drinking.water
2. Power s upply (hydroelectric)
3.
4.
Navigatio n
Flood control
"'uru 3 - 3: Boat Passing through canal Lock. Canal locks are a series of gates designed
I ..1111w a boat or ship to pass from one level of water to another. Here, after a boat has
5. Multi purposes t1l 111•d lhe lock and all gates ar~ secured, the downstream sluices open and water flows
H•~1qh them. When the water level is equal on either side of the downstream gate, water
111h nowlng through the sluices; the downstream gate opens, and the boat continues on at
I 11rw water level.

<travihj dams use only the force of gravity to resist water pressure-
lhnt is, they hold back the water by the sheer force of their weight
pushing downward. To do this, gravity dams must consist of a mass
Gent!:rator ~~I heavy that the water in a reservoir cannot push the dam
downstream or tip it over . They are much thicker at the base than the
au water. Turbine lt1p-a shape that r eflects the distribution of the forces of the water
- ---~---......
I· "ti•linst the dam. As water becomes deeper, it exerts more horizontal
I
pressure on the dam. Gravity dams are relatively thin near the surface
-~··~--.;-~---~---......=o;i..- 1d the reservoir, where the water pressure is light. A thick base
Dr aft tube
1'1111bles the dam · to 44withstand the more intense water pressure at
llw bottom of the reservoir.
Figure 3 - 2: Section of a dam used for hydroelectric
 FLUID MECHANICS LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T H REE
82
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS · Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 83
4 A~tttress da111 consists of a wall, or face, s upported by several
bu t resses on the downstream s ide. The vast majority of butlress
d . s are made of concrete that i~ reinfor~ed wi lh steel. Buttresses are
p1cally spaced across the dam site every 6 to 30 m (20 to 100 ft),
depending upon the size and design of the dam. Buttress dams are
sometimes called hollow dams because the buttresses do not form a
solid wall stretching across a river valley.

Figure 3 - 4: Gravity dam

2 An embankmeut dam is a gravity dam formed out of loose rock,

earth, or a combination of these materials. The ups tream and
downstream slopes of embankment dams are flatter than those of
concrete gravity dams. In essence, they more closely ma tch the
natural slope of a pile of rocks or earth

3 Arclt dams are concrete or masonry structures that curve upstream mto
a reservoir, stretching from one wall of a river canyon to the other. This
design, based on the same principles as the architectural arch and vault. Fi gur e 3 - 6 : Buttress dam
transfers some water pressure onto the walls of the canyon. Arch dams
require a relatively narrow river canyon with solid rock walls capable
of withstanding a significant amount of horizontal thrust. These dams
do not need to be as massive as gravity dams because the canyon walls
carry part of the pressure exerted by the reservoir

Fig ure 3 - 7 : Multiple arch dam

Figure 3 - 5: Arch dam
 111111111ttllfffftttlttfffflllllNliMlllWll1111-M111

CHAPTER TH REE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE

84 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfa ces & HYDRAULICS ' HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 85
ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAM ertical for ces
A dam is subjected to hydrostatic forces due to wa ter which is raised on its Weight of the dam
upstream side. These forces cause the da m to. slide horizontally on its ~1 =Ye V1; ltY2 =Yr Vi; W3 =Yr v3
fo undation and overturn it about its downstream edge or toe. These Weight of water in the upstream side (if ariy)
/: W4 = yV4
tendencies are resisted by friction on the base of the dam and gravitational
forces which causes a moment opposite to the overturning moment. The dam 3. Weight or permanent structures on the dam
may also be prevented from sliding by keying its base 4. Hydrostatic Uplift
U1 =y V,, 1
Upstream Side Downstream Side U2 = Y V112

(Tallwater) 8. Horizontal Force

Headwater 1. Total Hyd rostatic Force acting at the vertical projection
.---r~.~w
~ .s~·~""'"'.'I~ W of the su~mergecl portion of the dam,
I
I F=yliA
Vertical jW• 2. Wind Pressure
Projection of ~ .3. Wave Action
the submerged
4. Floating Bodies
face of dam h
5. Earthquake Load
F
Ill. Solve for the Reaction
A. Vertical Reaction, Ry
Ry= L.F,,
Ry = W1 +. W2 + W3 + W4 - U1 - Ui
I
Toe
Uplift Pressure ··r·····+··r·· ·· 8. Horizontal Reaction, R,
Diagram ~ I l~r =Hi, .
R, =p
IV. Moment abou.t the Toe

Ry
x A. Righting Moment, RM (rotation towards the upstream side)
RM = W , x, + W2 x2 + W3 X3 + W4 x~
Figure 3 - 8: Typical section' of a gravity dam showing the possible forces acting
8. Ove~urning Moment, OM (rotation towards the downstream side)
Steps of Solution OM - p y + U1 Z1 + Ui Z2 .
With reference to Figure 3 - 8, for purposes of illustration, an assumption w,1
made in the shape of the uplift pressure diagram. Location of Rv ( x)
I. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam (perpendicular to the sketch)

11 Determine all the forces acting: x = RM-OM Eq. 3-11

Ry
 FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force o n Surfaces & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostat ic Force o n Surfaces 87
where:
y = unit weight of water= 9.81 kN/m1 (or1000 kg/ m3)
y, = unit weight of concrete
y, = 2.4y (usually taken as 23.5 kN / m1)
Rv ( 1±-
q = ---· 6e) , where e $ 8/6 Eq. 3 - 14
Factors of Safety . B 8
Factor of safety against sliding, FSs:

~
Oll': Use (+) to get the stress at point where Ry is neares t. Jn the diagram
µR y uiwn a~ove, use (+)to get q-r and (-)to get 'q11 . A nega,tive stress indicates
FSs = - - >1 Eq. 3-12 m\r ress1ve stress and a positive stress indicates tensile stress
Rx

h,u• soil cannot carry any tensile stress, the result of Eq. 3 - 14 is invalid if the
Factor of safety agains t overturning, F:;n: jMh·'I~ is positive. This will happen if e > 8/6. Should thi~ happen, Eq. 3 - 15
lllrlll he used .
RM
FSo = - - >1 B/2
OM

where:
p =coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the foundation

q.
\' =a/3
Foundation Pressure 1 Middle Third ' ,, .. 3x
Fore~ B/6 B/3 B/3 : B/3
I
}(II"' 1
/2(11)(q,)(l)
From combined axial and bending : B/6 k B/6 i
.( ~~ >1
stress fo rmula: ~--·
/(,, = 1/2(3 x )q,. a
P Mc
q=-- ± -
A 1 Heel ~---.-...--!"""f'-r"~"f-T""'lt"'"l''-ri
P = Rv _ 2Ry
QH q, - -3- Eq. 3-15
!\ = 8(1) = 8 x
M = R,,e
I= 1(8)3
12
I
c = B/2 I

q=-13 ±
R,1 (R ~0
e)(B/2)
8 3 /12
lm
I cg+
i
~I(
• Ry
I
B/2 B/2
\: B
:\
 CHAPTER THREE FLU ID MECHANICS , LUID MECHAN ICS C HAPTER THREE
88 Total Hydro sta tic Fo rce on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS .. HYDRAULICS Total Hyd rostatic Force on Surfaces 89
where: /
BUOYANCY
y = 1fnit weight. of the fl uid ·
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
V[ volume displaced . Vo'. ume of the body below the liq uid surface
A principle discovered by the Greek scientist Archi1~edes that states that "m1y I1 ~"('"'.pi ob/ems 111 b11oyn11cy, 1de11tifi; t/ie forces nct111g and npply ro11t!it1ons of stntir
body immersed i11 n fluid is acted upon by n11 upwnrd force (buoynnt force) eq11nl to till' 11111lrlm11111:
wei8i1t of tlle displaced fluid". >: fH = 0
..
:!: Fv = 0
This principle, a lso known as the law of l1ydrostntics, applies to both floating :!:M=O
and submerged bod ies, and to all fluids.
~t lt1>1nogeneous solid body of volume V "floating" i.n a homogeneous fluid at
Consider the body shown in Figure 3 - 9 immersed in a fluid of unit weighty •1111 .
The horizontal components of the force acting on the body are a ll in
equilibrium, since the vertical projection of the body in opposite sides is th1·
same. The upper 'face of the body is s ubject to a vertical downward forc1• = sp.gr.of body Ybody
VD --"---=-----"- v= -- v Eq. 3 - 17
which is equal to the weight of the fluid above il, and the lower face is subjecl sp.gr.ofliquid Y1tquid
to an upward force equal to the weight of real or· imaginary liquid above It
The net upward force acting on the body is the buoyant force.
1111• l1udy of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as
t lh •d cylinders, blocks, etc.:

V0 =Volz - Vol,

Vo

BF=
l Fv2- Fv1
D = sp .gr.ofbody H
sp.gr.of liquid
= Ytxxty
YliquiJ
H
Eq. 3 - 18

Figure 3 - 9 : Forces acting on a submerged body

BF= Fvi-Fvi I 11d y is of unjform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged A,
= y(Voh) - y(Voh)
BF= y(Voh- Voh)

As= sp.gr. of body A == Ybody A

BF =y Vo Eq.3- 19
sp. gr . ofliquid y liquid
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS , LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
90 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS ~' HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 91

STATICAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

A floating body 1s acted upo n by two equal opposmg torces fhese are, th~
body's weight W (acting at its center of gravity) and its buoyant force Bf
(acting at the center of buoyancv that is located at the center of gravitv of thE>
d isplaced liqu id ) ·

When these torces are colhnear as shown m Figu re 3 · 10 (a), 11 floats 111 an
upright posilion. However, when the body tilts due to w ind or wave action,
the cente r of buoyancy shifts to its new position as shown in Figure 3 · 10 (b)
and the two forces, whic h . are no longer coUinear, produces a couple equ a l to
W(x). T he body will not ovf?rtum if this couple makes the body rota te 'toward~
its original position as shown in Figure 3 · 10 (b), and w ill overturn if tlw
~ituation is as shown in Figure 3 · 10 (c).
Figure 3 · 10 (c): Unstable position
fhe point of intersection between the axis of the body and lhe lme o t action ot
the buoyant force is called the 111etace11ter. The distance from the rnetacenter Figure 3 • 10: Forces on a floating body
(M) to the center of gravity (G) of the body is called the metacentric height
(MG). It can be seen that a body is stable if Mis above G as s hown in Figu re;\
10 (b), and unstable if M is below G as shown in Figure 3 · 10 (c) If M ~IGHTING MOMENT AND OVERTURNIN.G MOMENT
coincides with G. the bodv is said to be 1usl ~lnhlr•
RM or OM= W(x) Eq. 3- 20

weight of the body

buoyant fo rce (always equal to W for a floating body)
1 t' nter of gravity of the body
renter of buoyancy in the upright position
(t 1•ntroid of the displaced liq uid )
1111 renter o f buoyancy in the tilted p osition
\ 1 volume displaced
BF I mctacenter, the point of intersection between the line of action
nl the buoyant force and the axis of the body
11•nter of g ravity of the wedges (imm ersion and emersion)
h111 izontal distance between the cg' s of the wedges
volu me of the wedge of immersion
Figure 3 10 (a): Upright position Figure 3 · 10 ( b): Stable pos1t1on .rngle of tilting
f.1111 1 distance from M to Bo
I 1111 •• 1hstance from G to Bo
~It 1 11\utacentric height, distance from M to G
 11111111111111111111.UllllllllHtMt*MMHIU

CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE

92 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 93
Metacentric he ight, MG = MBo± GBo Eq. 3- 21 M~
rnent du to shifting of BF= m oment due to shifting of wedge
BF ( = F (s)
Use ~-) If G 1s above 8<• F=y Vo
LJ<;e (+) 1f G 1s below R1' F=yv
z = MBo sin e
Note M 15 always above S,
y v D MBo sin e = y v s

MBo= __v_s_
VALUE OF MB 0 Eq. 3 - 22
V0 sine
l"ht> stabili ty o t tht> body depends on the c1m o unt ot the righting momen t
wh ic h in tu rn 1s depende nt on the metacentric height MG. When the body tilts.
tht> center of buoyan cy shifts to a new position (Bo'). This shifting also cau se~
the wedge p ' to shift to a new position o The moment due to the shifting ol INITIALVALUE OF MB0
the huovant forc-e flF(zJ i~ must equal to moment due to wedge shift Ffs )
ti r ~mall values of e, (6 ""0 ore = 0):
,

111111..110~~--
~.·~;
Wedge, volume =v
s ~ Rolhn9
, Figure 3 - 11: Rectangular body

Waterline Section hli•1 11 body in the shape of a rectangular II

II 111Figure3_11; para elepiped length L as

wedge, v = 112(B/ 2)[(B/ 2) tan e]L

111111111• c1f
t
11111111• of wedge, v = LB2 tan e

I 11111111 1 values of e, 5 "' ~ B

llil 1 i'lillillll1illflfl""ltt~llllltiilillllll11itilllt..llllllHIH

FLU ID MEC HA NICS CHAPTER THREE

94
.C HA PTER TH REE
Total Hydrostatic Fo rce o n Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 95
R RECTANGULAR SECTION
vs
MB. = - - -
V0 sine 14-----s--~

s/2--+ s/2
.l. LB 2 tan e x l. B
MB.= s . 3 But for small values of e, sin e"' tan e
V0 sine
..L L8 3
MB.= _12_ _ ~ (B/2)sece

But
Vo
-f.i LB3 is the moment of inertia of the waterline section, J

M
I x=s/2 __.

812
1
o cg T-
(B/2) tan l-l

Note: This formula can be applied to any section.

( B/2) co~-'-
Centroid of wedge
Since the metacentric heig ht MG is dependent with MBo, the stability of a
floating body therefore depends on the moment of inertia of the waterlim
section. Lt can also be seen that the body is more stable in pitching than in
h-m. = vs
V 0 sine
rolling because the moment of inertia in pitching is greater than that in rolling
Vo= BDL where L is the lengtti perpendicular to the figure
II= 1/2(B/2)[(B/2) tan e)L
II= tLB2 tan e
MOMENT <'en troid of triangle,x
The righting or overturning moment on a floating body is: From geometry, x = x1+ X2 + X3
3
RM or OM= W x = W (MG sin 0) x = O + ( B I 2) sec e + ( B / 2) cos e
3

x= .!!_ ( -
1- +cose)= .!!_ ( 1+cos2e)
6 case 6 l cose
2
!. = x = .!!_ ( 1 + cos e)
2 6 cose

~ .. .!!. ( 1 + cos 2 e I
3 l cose J
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
96 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 97

~LB' tan•Hl l+,::~ 9

nsider a pipe of diameter D and
)] lckness t be s ubjected to a net pressure
1'o determine the tangential stress in
MB.= (BDL)sin8. t pipe wall, let us cut a section of length
2 along the diam eter. The forces acting on Projection of
LB 3 sin8 l + cos 8 11 section are th e total pressure F due to curved area
- - ·- x
24 cos8 cos8 •t lntem aJ pressure and this is to be
MB .. = BDLsin8 l11tcd by T which is the total stress of
8 2 1 + cos 2 e • pipe wal.l.
MB = - - - - -
" 24D cos 2 8

MB,, = 24D

MB 0
B

= £
2

24D
-

( cosl 2 ~ + i lJ

(seci 0 + 1)
I but sec2 e = 1 + tan2 8
Applying equilibrium cond ition;
p:r,, =OJ
F = 2T
F= pA = pDs
T= Sr Awall
T= Sr (s x t)
MB. = £24D [(1 + tanl 8) + l ] 11Ds = 2 x (Sr (s x t)J

MB 0 8 2
= ---~2+ tan2 8) = - - 8 (2
2
tan 0)
- + - -·-
2

12(2)D 12D 2 2 Tangential stress, s.,. = pD Eq. 3- ~6

21

MB =
120
tan
B2- ( 1+--
2
2
eJ tl11h•rn1ine the longitudinal stress, let us
t

-- -\\
~
0

1111' 1•ylinder acr oss its length as shown.

0/'11 OJ

JL
I' T
f= pA F
/' r= pf 0 2
STRESS ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
'f' = SLAwall --- ~t
THIN-WALLED CYUNDRICAL TANK Awall = 1tDL
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to teruill 1· .. s,_ 1tDt
forces, w hich resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transver
secti ons. I' 1J) l = SL rcDt

Longitudinal stress, SL = pD Eq. 3- 27

4t
p = internal pressure - exter nal pr essure Eq. 3 - 28
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MEC HAN ICS CHAPTER THREE
98 Total Hyd rostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 99
SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tan k of d iameter D and thickness I contains gas under a p ressun
olved Problems
of p. the stress at the wall can be expressed as·

a
vertical rec tangular plane of heigh t d and base bis submerged in a liquid
With its top edge at the liquid surface. Determine the total force F acting on
.D Ill' side and its location from the liquid surface .
'
l
~ F =yhA
' . Wall s tress, S = pD ii= d/2
4t A= bd
F = y(d/2)(brl)
F = 1h y b d2
SPACING OF HOOPS OF A WOOD STAVE PIPE
1
e= _g_
Ay
y = Ti = rl/2
.l. bd 3
I!= 12
(bd)(d I 2)

. .
I'= d/6

y,, = h + e
Pressure diagram
(triangular prism)

ljp = d/2 + d/6

l/1 r = 2d/3

llsing the pressure d iagram:

25 1 A,, F =Volu me of pressu re diagram
Spacing, S = --'---
pD F = 1/z(yd)(d)(b) = 112 y b d2

The location of F is at the centroid of the pressure diagram.

w here:
S, = allowable tensile s tress of the hoop I or rectangular surface (inclined or vertical) submerged in a fluid with top edge
A1, =cross-sectional area of the hoop nushed on the liquid surface, the center of pressure from the bottom is 1/3 of its
p = in ternal p ressure in the pipe l11•lght.
0 =diameter of the pipe
 II liillillllllfllli 111111111111 111 ,

CHAPTER THREE FLUI D MECHA NICS CHAPTER THREE

100 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYD RAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force o n Surfaces 101
Problem 3 - 2
A vertical triangular surface of height d and horizontal base width b 1~ F=yh A
submerged in a liq uid with its vertex at the liquid s urface. Determine the total F = y(r)(rr r2)
r
force acti n g on one side and its location from the liquid surface F=7tyr"

Solution . Ig
t>=-
(' = y /1 A Ay
fr = 1...3 d .lm.4
e= 4
A = hbd 1 = r/4
(7tr 2 )(r)
r = y x ~ d x 112nd YP = r + e
y,,=r+r/4
F= t ybd2 yp =Sr/4 Pressure diagram
(cylindrical wedge)
Ig
1'=- Using the pressure diagram for this case is quie t complicated . With the
Ay l'l' sh.own, its volume can be computed by integration. Hence, pressu re
ii = fr = 2d/3 •~mm 1s easy to use only if the area is rectangular, with one side horizontal.
.l.. bd 3
•' = 3b
(f bd)(2d /3)
I'.= d/12 Pressure diagram
(pyramid) V1 rtira l rectangular gate 1.5 m wide and 3 m high is submerged in wate r
lh Iii. ~op edge 2 m below the water surface. Find the.total pressu re actit~g
ifio= /i + I'
Otw ~nde of the gate and its location from the bo ttom.
1;,. = -t d + d /1 2 = 3d/4
Us ing the pressure diagram.
('=Volu m e of pressure diagram /' .. yh A
F= * A1>.i-e ~ heigh t
fl ,,;, 1.5 + 2 = 3.5 m 2m

( =* (b x yd)(d) =t ybd2 , ,. 9.81(3.5)[(1 .5)(3)) ii= 3.5 m

154.51 kN
~ is located at the centroid of the diagram. w hic h is 1
/4 of the altitud1
from the base ' 3m
r' .!.L
Ay
cg e--t---e.....
cpe--T-,--....-
y
3
fi"(l.5)(3) ' t
r (1.5 x 3)(3.5) = 0.214 m
A vertica circular gate o r radius r is submerged in a liquid with its top ed g~·1I
flushed on the liquid surface. Determine the magnitud e and locati on of lh• v"' ·1:5 - e
tota l force actin g on one side of the gate 1/ ... '1.5 - 0.214
t/ • l .286 m
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANI CS CHAPTER TH REE
102 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force o n Surfaces 103

~--
Using the pressure diagram:
F =Volume of p ressure diagram F= yhA
.·:
21
3) (1.5) .::.
.... ..... il = 2+ t (3)
F = (Sy ; x
.. h = 3m = y 2m
F = 15.75y h=3m
F = 15.75(9.81) F = (9.81(0.82))(3)[1/2(1.5)(3)]
F = 154.51 k N F= 54.3 kN
2y

Ay
*
e -- -1g -- -='-----
('1.5)(3)3
[t (l.5)(3)](3)
Oil
e.= 0.167 m s = 0.82
y1, = ii + e
y,. = 3.167 m from the oil surface

3y 2y blem 3 - 6 (CE Board May 1994)

Pressure diagram
(trapezoidal prism) v1·rtical rectangular p late is submerged half in oil (sp. gr. = 0.8) and half in
Location of F: 1111·1· such that its top edge is flushed with th e oil surface. What is the ratio of
Ai= 2y(3) = 6y ~II' l11rce exerted by water acting on the lower half to that by oil acting on the
A1 = V2(3y)(3) = 4.Sy pJ11· r half?
A = A I + Ai = 10.5y \
[Ay =Lay]
10.5y y = 6y(l .5) + 4.Sy(l) I '11rrc on upper h alf:
y =1.286 m (much complicated to get than using the formula) l 'o =Yo h A
l'o = (Yw x 0.8)(d/ 4)[b(d/2)]
l'o =0.1Yw.b d2
Problem 3 - 5 I 111 rt' on lower h alf:
·A v~ticaJ trian gular gate w ith top base horizontal and 1.5 wide is 3 m high. 11 I 1v = p cg2 x A
is subm erged in oil h av ing sp. gr. of 0.82 with its top base submerged to n Pcg2 = Yo ho + Yw It,,.
depth of 2 m. Determine th e magnitude and location of the total hydrostatlr flcg2 = (Ytu X 0.8}(d/2} + y (d/ 4}
10

press ure acting o n one side of the gate. /Jcg2 = 0.65 Yw d

I 1v 111 (0.65 Y11• d)[b(d/2))
I 1v,. 0.325 Yw b d2
Fw
Fo
0.325y wbd 2
---'-"'-- = 3.25
O.ly 111 bd 2
 CHAP TER THRE E · FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
104 Tot al Hydrostat ic For ce on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrosta ti c Force on Surfaces 105
Pr oblem 3 - 7 (CE Board May 1994} blem 3 - 8 (CE Board May 1992)
A vertical ci.rcular gate in a tunnel 8 m in diameter has oil (sp. gr. 0.8) on 01w dosed cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter and 8 m deep with axis ver tical
side and air on the other side. If oil is 12 m above the invert and the air lllains 6 m deep of oil (sp. gr. = 0.8). The air above the liquid surface has a
pressure is 40 kPa, where will a single support be located (above the invert <'I "Hsure of 0.8 kg/cm 2. Determine the total normal force in kg acting on the
the tunnel) to hold the gate in position? •II at its location from the bottom of the tank.

Solution

Oil; s = 0.8

Sm

12 m Air; p = 40 kPa
s=0.8
J
Oil;
Fu
!+---.- -·-·- ·- ·-·-·- ·-.. 8 m
z-y ,.__:::::-~_.i* 4
-Y 4 rn
Z O Invert

~ Foi1 = Yo11 h A hinge 1'1 • P•ir A

F01 1 = (9.81 x 0.80)(8) x t (8) 2
fluir = 0.8 kg/ cm2 = 8,000 kg/ m2
Fo,1 = 3,156 kN I 1 8,000(2rr x 2) = 32,000n kg
I l/1 • 6 + 1 = 7 m •
e= _g_
Ay I 1 .. p,8 A
~ (8)4 /ltn = (1000 x 0.8)(3) + 8,000
= 0.5 m
I! =
l'i~ =10,400 kg/m2
t (8)2 (8) I 1 '" I0,400(2rr x 6) = 124,800n kg
z = 4 - e = 3.5 m 1
'11lve for e:
F,ur = Pair Ar = 40. x t (8)2 F2 =Yo ii A
F.1, = 2,011 kN 124,800n = (1000 x 0.8) ii (2rr x 6)
The support must be located at point 0 where the moment d ue to I ii • y = 13 m
and F011 is zero. Since F0 u > F.1,, 0 must be below Fon· Ig ~ (2n)(6) 3
,.. - = -=----
fU1o= 0) Ay (2rrx 6)(13)
Fo11(z - y) = F.11(4 - y) r • 0.23077 m
(3,156)(3.5 - y) = 2,011(4 - y)
Vt .. •I - e "" 2.77 m
1.569(3.5 - y) = 4 - y
5.493 - 1.569y = 4 - y
I Ill II I F~ • 156,8001C kg 7 Total normal force
y = 2.62 m
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
106 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 107
Fy = F1 y1 + F2 y2
(156,800it) y = (32,000it)(7) + (124,800it)(2.77)
y = 3.63 m -7 Location of F from the bottom

Using the pressure diagram:

(l: Mhinge = 0 ]
F z = 40(1)

F = y h A = 9.81
F = 14.715h
h (1 )(1.5)
r w.s. ••• L= !.Sm

8000 n{2) = 2n m
I "
p-1 r-""''

1±
I8 -
e= - where y = h

h
Ay h

Ti (1.5)(1) 3
e= -=----
1
l m
(1.5 x 1 )h 12h
6
z = 0.5 + e = 0.5 + ~ B 40 kN
12/i
800(6) =4800 8000
1
Pressure Diagram 14.715h (o.5+ _) = 40
. 12h
0.5 h + 0.08333 = 2.718
P 1 = 8000(8)(27!) = 128,000it kg
P2 = 112(4,800)(6)(2it) = 28,800it kg h =5.27 m = h + 0.5 = 5.77 m -7 critical water depth

P = P 1 +P2 =156,SOOJt kg -7 Total normal force

[P y = P1 y1 + P2 y2]
(156,800it) y = (128,0007!)(4) + (28,8007!)(2)
lie .ti circular gate is submerged in a liquid so that its top edge is flushed
~ lh•• liquid surface. Find the rati o of the total force acting on the lower
y = 3.63 m -7 Location of P from the bottom
~11 tlrnt acting on the upper half.

Problem 3- 9
F
In the figure sh ow n, stop B will w.s. H11t10 = -1..
F, F1
o.sJs6r f
break if the force on it reaches ~
,,.....;
N

40 kN. Find the critical water L = 1.Sm I1111 lo

yh2 A2 x
depth. The len gth of the gate y h 1 A1 Fi x
perpendicular to the sketch is /\I A2 x = 4r/311
1.5 m h

lm
lfotlc•
,,,~2
l.424r
B
Millie• = 2.475
0.5756r

stop
 CHAPTER THREE F LUID MECHA NICS CHAPTER· TH REE
108 Total Hyd rostat ic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrosta t ic Force o n Surfaces 10 9

Problem 3 - 11
L = 30m
A 30 m long dam, retains 9 m of
water as shown in the figure. Find F=y hA
the total resultant force acting on the h = 3.5 + 2/3
·dam and the location of the center of h =4.167m
pressure from the bottom. A = 1/2(1)(2.61) h
A= 1.305 m2
F = (9810 x 0.83)(4.167)(1.305) 2/3
F = 44,277 N 2m
P =44.277 kN j Oil (s = 0.83)

inclined, · circular
h• with water on one
Id•• is shown in the
-a (30)(10.392) 3 Determine the
2m
t
e= _--!=-.:...~:__--'---- resultant force
(30_:< 10.392)(4.5 /sin 60°)
e = 1.732m
0
0
y = 1/2(10.392) -1.732 0
0

y = 3.464 m
or
y= t (10.392) = 3.464 m

Problem 3 - 12
The isosceles triangle gate shown y /1 A
in the figure is hinged at A and /1 2 + 0.5 sin 60°
weighs 1500 N. What is the total ,, 2.433
hydrostatic force acting on one side
'IHI (2.433) f (1 )2
of the gate in kiloNewton?
IH7116 kN
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
110 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfa ces & HYDRAULICS Total Hyd rosta t ic Force on Surfaces 1 11
3
Problem 3 - 14 e = _I8_ = t12(1.5)(3.6)
The gate in the figure shown is 1.5 m wide, hinged at point A, and rests Ay (1.5 x 3.6)(7.21)
against a smooth wall at B. Compute (n) the total force on the gate due to
e = 0.15 m
seawater, (b) the reaction at B, and (c) the reaction at hinge A. Neglect the x = 1.8- 0.15
weight of the gate. x = 1.65 m
(:EMA= 0)
F(x) - R8 (2) = 0
w.s. 218.25(1.65) = 2Ra
Ru= 180 k N
Seawater
s= 1.03
(:Efa =OJ
0
o· RA11 + F sin e - Ra = 0
= 180 - 218.25 sin 33.69°
*o
0 RA11

RA,, = 58.94 kN
(:E F" = 0)
2m
RAv - p cos e = 0
l RAo = 218.25 COS 33.69°
RM= 181.6kN
2 2
RA= JRA v + RAH = J(l81.6) 2 + (58.94) 2
RA= 190.9 kN
Solution
w.s.

I
...............

d2 = 32 + 22
IC11r mine the magnitude ::::H:: :w! :~:~:~Hf:~::::::::
I lnl·ation of the total ~
d=3.6m lm Oil, s = 0.80
h11.,latic force acting on
h =4 m 1 111 x 4 m gate shown t-
!J
tan e = 2/3 Sm 1.5 m Water
e = 33.69° Uw llgure.
-
Y =
-
1/ =
·
Tr
sine
4
sin33.69°
ij = 7.21 m
l Y:..---1-- 2 m
l m
3m
Glycerin, s

F
= 1.26

(11 F = y Jr A
F = (9.81 x 1 .03)(4)[(1.5)(3.6)]
F= 218.25 k N
 CHAPTER TH REE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
112 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 113
Solution roblem 3 - 16 ( CE November 1997)
>etermine the magnitude of .. .. ....... .. ..... .. .
.......... ....
~ he force on the inclined gate ........... . . . ' ' .... ..
. . . . . . . . . . ...
1m Oil, s = 0.80 .5 m by 0.5 m shown in the
f-
1. S m Water
ttgure 001. The tank of

t Wllter is completely closed 3m

•nd the pressure gage at the • Water Figure 001
Glycerin, s = 1.26 ~l<Htom of the tank reads
3m ~0,000 N/m2. Use 9,800
~/cu. m. for water.

2m
f
F =peg A
peg = 'i:.ylr + p
peg= (9.8lxl.26)(3) + (9.81)(1.5) + (9.81x0.80)(1) + 32
peg = 91.645 kPa

F = 91.645(2.x 4)
F = 733.16 kN /' .. peg A
172 - Per. =ylr Water 3m
Solving for e: 90000 - Pee = 9,800(2'. 65)
Solve for Ji and y: p eg = 64030 Pa
,. 64030 (0.5 x 1.5)
F=yhA I' • 48,022.5 N
733.16 = (9.81xl .26) Ji (2 x 4)
h = 7.414 m .,.,E
l.O
y = h /sin 60° = 7.414 / sin 60° .....:i 2
y = 8.561 m
1'~--­
e= !.J._ = fi-(2)(4)3 P2 = 90,000 Pa
Ay (2 x 4)(8.561)
e=0.166m
z = 2 - e = 1.844 m f K•'"' shown in the figure is hinged at A and rests on a smooth floor at B.
Iii iti•ll• is 3 m square and oil of having sp. gr. of 0.82 stands to a height of 1.5
Therefore, F is located 1.844 from the bottom of th e gate. ~h11v•• the hinge A. The air above the oil surface is under a pressure of 7 kPa
tllt 11hnosphere. If the gate weighs 5 kN, determine the vertical force r
Ot11•d to open it.
 1 1s
FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER THREE
114 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces

.........
,,,II\ pins 20 rrun in ctiameter are used for suppor ting flashboards at the crest
: ::.:..:..:.::. ::.:.:~i~;
. . .. .
~:~:1: ~~. ~.::.::.: :.: >>
... . . . . f masonry dams. Tests sh ow that the yield point of iron to be 310 MPa
(1'1C treme fiber stress). Neglecting ·the dynamic effect of water on flas hboards
T !IM\d assuming static conditions, what is the proper spacing, S, of the iron pins,
L1 that the flashboards 600 mm high will yield when water flows 150 mm deep
Oil
s = 0.82 v~·r the top of the flashboards.

Hinge
F

Floor B
1 ~lsm
Solution
ti =0.45
= pq; A

~
p .... ·.· .. ·.·.·.· ·.
p (g = P•ir + w.,11.,
P•&= 7 + 9.81(0.82)(2.56)
::::: :::::::::~i~~:P::~ :7:k~~:::::::::::::: ::
0.6m

·±I
P<& = 27.59 kPa
Oil
p = 27.59 [(3)(3)] .
p = 248.34 kN

P=yhA
5 = 0.82

p A _J
248.34 = (9.81 x0.82) h (3 x 3) F Da

fr = 3.43 m
Floor
- Ii - 3.43
Y = sin 45° - sin 45° Moment capacity of one iron p in (20 mm 0):
3 sin 45° = 2.12 m
y =4.85 m 1r,, = M c/I]
310 = M(2f)
fi-(3)(3)3
l g· -
e=- - 6i(20) 4
Ay (3 x 3)(4.85) M = 243,473.43 N-mm
e = 0.155 m M = 0.24347 kN-m
x = 1.5 + e
x = 1.655 m M11111l•n t caused by F (considering Sm width of flashboard):
[LMA= 0 ] " . Mr .. Fx y
P(x) + W(l.06) - F(2.12) = 0 r y = h A . where A = 0.6 S
2.12F = 248.34(1.655) + 5(1.06) r == 9.81(0.45)[0.6 SJ
F= 196.37 kN
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS
116 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS
.CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydro~tatic Force on Surfaces 117
F = 2.6495
y = 0.3 - ,.
1 I 20 °C, gage A in the figure reads 290 kPa absolute. The tank is 2 m wide
Ix nCS)(0.6)
l'= - := r1wndicular to the figure. Assume atmospheric p ressure to be 1 bar. Sp. gr.
/\y (0.6 S)(0.45) r lllt'rcury = 13.6. Determine the total press ure acting on side CD.
<'= 0.067 m
y = 0.3 - 0.067 = 0.233 m -r-,___ ___,___ c
M 1 = fxy= M 1m Aif: 175 kPa abs
2.649 5 x.0.233.= 0.24347 _j__
i ·~-~-...,==-
5 = 0.394 m = 394 m m h Water
. I
_L_
•-=-==-=_=,....
Problem 3 - 19
ws 70 cm Mercury
The semi-circ ula r gate shown
in Figu re 28 is hinge d at B.
Determine the force F required
Gage A .._ r-------"'-~
D
"' Gage B

to hold the gate in position .

F
lv111g for h:
Solution
f I' I - L Yh + Plop
4 ft 8 1
= (9.81 x 13.6)(0.70) + (9.8l)!t + 175
y = 10 - 1.698
l_~~~
'1()
h =
Ii 2.2 m
h = y = 8.302 ft •'

P=yh /\ I lid force o n side CD: (Note: 1 bar = 100 kPa)

P = 62.4(8.302)[ 1h rc(4)2] ws
175-100 P1
P = 13,019.89 lbs -i- c

J
lg I'!> kPa
lm Air: 175 kPa abs
e=--=
. AY 6 ft
11,81(2.9)
~H.449 kPa
i2.2"'
h = y -
lg= 0.1098 r
Water
-
F
lg = 0.1098(4)~ --,f,.--- ..... .w--i'--t----:~--.. ,,, (3. 9)(2) E
/~ = 28.11 f~ .''>(3. 9)(2) _L °'
E <"'i
28.11 4ft e ~~~----~ 't.'15kN
e= ---=----
!rc(4}2(8.302) l_~~~ 0.7 m Fi

fj
I 1/11(2.9)(2) Mercury
e = 0.1347 ft B 4r/31t I :(28.449)(2.9)(2)

b = 1.698 - 0.1347=1.5633 ft = 1.698 ft llJ5kN D

P2 P1 2m
[LMs =OJ
P(b) = F(4)
13,019.89(1.5633) = F(4)
F = 5088.5 lbs
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
118 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surface s & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Fo rce on Surfaces 1 19

Problem 3 - 21
: ~
The funnel s hown in the figure 1s yh A 1·.·
full of water. The volume of the· 9.81 (2.6)(J .6 x 1.2) ::
upper part is 90 liters and the 48.97 kN
lower part is 74 liters. Wha t is the
for ce te nd ing to push the plug ~
AY
:
...
:
1
1.8 m
o ut? 1.2(1.6)'
_ 1_2_ 2.6 m
:
(I .6x 1.2)(2.6) : A
• 0.082 m

e "' 1.6 m
)i i
Solution
t F 0.8m
z
~5.16kN-m I T
Since the plug area in contact with water is ho rizontal, the pressure all owr
it is unifor m. The shape of the container does not affect the pressure on th1 B
plug
Force= p x A (CE Board)
Force= 9,810(3)( ~)
100
11hi< .1I box, l .5 m on each edge, has its base horizontal and is half-filled
U1w.itcr. The remainder of the box is filled with air under a gage pressure
Force= 1353.78 N 1
l..l 'a. O ne of he vertical sides is hinged at the top and is free to swing
111rd To what dep th can the top of this box be submerged in an o pen body
Jr11~ h water witho ut allowing any water to enter?
Problem 3 - 22
In the fi gure shown, the gate AB
rotates about an axis through B.
The gate width is 1.2 meters. A
torqu e T is applied to the shaft
through B. Determine the torque T
water
1
1.8 m
h Water

to keep the gate closed.

r
1
1.5 m
1
1.25
0.75
x LI)
..-<
x
LI)
Water
1.6 m FJ ..-<

0.2~
~-_._-~ ·----''--
9.81(0.75) 82 kPa
: 7.36 kPa
8 1. 5 m x 1.5 m
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHAN IC~ CHAPTER THREE
120 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 121
[r M11111ge = Oj w.s.
F, (x) - F1 (0.75) • F2 (1.25) = 0 7 Eq. (1)
T~--
\~I the magnitude and location of
Fi = p.,.A l11rre exerted by water on one
Fi = 82[ (1.5)(1.S)J = 184.5 kN hi n( the vertical annular disk
4m

L
F2 = 112(7.36)(0.75)(1.5)
F1 = 4.14 kN

Fi= y /1 A
F3 = 9 .81 Ii [(1 .5)(1 .5)]
F, = 22.0711

I= 0.75 + I'

1.5(1.~ /' .. yli A

lg 12 /' • 9.81(4}[rr(l.5)2- rr(1)2]
e= -
Ay [(1 .5)(1.5)]'1 I .. 154.1 kN
0.1875
r = -- - I ,oration of F:
h
I .!!. (1.5)4 _ 11 (1)4
I = Q.75 + 0.1~75 p=-g-= 4 4
11 Ay n[(l.5) 2
- (1) 2 ]{ 4)
p= 0.203 m
In Equation (1) :
- 01875 .
22.07 11 (0.75 + _ .___ ). 184.5(0.75) . 4.14(,1.25) = 0
y1, = 4 + .0.203 = 4.203 m below the w.s.
11
16.55;; + 4.138 . 138.375 . 5.175 = 0
16.55 ;; = 139412
Ii = 8.42 m H••k in the figure shown
hl!I 5 kN for each meter
" = ;; . 0.75 '1,1111111 the paper. Its center of . Water
11 = 7.67 m lty 1•1 0.5 m from the left face
h
0 r1 1n above the lower face.
I Ir 1!11 the gate just to come
4 lh1• vertical position.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS
122 Total Hydrosta tic Fo rce on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER Tf-f REE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 123
Solution
Considering·l m length
f 1 = 1h (9.81/r)(h)(l ) p=yy 1' y
f 1 = 4.905 /12 kN 0.6·1 rlA = 2x dy
F2 = 9.8lh(l.5)(1)
~. W= SkN
F2 = 14.715h kN h lly syuared property of parabola:
•cg x2 22
[rMo =OJ ·-=-
F1(h/3) + W (0.6) - F2(1.5/2) = 0
h/3
0 1.5 y 3
4.905Jr2 (/z/3) + 5(0.6) - 14.715/i (0.75) = 0 . 9.Blh • 12 = fy
l .6351r3 - 11.04/z + 3 = 0 ' 9.Blh 2m
\'= 2~y/3
Solve lz by trial and error Fz 4m
h = 0.2748 m fll' 'YY f2 (2~y /3) dy]
'" • 2.31yy3/2 dy

ell' = 2.31y fy 1 dy
I 3
Problem 3 - 26 3 2
In Problem 3 - 25, find lz when the force against the" stop" is a m aximum.
I~ 0

Solution
[I:Mo = 0)
•

F1(h/3) + W (0.6) + P(l.5)- P2(1.5/2) = 0 0.6·1

I • !.31y [ ~ y~ I. 2.31 (9.81) t [3'1'- ()'I' J

4.905'12 (lr/3) + 5(0.6) + P(l.5) ~. W=S kN I 141.3 k N

- 14.715/i (0.75) = 0 h
p = 1.Q9h3 - 7.358/1 + 3 •cg r
3
dP
- = 3.27 /12 - 7.358 = 0 h/3
0 I = f<;)dP
d/1 111,
h2= 2.25 9,Blh
9.Bl h 0
h = 1.5 m

f
3
Fz
111 .3 )Jp = y(2.31yy 312 dy)
Problem 3 - 27 0

Determine the force due to water

acting on one side and its location on
the parabolic gate shown using
v, 0.1604 f 3

y 5 12 dy
0
integration.
l/1· 0.1604 [<2/7)y 7 1 2 J:
,,,, • 0. 1604 (2/ 7) 37/2_0712 1 r
111, 2.14 m below the w .s.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
124 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Tota l Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 125
Problem 3 - 28 n>blem 3 - 29 (CE Board)
In the figure shown, f\nd the ~ dc1m is triangular in cross-section with the upstream face vertical. Water is
w idth b · of the concrete dam ~u1hed with the top. The dam is 8 m high and 6 m wide at the base and
necessary to prevent the dam 11ly,hs 2.4 tons per cubic meter. The coefficient of friction between the base
from sliding. The specific gravity rict the foundation is 0.8. Determine (a) the maximum and minimum unit
of concrete is 2.4 and the rll'~~ure on the foundation, and the (b) factors of safety against overturning
coefficient of friction between the r1cl against sliding. ·
base of the da m and the
foundation is 0.4. Use 1.5 as the lution
factor of safety against sliding. ls
the d am also safe from <;p gr. Scone= y cone
Of CO'nC,
Yw
overturning ?
2.4x 1000
'ip. gr. of cone, Scone= = 2.4
Solution 1000
Consider 1 m length of dam 1111•ader 1 m length of dam
Wc=Yc V,. W=y, V
W e= y(2.4)[~)(6)(1)]
"' (yx2.4) [! (6)(8)(1)}
W, = 14.4 by
w.s w.. 57.6 y wherey =unit wt. of wate1
F=yh A
F = y(2.25)f(4.5)(1)] yh A lm w.s.
F= 10.125y y(4)(8 x 1)
4.5 m F I • 32y
Rx= F = 10.125y
Ry= W, I .:r R, P = 32y
Ry= 14.4 by ·L.:.:J ~ Rv W= 57.6y
'
FS, = µRy NM= W(4)
Rx = 57.6y(4)
1.5 = 0.4(14.4by) RM= 230.4y
10.125y 1IM= P(8/3)
b = 2.637 m = 32y(8/3)
1IM • 85.33y
FS~= RM RM-OM
' OM 8/6 = 1 m
Ry
FS = W, (b/2)
° F(l .5) 230.4y - 85.33y
= 2.519 m < 8/2
IRv
57.6y
FS. = 14.4(2.637)y(2.637 I 2) =
3.3 > 1 (Safe)
10.125y(l .5) r 1112 - :x
11 .. \ · 2.519 = 0.481 m < B/6
 CHAPTER THREE FLUm MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
126 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS ' HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 127
Figure:
,, . -R,, ( 1 ±6e)
R
-
B
•( • 57 .6~.81 ) [ 1 ± 6(0.:81) J \.- - - - - - - - - - - l l : 2 m

Using(+)
Using (-)"

p/{ IJ
l/ t = - 139.47 kPa
r/H = - 48.88

0.8(57.6y)
kPa
~

-) <Oil 7"''
soil pressure at the toe

P'"''"'" ,,
!-~ •. =-·
R, 32y
FS.. = 1.44
_ RM _ 230.4y '
Fs,- OM - - -
85.33y
F.'>. = 2.7

Problem 3 - 30 (CE Board May 1992) lutlon

A gravity dam of trapez01dal cross-section w ith one tace vertical and Neglecting hydrostatic uplift:
horizontal base 1s 22 m high and has a thickness of 4 m at the top. Wa te1 I Consider 1 in length of dam
upstream stands 2 m below the crest of the dam fhe specific gravity ol
II Forces
masonry is 2.4
A Neglecting hydrostatic uplift: Wi =Ye Vi = (y x 2.4)[(4)(22)(1)]
I Find the base width B of the dam so that the resultant force will cut W1=211.2y
the extreme edge of the middle third near the toe.
W2 = (y x 2.4)[ 112 (B-4)(20)(1)]
2 Compute the factors o f safety aga inst slid ing a nd overturning
W2 = 24By - 96y
Use ~l = 0.5.
8 Co nstdering uplift pressure to vary uniformly from fu ll hydrostatu F = Yh A =y (10)[(20)(1)]
F= 200w
pressure at the heel to zero at the toe: .
I Find the base width B of the dam so that the resulta nt fo rce wi ll act ell Reaction
the extremity of the middle third near the toe. R,.. = r.f, = p
2 Com pute the maximum and minimum compressive c;tresses achnr R., = 200y
against the base of the dam
Ry= 'EFy = W1 + W2
= 211.2y + 24By - 9f1y
Rv = 24By + 115.2y
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
128 Tota l Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 129

8= - 44.8 ± ~(44.8) 2 -4(8)(- 1499.73)

Lm 2(8)
8=11.175 m

h = 10 m I
I
'
Factors of Safety:
• Factor of safety agai nst sliding:
I
· 20 m I FS, = µR y
I R.,

l
F W, I
= (0.5)[24(11.175)y + 1.15.2y J
I
20/3
I
I
I
I FS, = 0.9585
200y

Heel
4 I
.
Factor of safety against overturnin g:
Uplift
RM
FS11 = -
pressure 0M
diagram
X = B/3 = 16(11.175) 2 y + 83.2(11.175)y -166.4y
1333.33y
26/ 3--~
FS., = 2.07
..._,
,- - - - B - - - --..i
IV Mo me nt a bo ut the toe C'onsidering hydrostatic uplift:
RM= W1 (B - 2) + W2[ i (B - 4) ] Uplift fo rce, U = 112 (20y)(B)(1) = 10811•
= 21'1.2y(B - 2) + (24By - 96y) [ { (B - 4) J
Rv = W1 + W2- U ·
= 211 .2By - 422.4y + 16811' - 128By + 25fry
= 248y + 115.2y - 1081
f{M = I 68 2y + 83 .2By - 166.4y Rv = 14By + 115.2y
OM = F(20/ 3)
= 200y(20 /3) RM= W1(8 - 2) + W 2[ t (8 - 4)]
OM = 1333.3Jy RM= 1682y + 83.28y - 166.4y

OM= F(20/3) + U(2B/3)

V Location of /~
= 200y(20/3) + 108y (28/ 3)
R. r =RM - OM
c>M = 6.67827 + 1333.33y
f{ v x =RM-OM
Smee the res ulta nt torce w ill pass thro u gh the ex tre me ed ge o f
(148y + 115.2y)(B/3) = 16827 + 83.2By - 166.4y - (6.6782y + 1333.33y)
the middl e thirds near the toe. x = B/3. Th en .
.J.6682 + 44.88 - 1499.73 = 0

(248y + 115. 2y)(8/ 3) = 168~ + 83.28'! - 166.4y - 1 ::n3.3~y 8= - 44.8 ± ~(44.8) 2 - 4(4.66)(-1499.73)
882y + 38 .4By = 168~y + 83 2By 1499 73y 2(4.66)
8/F + 44.81l . 1499 73 = 0 B = 13.766 m
 CHAPTER THREE FLU ID MECH AN ICS , LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
130 Total Hyd ro static Force on Surface.s & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrosta t ic Force on Surfaces 13 1
Foundation stress
-r = B/3 f =y,,,/i A
r = 13.766/3 = 4.59 m =9.81(3)(6 x 1) 2m
,, = 8/2 - x = 2.2943 m T= 176.58 kN I( )I
I
•I =- R: (l ± 6;) II= t (6) = 2 m
W,=y, v,
Ry= 14(13.766)(9.81) + 115.2(9.81) = 23.5f2(8){1)] 'iJ =-
R11 = 3020.73 kN

\
W1 =376kN 0
0
E 0
INJ = y,. V2
I = • 3,020.73 [ ± 6(2.2943)
1 1 = 23.5[1/2{2)(8)(1)]
CD

E
0
0
0
0
0 W1
I 13.766 13.766
1% = 188 kN ID
,,., = - 438.87 kPa
F
l/N = 0 kPa II = 4 - 1/2(2) = 3
'~ m (2/3)(2) = 1.333 m

Problem 3 - 3 1 (CE Board May 2002) N, =F= 176.58 kN '" I( )I

2m 4m
fhe section of a concrete gravity Nv"" W1+W2=376+188
dam shown in the figure. The I' 'I ------.
Nv = 564 kN
depth of water at the upstream side
1s 6 m. Neglect hydrostatic uplift Ii.:.= µR,,
and use unit weight of concrete Rx
equal to 23.5 kN/m3. Coefficient of / ,!i, .. 0.6(564)
0 = 1.916
friction between the base of the 0 176.58
0
dam and the fou ndation is 0.6
NM = w, X1 + W2 X2
0

Determine the following: (a) factor

E ,= 376(3) + 188(1.333)
of safe.ty against sliding, (b} the 0
facto r of safety against 0
0
NM =1378.604 kN-m
0
overturning, and (c} the OM= Fx y
overturning moment acting against • 176.58(2)
the dam in kN-m I IM • 353.16 kN-m -) over turning moment
I, .I
4m
, ~,.
RM
-OM
-
Is,, 1378.604
353.16
=3.904
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
132 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 133
Problem 3 - 32 (CE Board November 2001) Problem 3 - 33 (CE Board May 1986)
fhe section of a gravity dam is 10'
f'hl! section of the masonry dam is as shown. Th e specific weight of water is
as show n in the figure. Assume 3 3
<:::::..o 0 lil.81 kN/m and that of concrete is 23.54 kN / m3 Assuming uplift pressure
hydrostatic upli ft to vary <l
0
~10 Yaries linearly from
· h d
7
m El. 52m
uniformly from full hydrostatic b. l'I\ll>:tm um y rostatic
uplift from the heel to zero at pressu re at the heel to zero at El. som
0
the toe De te rmine the total c::,. tlw location of the drain,
reaction per unit le ngth at the dll'termi ne the (a) location of
b.
base of the dam Use sp. gr of .::,. Ow resultant force, (b) factor
concrete = 2 4 0 <:::::..
If Nafety agains t sliding if
0
D l~ll·fficient of friction is 0.75,
Solution (1) foctor of safety against
l)Yt•rturning, (d) the stress at
l~=J R ' 2 +R I/ 2 lhr heel and at the toe, a nd (e)
th_, unit horizontal shearing
Consider 1- toot le ngth of dam trl"s~ at the base

R, = F = y h A
I
<
30'
·I·
10'
, 6' I 24'

= 62.4(30)(60 x 1) 3
R. = 112,320 lbs
~10
R. = W1 + W1 + W,. U
w, = y, v, ! . - - 26 m _____.;
10 + 40 7 mI
w, = (62.4 x 2.4) - - (60)(1)
w.s.
- - - - - - - - - - JI - - - -
. 2

r
w, = 224.640 l b~
W2 = y, V2
60 + 40
. w,. = (62.4 x 2.4) -2- (6)( 1) 52 m
60'
'>Om
\1\/2 = 44,928 lbs

vv, = y, v, = (62.4 x 2.4)

L
1
12(24)(40)(1)
w, = 71,884.8 lbs
W4 = y.,, V4 = (62.4) 112(30)(60)
lm
w, = 56,160 lbs Heel
Toe
U = y.,. Vu = (62.4) 112(60)(70)(1 ) = 131,040 l b~ 50(9.81) = 490.5
'~. = 224,640 + 44,928 + 71 .884 8 + 56160 . 131 .04(1
R,, = 266.572.8 lb~

r~ ,. J(112 .~20) 2 • (266.572 8) 2 = 28CJ.26CJ 1b s per foot 38.2 m ----.i

 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
134 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 135
Cons ide r 1 m le ngth of dam FS = RM = 683,900.12
" OM 377,758
II Forces FS,, = 1.81
w, =y, v,
W1 = 23.54 11/2(5.2)(52)(1 )} = 3, 183 kN Foundation pressure
·W2 = 23.54 [(7)(52)(1) = 8,569 kN e=B/2- x
~ = 38.2/2 - 13.2 = 5.9 m < 8/6
W3 = 23.54 [1/2(26)(52)(1)} = 15,913 kN
W4 = 9.81[1/z(5)(50)(1)] = 1,226.3 kN ~1 = . R; (1 ± 6; )
U = 1/2(490.5)(23.2)(1) = 5,690 kN

F = yh A = 9 .81(25)(50(1)] = 12,263 kN q-- - 23,201.3

38.2
[1 ± - -
6(5.9)]
38.2

111 Reaction
Stress ~t the toe, (use "+");
R, = F = 12263 kN
q1 = -1,170.21 kPa
Rv = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 - U
= 3,183 + 8,569 + 15,913 + ·1,226.3 - 5,690 Stress at the heel, (use "·")
Rv = 23,201.3 kN q,, = -44.52 kPa
IV Moment 11•) Unit horizontal shearing stress, S,
RM= W1(34.73) + W2(29.5) + W3(17.33) + W4(36.53)
S = ~ = 12,263 = 321 kPa
= 3,183(34.73) + 8,569(29.5) + 15,913(17.33) + 1,226.3(36.53)
' Ahasi· 38.2{1)
RM = 683,900.12 kN-m
OM = F(50/3) + U(30.47)
= 12,263(50/3) + 5,690(30.47)
w.s.
OM = 377,758 kN-m h•• ~ubmerged curve AB is one
t.111rler of a circle of radius 2 m
V Location of Ry \ii 111 located on the lower
Ry x = RM - OM Htll'r of a tank as shown. The
23,201.3 x = 683,900.12 - 377,758 ni-;th of the tank perpendicular . 4m
\: = 13.2 m
I tlw sketch is 4 m . Find the
0
~ld~n ltude and location of the 0
0
(11) f he resultant force 1s 13 .2 m from the toe nrl1.ontal and vertical
I 1111ponents of the total force # 2m B
0 - ·- - - -
(bl FS, = µRy •11111y, on AB I
R, i
12m 2m
FS, = 0.75(23,201.3) I
= 1.42
12,263
A
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
136 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 137
Solution
w.s.
F11 = y ii A hu·c unit pressure is always normal to the
FH = 9.81(5)l(4)(2)]. \lrfoce and a normal to the circle passes
FH = 392.4 k N ~rough its center, then the total force F
holl also pass through the center of the
I/= 1 + ~
ltdc 0, hence the moment about 0 due to.
I~ h y =5 m 'or due to FH and Fv is zero.
t'= -
Ay
4(2) / 12
l' = -- - -
3
4m
~~:M!>Joi, ::_OJ
x - F11 y = 0
[(4)(2)](5)
·~37.13 x = 392.4(1.067)
"=0.067 m T' = 0.9578 m
I/= 1 + 0.067 e
I/= 1.067 m
l Note: This is true to all cylindrical or spherical surfaces.
A
Therefore; f 11 is acting 1.067 m below B tvblem 3 - 35 (CE Board)
w.s.
he• crest ga te shown
F11 = We1ghl ,,11cn tllffists of a cylindrical
F1 = yVABCD urfl\Ce of which AB is the 0
V ~ Ren= 4(A)
A= A,+ A2
1111 supported by a
rurtural frame hinged at :..
0

A 1 = (4)(2) = 8 1112 , The length of the gate

A1 = Y4 rr(2) 2 = 3.14 m 2 it) m . Compute the
A= 8 + 3.1 4
111g11itude and location of
A= 11.14 m 2 ill horizontal and vertical
r11ponents of the total
VA8CO
F11 = 9.81(44.56)
= 4(11 .14) = 44.56 m:' •••ure on AB.
Sm 10cos60° = Sm
F11 = 437.13 kN lutlon .
Loca tion 1f Fv
A x=A 1 X1 + A2X2
c
!
r1=1 m

t2

t1
= -
4r
311
4(2)
= --

= 0.849 m
37!
E
~
oc!

~
0
____ Fi = 4.33m
...__~
!
!

11.14 x = 8(1) + 3.14(0.849) ·~ +---F-

H~~j

\' = 0.957 m ....

Q
y

Therefore; fv is acting 0.957 to the right of A L =10 m A

 CHAPTER THREE
138
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
FLUID MECHANICS
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 139
& HYDRAU LIC~

FH = yh A
F11 = 9.81(4.33)[10(8.66)) ( 1111sidering 1 meter length:
FH = 3679 kN 111 yh A
I 11 9.81(3)(6 X 1)
y= 1 (8.66) = 2.887 m I 11 176.58 KN
Therefore; FH is acting 2.887 m above 0 J \ ' Y Vs
A~ = A sector - A trianglc
Fv = y V.~s<.. 2
V ABC = V AOllC - V A08
A - n( 6) ( 60°) -·1/2(6) 2 sin60°
s- 360°
V AB(' = S+,].'° (8.66) X 10 - V2(1Q)2 [60°1ifuo] 10
X
A, = 3.26 m 2
VAac = 125.9 m 3 I,, • 9.81(3.26 x 1)
Fv = 9 .81(125.90) I 1• • 31.98 KN
Fv = 1235 kN J JpH2 + Pv2
2
Mo ment about 0 d ue to FH and f~ = 0 ~ J(176.58) 2 + (31.98),
Fv (x) = FH (y) I' 179.45 KN
1235 x = 3679(2.877)
x = 8.57 m
lem 3 - 37
Therefore; Fv is acting 8.57 m to from 0
Ii 11l.1te the magnitude of the 5'
ult.ml pressure on a 1-ft-wide strip B
A
Problem 3 - 36 (CE May 1999) 11 11c>rn.icircular taintor gate shown
I lv,11 rc-12.
Calculate the magnitude of the
resultant fo rce per meter length due
to water qcting on the .radial tainter
ga te shown in Figure 021 .

Figure-12
Figure 021 Peg A
(62.4 x 2.5)(5 x 1) = 780 lbs

I, y VABC
I 1• 62.4 x [ f (5)2(1)] = 1225 lbs

J(FH )2 + (Fv )2
1· ~ (780) 2 + (1225) 2 = 1452 lbs
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIO CHAPTER THREE
140 Total Hydrostatic ~orce on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 141
Problem 3 - 38 blem 3 - 39 (CE Board November 1993)
Determine the magnitude of the figure shown,. the 1.20 m
the horizontal and vertical •meter cylinder, 1.20 m long is
components of the total force IC!d upon by water on the left and
2m
per meter length ~cting on the ll h11ving sp. gr. of 0.80 on the right.
three-quarter cylinder gate ll."rmine the components of the
shown 1 lion at B if the cylinder weighs
62 kN. 1.2m

f'H1 = y Ti A
f'H1 = 9.81(1.2)(1.2 x 1.2)
flll = 16.95 kN
Solution
l'v1 = YVi
l'v1 = 9.81[1/2 7t (0.6)2(1.2)] l.2m
h2 = 4 m I 'VJ = 6.657 kN
( / 112 =y h A= (9.81 x 0.8)(0.6)(1.2 x 1.2)
FH2
0 ·2:) = Im /'112 =6.78 kN
l'v2 = yV2 = (9.81 x 0.8)[Y2 TC (0.6)2(1.2)]
Im
Im l'v2 = 5.32 kN

FH = y h A f" .. ll]
FH = 9.81 (3)[(1)(2)] 1'111 - FH2 - RsH = 0
FH = 58.86 kN /{1111=16.95 - 6.78
1~1111=10.17 kN
2m 2m

· ~'· =Qt
II 1\ OJ
N11v+ Fvi+Fvi - W=O
l~" v .. 19.62 - 6.657 - 5.32
N"v• 7.64 kN

Fv = yVol
Fv = 9.81[4(2)(1) .+ 0.75ln(2)2(1)l
Fv = 170.94 kN
 CHAPTER THREE FLUl.D MECHANIC\ .CHAPTER THREE
142 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULIC~ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 143
Problem 3 - 40 f2 = (9.81 x 0.82)(0.00628)
An inverted conical plug 400 mm diameter and.300 mm long closes a 200 mn1 f2 = 0.0505 kN
diameter circula r hole at the bottom of a tank containi.ng 600 mm of oil h avi111•. fv = F1 - f2
sp. gr. of0.82. Dete rmine the total vertical force acting on the plug. Fv = 0.114 - 0.0505
Fv = 0.0635 kN = 63.5 N downward
Solution

~ 0\ diameter ho~izontal cylinder 2 m long plugs a lm by 2m rectangular

~~ i1t the bottom of a tank. With what force is the cylinder pressed against
lKiltom of th: tank due to the 4-m depth of water?

E F

I~-- 0.4 m - - - ' > 'I

1- o.2m ~
j h1 • 2 x (1 cos 30°)
I ~I · ).732m
i hi ~ 4 - lti
0.45 m ! •
I h, 2.268 m
i
!
'1 •·VyV,=Ai x 2
1
o.1s.m •Oil
s = 0.82 Area, Ai= Area of rectangle DEFG -A4
n(1) 2 (60°)
Area of segment, A 4 = - 1/z(l) (1 ) sin 60°
. ' 360°
Fi =yV, Area of segment, A 4 = 0.09059 m2
F1 = .(9.81 x 0.82)[n(0.1) 2 (0.45}] Area, A 1 =1(2.268) - 0.09059
F1= 0.114 kN Area, A 1 = 2.1774 m2
V1 =2.1774(2) = 4.355 m 3
F2 = yV2
, I - 9.81(4.355)
V2 = VFrustum - V cylinder
'' 112.72 kN
5
V2 = n(O.l } [(0.2) 2 ~ (0.2)(0.1) + (0.1) 2 ] - n(0.1)2(0.15)
3 '
V2 = 0.00628 m 3
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
144 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS I HYDRAULICS Tota l Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 145

1t(l ) 2 (120°) 1 f ,, =y h A
Area of segment A 2 =
I 3600
- /2(1)(1) sin 120° r,, = 9.81(6.12)[(4.24)(1]
Area of segment, A2 = 0.614 m 2 r,, = 254.56 kN
V2 = 0.614(2) = 1.228 m3
F2 = f 3 = 9.81(1.228) f v= y V shadc<t

F2= f 3 = 12.05 kN V shadcd = ~Asemicirde + A1r• pezoid} X 1

V shadcd = lt1t(3} 2 +~(4.24)](1)
Net force = F1 - F2 - f3 Vs1iadc<1 =40.l m3
Net force= 42.72 -12.05 - 12.05
Net force = 18.62 kN · r v = 9.81(40.1)
f v = 393.38 kN

Problem 3 - 42
In the figu re shown, w.s.
determine the horizontal and
Water 4m
vertical components of the ·
total force acting on the
cylinder per m of its length.

Solution

lutlon

2m
- ·-·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·1C
A i
i
1
2m
/11 y h A 2m FH I

, ,, 9.81(1)(2.5 x 2) t )I

I II 49.05 kN 2/ 3
lm ""--------' ---"'--~----1--,µ, B
Net Vertical I \I 'Y VABC 2.Sm 0 Fv
Projection
..----z-- ~
II 9.81[(2 x 2) - 0.251t(2)2 ](2.5)
I, 21.05 kN
,,
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHA NICS CH APTER TH REE
146 Tota l Hyd rosta tic Force o n Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrosta tic Fo rce on Surfaces 147

Solve for z and x

Since the surface 1s circul ar. 2":M11 = 0 d ue to FH and f' v I'110 = Pcgo A
Fv(z) = FH(2/3) 1'110 = (9.81 x 0.80)(7 - 1.273) x lf2n:(3)2
21.05(z) = 49.05(2/3) l"ito = 635.4 kN
z = 1.55 m
x = 2 -. z = 2 - 1 .55 l'vo = Y• Vo
t = 0.45 m Vo= VoJume of imaginary oil above the surface
l2":Mu =OJ v. = Volume of half cylinder - Volum e of% sphere
FH(2/3) + Fv (x)- F(2) = 0 t
v. = 1/211:(3)2(7) - % 11:(3)3
2F = 49.05(2/3) + 21.05(0.45) v. = 70.686 m3
r = 21.09 k N l'vo = (9.81 x 0.80)(70.686)
l'vo = 554.74 kN

Problem 3 - 44 Open l1111 rcs due to water:

he cylindrica l tank shown has a l'11w = pcgw A
he mispherical e nd cap. /'11w= [(9.81x0.8)(7)+9.81(1.273)] x 1/m(3)2
4m
Compu te the horizontal and l'11w = 953.19 kN
vertical components of the total
force due to oil and water acting
on the he misphere
h
3m
"., Oil, s = O.B.O l'vw =Weight of re al and imaginary oil above the surface
+weight of real water above the surface
l'vw= (9.81x0.8)x 1/m(3)2(7) +.9.81 x %f it{3)3

3m '' l'vw = 1,054.01

/ Water
l ''
1l>l.11 horizontal force, FH = FHo + FHw
lot.ii horizontal force, FH = 635.4·+ 953.19
I ot.11 horiion tal force, FH ,;, 1,588.59 kN ~
Solution
Open 101111 ve rtical force, Fv = Fvw- Fvo
~ 111,11 vertical force, Fv = 1,054.01 - 554.74
.,-11!.11 vertical force, Fv = 499.27 k N
4m

h3m
"· Oil, s = 0.80
Another w ay to solve for the total vertical force, Fv:
/ 'v = weight of fluid within the hemisphere
l'v = Yo Vo + "110 Vw
/\, = (9.81x0.8)[ ~x ~7t (3)3)] + 9.81 [ ~ x ~7t (3)3)]
3m l'v =499.27 k N
l
 CHAPTER THREE FLUI D MECHANIC\ CHAPTER THREE
148 To ta l Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 149
Problem 3 - 45
Pressurized water fills the tank s hown in the figure Compute the m I lt•rmine the force required to open the quarter-cylinder gate shown The
hydrostatic force ~I surface lght of the gate is 50 kN acting 1.2 m to the right of()

Hem1sphencal
surface

Solution
4
C0.,vert 100 kPa to its
t!4 uivalent pressure
head, 11"1
~('1• the gate has circular surface,
11,'l = E.
y total water pressure passes
1.2 m F
~ugh point 0 which is also the
h
" I
= 100
9.81 tlon of the hinge, therefore the ~ SOkN
Ji,'l = 10 .194 m
n1i•nt d ue to water . pressure E
~Ill the hinge is zero. l/l
vi
Ii= 10.194 - 5
11 = 5.194 m 11 • 0)
J'(2.5) = 50(1.2) + Fr(O)
f •24 kN

F = Weight of imaginary water above the hemispherical surface

F = y.,, V•.
V,,. = Volume of cylinder+ Volume of hemisphere h11111lc;phericaJ dome shown is filled with oil (s = 0.9) and is attached to the
V,,. = n(2)2(5. 194) + t x 4 n(2)~ It liy eight diametrically opposed bolts. What force in each bolt is required
holcl the dome down, if the dome weighs 50 kN?
V,,, = 82.025 m-1
I- = 9.81(82.025)
F = 804.7 kN
 FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
150
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Foice on Surfaces 151

I + F.,, - F0 ,1 = (I
I • Fo11 • F...

Fnil = YV011 i\lx>ve the '"""t' 2m

011
rml = (9.81x0.8)[n(0.805)l(5) s. 0.8
Dome '/~ £~
"".,._ . t n'(o.805)2(3)l
. Oil '

{4=. ·-· r-"'--~oll

' s = 0.9 2m \ F'n11 = 63.91 kN
F.,, =Pair A
3m

F.1r = 20 [ f (1.61)2 J = 40.72 kN

, •• 63.91 . 40.72
Solution f' 23.19 kN
FV = Y Vun;.)~&n.r) 011 .tbo".e tht.> Jon\\

Fv = (9.81x0.9){n(2) 2 (8) · ~7t(2)3 1

F1· = 739.66 kN '00 mm diameter steel pipe 12 mm thick carries water under a head of 50 m
wnlt'r. Determine the stress in the steel
8F1"''' W = F1
+
- 739.66 - 50 lutlon
Ft..111 -
8
Fho11 = 86.2 kN rs,= po 1
21
s, = 9.81(50)(300) = 6131 .25 kPa
Problem 3 - 48 2(12)
Determine the force F S, = 6.13 MPa
required to ho ld the cone
shown. Neglect the weight of 2m
the cone Oil lem 3 - so
s =o.s
r111ine the required thickness of a 450 mm diameter steel pipe to carry a
h11111npressure of 5500 kPa if the allowable working stress of steel is 124 M.Pa.
3m

pD)
l~1
21
124 )( 1000 = P(45 0)
21
I "'9.98 mm say 10 mm
 J5 2 _>i:,tA'PTER TAREE-... FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER THREE
/ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfa ces & HYDRAULICS
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 153
Problem 3 - 51 Pipe diame te r, D = 6 m = 6000 mm
Determ ine the s tress at the walls of a 200 mm diameter pipe, 10 m m thick Maximum pressure the tank (at bottom), p = y0 11 h
u nder a press u re of 150 m of water and submerged to a depth of 20 m in salt p = 9.81(0.8)(7) = 54.936 kPa
water
s= 2(110 x 10 3 )(300)
Solutien
54.936(6000)
i.S, = pD I S = 200.23 mm say 200 mm
21
P = P.in>1<1o - P o u1.>1de
p = 9.81(150) - 9.81(1.03)(20)
p = 1269.4 kPa = 1.269 M Pa
11:1.n-:valled ha~l~w sp here 3.5 m
in diam e te r ho lds h elium gas a t 1700 kPa.
-.;, = 1.209(200) = 12.69 MPa )1 hr1rune the m1rum um wall thick ness of the s phe re if its allowable stress is
2(1 0) MPa.

Problem 3 - 52
A 100-mm-10 steel pipe has a 6 mm wall thickness. For an allowable tens1h
Wall stress, S, = -pD
41
.;tress of 80 MPa. w hat maximum pressure can the pipe withs tand ? 60,000 = 1,700(3.5 x 1000)
4t
Solution I = 24.79 mm

I-"·= pD I
21

80
= p(lOO)
2(6) ~.. rllca.l cylin.d _rical ta1;1k is 2 m eters in diarrieter an d 3 meters h igh. lts sides
f' =<J.6 MPa = 9,600 kPa l11•ld m position by means of two steel hoops, one a t the top and the other
lhc: bottom. If th e tank is filled with water to a depth of 2.1 m, dete rmine
h 11~ile stress in each hoop. '
Problem 3 - 53
A wood e n storage va t is 6 m in dia me ter and is fi lled with 7 m of oil, s = 0 ~ 2m
f he wood staves are bound by flat steel ba nds, 50 m m wide by 6 m m th11 ~
wh ose allowable te nsile s tress is 110 MPa. What is the required spacin g of Iii
ba n d~ near the bottom of the va t. neglecting any initial stress 7 r-
.,., -..../ .
Solution ,-- ./- -i-,

3m
?.:, 1 A 1, 3
..,pacing ot hoops, .'> = 2. l rrj w~ te
pO J:' 2.1
Allowable te nsile stress of hoo ps, :,,= 110 MPa '

C ross-section al area of hoo ps. A i. = 50(6) = '.\00 mm 1 ..... i,..

2 T;
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIO CHAPTER THREE
154 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 155

p: M1op = 01
2T2(3) = F(2. 3) (ylindrical container 8 m high and 3 m in diameter is reinforced w ith two
r~ = 0.38331 7 Eq . (1 l ltl>ps 1 mete r from each end. When it is filled with water, what is the tension
•till'h hoop due to water ?
f = y /J A
r 9.81 ( 221 )[ (2) (2 1lJ =43.20 kN
In Eq. (1) 3m
Ti= 0. 3833(43.26)
r2 = 16.58 kN . (te nsion in the bo ttom hoop)
12: F11 = OI
2T2 + 2T1= I
Tt----
· ·-.
. . ....Y'!~~e!.... ..
2T1 = F · 27 z
2T1 = 43. 26 • 2(16.58) 8l1m
6m
r, = 5.05 kN (tension in the top h oop)
~

Problem 3 - 56
A vertical cylindrical tank, open at the top, is filled with a liquid . Its sides t1n I .. yh A
held m position by means of two steel hoops, one at the top an d the other 111
I • 9.81(8/2)(8(3)]
the bo tto m Dete rmine the ratio of the stress in the upper hoop to that in lh
I • 941 .76 kN
lowe r hoop
fl'l111p hoop = OJ
Solution 2'1'2(6) = F (13/3)
1· /';.., 13F/36
Raho = r, I ri
I
h
,., .. 13(941.76)/36
/', • 340.08 kN

ILM"'" = Ol Liq Id
t\·l1.111om hoop = OJ

l
2T2(lt) = F(2'1/3) J'/'1(6) = F(S/3)
ri
= F/3 /'1 SF/36 = 5(941.76)/36
I 1 130.8 kN
IE.M1x>11om = 01
2T1(/1) = F(/t/ 3) 2 T1
T, = F/ 6

l
•m 3 - 58 (CE Board November 1982~

2h/3 lhhlr lrcll tank with its axis vertical is 1 meter in diameter and 6 m high. It
F/ 6
Rah o =- - = 0.5 1l l11gt lher. by two steel hoops, one at the top and the other at the bottom.
1

F /3

h/3
F

2 T,
j" ll1p1ids A, 8, and C having sp. gr. of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, respectively fill this
-1i1d 1 having a d epth of 1.20 m. On the surface of A there is atmospheric
11111 Pind the tensile stress in each h oop if each h as a cross-sectional area
~1 I 111u1i .
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS
156 Total Hyd rosta t ic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS CHAPTER THREE
Tot al Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 157
Solution T2 = 3.6(9810) =35316 N
2T 1 o
p1 =
Stress 52 = I1.. = 35316
' A2 1250
Ltqutd A
5 = 1.0 . 1.2 m Stress, 52 = 28.25 MPa 7 stress in bottom hoop

p. r11 =OJ
Liquid B
3.2
LIQuld B 1.2
2T1 + 2T2 = F1 + f2 + f3 + f4 + Fs
1.2 m
s = 2.0 2T1 = 0.72y + l.44y + l .44y + 4.32y + 2.16y - 2(3.6y)
T1 = l .44y
Ti= 1.44(9810)
Liquid C 1.2 m
l.JQUld C l.( T1 = 14126.4 N
s =3.0
_ T _ 14,126.4
Stress, S1 - -1 - - - -
A1 1,250
pi= 0 Stress, 51 =11.3 MPa 7 stress in top hoop
p2 = p I + Y4/I ~
p1 = 0 + (y x 1 )(1 2) = 1.2y

r' = p2 + yµh~ 11pcn cylindrical tank of 1.86 m 2 cross-sectional area and 3.05 m high
p~ = 1 .2y + (yx2)(1 2) :. 3 .6y l111ns 2,831 liters of water. Into it is lowered another smaller tank of the
p4 = p1 + ydr, I'll' height but of 0.93 m2 cross-section in the inverted position, allowing its
p4 = 3.6y + (yx3)(l .2) = 7.2y 11 1•nd to rest on the bottom of the bigger tank. Determine the maximum

F, = 1/2(p2)(l .2)(1 ) 11111 per vertical millimeters on the sides of the bigger tank. Neglect the

F, = 112(1 .2y)(l 2)(1 ) = 0 .72y ~rwss of the metal forming the inner tank and assume normal barometric
F2 = p2(1.2)(1 )
F2 = 1.2y(l 2 )(1 ) = l.44y
F1 = 112(p1 pz)(l .2)(1) I-: 1.86 m
2
-::;-!
F1 = 112(3 tw

r~ = p,p 2)(1)
I 2y)(l 2)( l l = I 44y
T.-_,__ I I 0.93 m
2
j l
F, = 3 6y(l 2)(1) = -U21
3.05

l 1
F, = 'li(p4 pi)(l .2)(1) t-- P2 t--
F~ = 112 (7 2y . ~.6y)(1 2)(1) = 2.1611• V2
305

ltM1op =OJ
3 6(2T2) = F1(0.8) + F1(1 .8) + F;(2) + F4(3) + s( .
F 3 2)
7:2T2 = 0.72y(0.8) + 1 44y(1.. 8) + 1.44y (2) + 4.32y(3) + 2.16y(3.2)
T2 = 3 .6y
----.....IL
O Before lowering
I:.
.
6 After lowering
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\ CHAPT ER THREE
158 Total Hydrostatic Force o n Surfaces & H YDRAULICS Total Hydrosta tic Force o n Surfaces 159
In Figure 6 . (CE Board November 1977)
Volume of water= (1.86 - 0.93)(b + /1) + 0.93b = ~-:d n iceberg having specific gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water of sp. gr.
1.86b + 0.93/1 = 2.831 03. If the volume of ice above the water surface is 1000 cu. m., what is the
2/? + 11 = 3.044 tlt1l volume of the ice?
b = 1.522 - 0.5/i ~ Eq. (1)

[p1 V1 = p2 V2] V = total volume of ice

p1 = 101.325 kPa (atmospheric pressure) Vo= volume displaced
V1 = 0.93(3.05) = 2.8365 m 3 Vo= V-1000
p2 = 101.325 + 9.81/J
Wice= Yicc V = (9.81x0.92)( V)
V2 = 0.93(3.05 - b)
Wice= 9.0252 V
101.325(2.8365) = (101.325 + 9.811!}[0.93(3.05 - b)] BF = Y>c•water Vo
309.04 = 309.04 - 101.325b + 29.92/t - 9.81blt BF = (9.81xl0.3)(V - 1000) Seawater, s = 1.03
29.92/i - 101.325b - 9.81blt = 0 BF= 10.1043(V - 1000)

29.92/i -101.325(1.522- 0.5/!) - 9.81(1.522 - 0.5/t)h = 0 l~fv =OJ

29.92/J - 154.22 + 50.66/1 - 14.93/i + 4.9051!2 = 0 W,,. =BF
4.905172 + 65.651! - 154.22 = 0 9.0252 v = 10.1043(V - 1000)
1.0791 = 10104.3
-65.65±~..-(6-5.-65-)2---4-(4-.9-0_§-).(---15-4.-22-)
V = 9,364 cu. m .
h= 2( 4.905f = 2.039

b = 0.5027 m "olher Solutio n :

H = b + It = 2.542 m 1'11r hom ogeneous solid body floating on a homogeneous liquid:
sbody Ybocty
The maximum tensile stress occurs at th e bottom of the tank. Vo = - - Vbo<ly = - - Voody
Sliquid Yliquid

p = yH = 9.81(2.542) 0 92
v - 1000 = 1.03
· v
p = 24.937 kPa = 0.024937 MPa
T 0.106796V = 1000
Tension, T: V = 9,364 cu. m.
2T = pD(l)
f 02=1.86 m 2
D = 1.539m=1,539 mrn
blam 3 - 61 (CE Board May 2003, Nov 2002, May 2000, Nov 1992)
~1111 k of wood 0.60 m x 0.60 m x /1 meters in dimension was thrown into the
2r = 0.024937(1,539)(1) •~ 1 1111d floats with 0.18 m projecting above the water surface. The same block
T=l9.2 N thrown into a container of .a liquid having a specific gravity of 0.90 and it
•~wi th 0.14 m. projecting above the surface. Determine the following:
(11) the value of /1,
(Ii) Che specific gravity of the block, and
(1l tl w weight of the block.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
160 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total.Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 161
Solution . wstonc
y,tOl1l' =-v--
In Water: SlOne
Draft =
swood h Y.iono = ~ = 28,204 N/m~
Swaler 0.0163

5
Ir - 0.18 = wood
1 Ir (CE Board May 1993)
Swootl 11 =Ji - 0.18 -7 Eq. (1) In Water (S =1) ll1>dy having asp. gr. of 0.7 fl oats on a liquid of sp. g r. 0.8. The vo lume of
\1• body above.the liquid surface is what percen t of its total vol ume?
,
In ano ther liquid
5
Draft= wood h
S11quiJ Sbody
Vo= --V1iody
Sliquid
II - 0 .14 =. Swood
0.9
/1
Vo= 8:~ V1io.iy = 0.875V1ioJy
Swood It= 0.9/i - 0.126 -7 Eq. (2}
In other liquid (S = 0.9)
Since the volume of the body disp laced (below the liquid surface) is 0.875
[Swood It= Swood Ii] 147.5% of its total volume, then the volume of the body above the liquid
. ,, - 0.18 = 0.9/i - 0.126
1foce is 12.5'Yc• of its total volum e.
Ii= 0.54 m -7 height of the block

Substitute Ii to Eq. (1):

Swood(0.54) = 0.54 - 0.18 (CE November 1997)
Swuod = 0.667 -7 Specific gravity of wood
bl1H'k of wood 0.20 m thick is floating in sea water. The specific gravity of
~11d is 0.65 while that of seawater is 1.03. Find the minim.um area of a block
Weight of block= Ywood V1i1ock
Weight of block= (9.81 x 0.667)[(0.6 x 0.6)(0.54)] l~h h will support a man weighing 80 kg.
Weight of block= 1.272 kN ~

Problem 3 - 62
WMAN = 80 kg i
A stone weighs 460 N in air. When submerged in water, it weighs 300 N
Find the volume and specific gravity of the stone.
Wwooo t ~ 0.2m

\
I
Solution t
Weight of stone= 460 N
l~Fv = O]
Weight of stone in water= 300 N
BF= Wm•n + Wwood
Buoyant force, BF = 460 - 300 = 160 N
Ys"' Vwood = Wnian +"!wood Vwood
[BF= Ywdler Vstone] (1000 X 1.03) Vwood = 80 +(1000 X 0.65) Vwoocl
160 = 9810 (Vsione) Vwood = 0.2105 m 3 = Area x 0.2
V5 10110 = 0.0163 cu. m. Area = 1.05 square meter
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\ , CHAPTER THREE
162 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULIC\ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 163
Problem 3 - 65 (CE November 1997} blem 3 - 67
A cube of wood (s.g. = 0.60) has 9-in sides. Compute Lhe magnitude a11d uniform block of steel (s = 7.85)
direction of the force required to hold the wood completely submerged 11 Ill float at a mercmy-water Water

water. \tc•rface as shown in Figure 27.

hat is the ratio of the distances
Solution· '' and 11 b11 for this condition?
b
3
Weight of wood= (62.4 x 0.60) ({2 ) = 15.795 lbs
Buoyant fo rce w hen complete ly s ubmerged in wa ter:
BF= 62.4 ( 192 )3 = 26.325 lbs
Figure 27
Req uired force= 23.325 - 15.795
Required fo rce= 10.53 lbs downward
Water BF1
w
Problem 3 - 66 (CE Nov 2000) 12' x 12'
T he block shown in Figure 04
weighs 35,000 lbs. Find the .
I A be the horizontal cross-sectional
value of /1. Oil 9 ft Mercury (S = 13.~)
s = 0.8 ~.. of the block. BF2
111'1 + BF2 = W
Water Y11• Vo... +y,,, Vo,,, = y, V
I) 8l(A x a)+ (9.81 x 13.56)(A x b) = (9.81 x 7.85)[A(a + b)]
Figure 04 II I 13.56b = 7.85a + 7.85b
~.7 1 b = 6.85 a
Solution
41/b = 0.834
From the figure s hown:
35,000 lbs
[l:Fv = O] 12' x 12'
Bf1 + BF2 = 35,000 blem 3 - 68 (CE May 1998)
•~I kg steel plate is attached to one end of a 0.1 m x 0.3 m x 1.20 m wooden
BF, = Yo11 Vo Oil
Bf1 = (62.4x0.8)(12x12x3) s = 0.8 "· what is the length of the pole above water? Use s.g. of wood of 0.50.
BF1 = 21,565.44 lbs t1h•t't buoyant fo~ce on steel ·
Water
21,565.44 + BF2 =35,000
Bf2 = 13,434.56 lbs

BF2 =Yw Vo
13,434.56 = 62.4 ((12)(1 2) Ii]
It = 1.495 ft
 FLUID ME CHANIC CHAPTER THREE
164
CHAPTER THREE ,
Total Hydrostatic Force o n Surfaces & HYDRAULIC\ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 165

Solution
Neglecti ng the buoyant force on steel: llOden buoy (s.g. = 0.62) is 50 mm by 50 mm by 3 m long i;. made to float
BFwooJ = Wstccl + Wwood ••'I.\ water (s.g. = 1.025). How many N of steel (s.g. = 7.85) should be
1000(0. l x 0.3 x y) = 5 + h ·lwd to the bottom to make the buoy float with exactly 450 mm exposed
"1000(0.5)[0.1 x 0.3 x 1.2] 1• the wate r s urface? ·
y = 0.77 111
E 0.05 m
Utlon
"=1.2 - !/
h 1.2 .- 0.77
=
N
,...; y
~ .. 0 iD
Ii = 0.43 Dl ~J',,.,,, + Bfwood - Wwood - W<teel = 0 0.45 m

II f~1..,1 = Ysw V s1cc1

llfstc>cl = (9810 X1.025}Vsteel
Hf,l<'e1=10,055.25 V,1,,.,1 N

Hfwood = Ysw Vo

Problem 3 - 69
If a 5-kg s teel plate is attached to o ne end of a 0.1 m x 0.3 m x 1.20 m wood• 11
Hfwood
llf'wood

~Vwood
= (9810 X 1.025}[(0.@5)2(2.55)]
= 64.1 N

= Ywood V wood
t 2.55 m

pole, what is the len~th of the pole above water? Use sp. gr. of wood of 0 '
1
Wwood = (9810 X 0.62}[0.05}2{3)]
and th a t of steel 7.85. Wwood = 45.62 N

IV,i.-cl = Ystccl Vstc't!I.

Solution
IV,,,,,,= (9810 X 7.85) Vstccl
Wwood = (1000 X 0.5)(0.1 X 0.3 X 1 .2)
I v.lt'\'I = 77008.5 Vsteel BFst..1
Wwood = 18 Kg
(H)'i'i.25 Vstt'CI + 64.1 - 45.62 - 77008.5 Vstl'CI = 0
w,,,.,, = 5 kg. 1
11,25 v.,.,.,,
= 18.48 '
BFw = 1000(0.1 x 0.3 x d) Y1 I 0.000276 m3

1
BFvv = 30 d
9810(7.85)(0.00276)
BFs = 1000 Vs 21.255 N ..
Ws = (1000 x 7.85) Vs = 5
Vs = 0.000637 m 3 d I
BFs = 0.637 Kg m 3-71
W wood + Ws1..-1 = BFs + BFw 1• of lead (sp. gr. 11.3) is tied to a 130 cc of cork whose s pecific gravity is
18 + 5 = 0.637 + 30d I l"'y Ooat just s ubme rged in water. What is the weight of the lead?
d = 0.745 m
x = 1.2 - d
x = 0.455 m
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIO , LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
166 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces &HYDRAULIO &HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 167
Solution
[l:Fv =OJ
We+ WL = BFc + Bh
We= Ye Ve
We = (1 x 0.25)(130) w.s. We
We = 32.5 grams

BFe=Ym Ve
BFe= (1)(130)
BFc = 130 grm
Cork
t
BFc

Water
WL=YL VL BFc
Wt= (1 x 11.3) Vt Lead
Wt= 11.3 VL BFc
WL BFL
BF1. = y.,, Vt
BFL = (1 ) vt = vL
32.5+11.3 Vt = 130 + Vt
VL = 9.47 cc
.
WL = 11.3(9.47)
(a) Lead is fastened outside the cylinder (b) Lead is placed inside the cylinder

WL = 106.97 grams
) I.cad is fastened outside
BFc = Yw Vo
BFc = 9.81[ f (1)2(1 .S)J
Problem 3 - 72 (CE November 1993)
A hallow cylinder 1 m in diameter and 2 m high weighs 3825 N. (a) I h11 BFe = 11.56 kN
many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m\ m ust be fastened to the outside bolli111 Bft = Yw Vt
of the cylinder to make it float with 1.5 ~submerged in water? (b) How n11111 Bft = 9.81 Vt
kN of lead if it is placed inside the cylinder?
\ Wt = YLVt= 110VL
\
\
I I>.: Fv = OJ
I BFc + Bft = We + WL
n .56 + 9.81vL=3.825 + novl
Vt = 0.0772 m 3
WL =110(0.0772) = ~.49 kN

) l.c•ad is inside the cylinder

ll:l'v = OJ
WL +We= Bfc
Wt + 3.825=11.56
Wt= 7.735kN
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
168 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & H YDRAULICS HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 16 9
Problem 3 - 73
A sto ne cube 280 nun on each side and weighing 425 N is lowered into a tank
containing a layer of wat.e r 1.50 m thick over a layer of mercury. Determine s.g. = Q.8
the position of the block when it has reached equilibrium.

Solution
W= 425 N
TT
2.2 ft
s.g. = 0.7

~k
BFM= YM VDM
BFM = (9,810 x 13 .6)[0.282(x)] s.g. =1.6
BF,v1= 10,459.81 x 0.28 m

BFw= Y1v Vmv

BF1\ 1 = 9,810((0.28)2(0.28 - x)]
s.g.=1.4
2.2ft ~
;
:----__;.;::;.,;__J
I
BFw = 769.1(0.28 - x)
I". .. (62.4 x 1.4)((2.2)2(2.2 - h)] + (62.4 x 0.8)((2 2)2(/t)]
p:Fv= O] ~ I • (62.4 x 2.22] (3.08 _ l .4h + 0 _8h) ·
BFM+ BFw= W
10,459.81 x+769.1(0.28 - x) = 425
~ (62.4 x 1.6)((2.2)2(1.1)] + (62.4 x 0.7)((2.2)2(1.1)]
n [62.4 x 2.22)(2.53)
9690.71x = 209.652
x = 0.0216 m
x = 21.6 m m '"' 162.4
"' W]x 2.221 (3.08 - 1.4/z + 0.8/z) = f62.4 x 2.22)(2 53)
Therefore; the b l ock will float wit h 2il.6 mm below t h e mercu ry su rface. l.08 - 1.4h + 0.8'1=1.76 + 0.77 .
,, .. 0.917 ft

Problem 3 - 74 \ . rJ. I m 3 - 75 (CE May 1997 )

A cube 2.2 feet on an I
~mm . diam eter solid cylinder is 95 mm hi h and . . .

IT'
edge has its lower half of r•ll'd m a liquid (y = 8.175 k N/ m3) cont.u! . weighing 3.75 N ts
s.g. = 1.6 and upper half M11 diameter of 125 mm Befo . . ed m a tall metal cylinder
of s.g. = 0.7. It rests in a · r e 1mmers1on th li ·d
s.g. = 0.7
hAl lt•vel will the solid cylinder floa t? , e qm was 75 mm deep.
two-layer fluid, w ith
lower s .g. = 1.4 and
2.2 ft
upper s.g. 0.8.
I . Determine the height /1
of the top of the cu be
l l :.g. = 1.6
above the interface. See ~i......-----'t:--
Figure33.
s.g. = 1.4 G 2.2 ft - --+'
Figure 33
 FLUID MECH ANIC.~ CHAPTER THREE
170
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULIC.\ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 17 1
blem 3-76
Solution
woo~en bea.m of sp. g r. 0.64 is 150 nun by 150 nun and is hinged at A, as
own in the Figure. At w hat angle 8 will the beam float in water?

lOO..mm0

...,,.

E I•
u
Tl m
E E •'
E
,....
"'
y =8.175 kN/m3
E
. "',.... } ' l
125 mm 0

(a} Before immersion · (b) After immersion

(5 - 0.5x) cos e

Solve for the draft Din figure (b):

[BF= W}
YL Vo =W Weight of beam, W= Yre•m Vream
(8,175) Vo = 3.75 Weight of beam, W = (9,810 x 0.64}[(0.15)2(5)]
Vo= 0.0004587 m3 = 458,716 mrn3 Weight of oeam, W = 706.32 kN
\
{ (100)2 x D = 458,716 \ ' Buoyant force, BF= Ywator Vo
Draft, D = 58.4 mm \ 1\uoyant fo rce, BF = 9,810[(0.15)2 x]
\ Buoyant force, BF= 220.725x
When the solid cylinder is immersed, the liquid in lthe tall cylinder 11
du. e to volume of liquid displaced. Theref~re, ~he vo~u".'e of li1111
IJ. M;, = O]
Uf(5 - 0.5x) cos 8 = W(2.5 cos 8)
displaced equals the total volume of real and imaginary liqw d abov1 11
220.725x(5 - O.Sx) = 706.32(2.5)
original level ~l - 0.5x2 = 8
V•bo•e orig. level = V0 l).5x2 - Sx + 8 = 0
t (125)2(x) = 458,716 -(-5)±~(-5) 2 -4(0.5)(8)
x =37.38 mm
2(0.5)

From Figure b: ' 2m

1
75+x=D+y ~•fl 0 = - - = 1 /3
y = 75 + 37.38 - 58.4 5- x
y= 53.98mm 0 19.47° .

T h e refore; the solid cylinder will float w ith its b ottom 53.976 mm abov1• I
bottom of the h allow cylinder.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\ CHAPTER THREE
172 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces &HYDRAULIO Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 173
Problem 3 - 77 (CE Board May 2003) lem 3 - 78 (CE Board November 1993)
From the figure below, it is shown that the gate is 1.0 m wide and is hinged 11 Ill going from salt water (sp. gr. = 1.03) to fresh water (sp. gr. = 1.0) sinks
the bottom of the gate. Compute the Uowing: rm and after burning 72,730 kg of coal rises up by 15.24 cm. Find the
(a) the hydrostatic force in kN actin on the gate, . h1al displacement of the boat in sea water in kN.
(b) the location of the center of pressu of the gate from the hmge,
(r) the minimum volume of concrete (u ·t weight= 23.6 kN/m3) needed'"
keep the gate in closed position.

0.5 m

,-!
I
I~- L
0 + 0.0762
0 0 Stopper I Sea water i
I
r -.
~
0 0

~
0 0
0 0

2m

Hinge
~
Figure (a) Figure (b)

Solution
F = y h A =9.81(1)(2 x 1)
t ~T..__,,B
F= 19.62 kN
0.5 m
L
D + 0.0762 - 0.1524
= D - 0.0762 r -1 1
y= t (2) = 0.667 m T
i Fresh water i

[LMA= 0)
Fx y = T x 2.5
19.62(0.667) = 2.ST
T= 5.232 kN
From the FBD of the
concrete block:
I
2m
c.g

c.p. ]v
c::>Figure (c)

~\'I' to assume that the boat have a co~stant cross-sectional area A below ..
ilh•1 surface and use 'Ywater = 1000 kg/ m3
[Uv =OJ eA
T+BF=W
BF= Yw Vconc = 9.81 Vconc
W = Yconc Vconc = 23.6 Vconc y,,. Vn = W
IV (1000 x 1.03)1A(D)]
5.232 + 9.81 Vconc = 23.6 Vconc
IV 'f030AD 7 Eq. (1)
Vco'nc = 0.3796 m 3
 FLUID MECHANIC\ CHAPTER THREE
174
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAUlll \ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 175
on
In Figure (b):
BF2=W Pnr any floating body; Buoyant force= Weight
Yrw Vo= W
W= lOOOfA(D+0.0762)] Solving for displacement in sea water:
W = 1000A(D + 0.0762) ~ Eq. (2) Yse•water Vo1 = W
(64) Vo1 = 24,000 x 2,240
Vo1 = 840,000 ff3
In Figure (c) :
BF3 =W-72730 ~
~ Eq. (3) Solving for displacement in fresh water-
lOOO[A(D - 0.0762)] = W - 7273
Yrresh water V02 = W
(62.2)(Vo2) = 24,000 x 2240
From Eq. (1) and Eq. (2): Vo2 = 864,308.68 ft3
[W = W] Figure (a)
'1030AD = lOOOA(D + 0.0762)
10300 = 10000 + 76.2 l c•t /1 be the difference in the drafts in fresh & seawater:
D = 2.54 m (draft in sea water) Vo2 - Vo1= Area x Ji
Ir= 864,308.68 - 840,000
From Eq. (1) 32,poo
W = 1030A(2.54) lr=0.76 ft
W=2616.2A
1)111ft in fresh water, 0 = 34 + 0.76 = 34.76 ft
From Eq. (3)
1000A(2.54 - 0.0762) = 2616.2A - 72730
2463.8A = 2616.2A - 72730 (CE Board November 1995)
A= 477.23 m 2 hJc•r an arbitrary shaped body w.ith a submerged volume Vs and a
lly p~, submerged in a fluid of density
Pr- What is the net vertical force on
Therefore: t.01ly due to hydrostatic fo rces? ·
i.
w = 2616.2(477.23)
W= 1,248,529 kg (9.81/1000)
W= 12248 kN
ro·••.. Yt v~
yf = Pt X g
Problem 3 - 79 I,.,, .. Prg v~
A ship having a displacement of 24,000 tons and a draft of 34 feet _in 1•1 •
enters a harbor of fresh water. If the horizontal section of the ship 111
· 32,000 sq · ft, what depth of fresh water is required to flout I
waterline is m3-81
I
ship? Assume that·marine ton is 2,240 lb and that sea water and fresh \ h11rkal balloon, 9 min diameter is filled with helium gas pressurized .to
weight 64 pcf and 62.2 pcf, respectively. kl111 ,1t a temperature of 20°C, and anchored by a rope to the ground
fl: ling the dead weight of the balloon, determine the tension in the rope
"• 212 m/°K for helium gas and Yair ? 11.76 N/m3
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\ CHAPTER THREE
176 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULIC\ Total Hydrosta tic Force on Surfaces 177
Solution W,., = 45.62 N (from Figure 3 - I)
3 /!f = Ysw Vn
111x10
- p ------ w ll f = 9810(1.025)[(0.05)2LJ
Yhohum - RT - 212 (273 + 20)
l! f = 25.138L
Yhehu"' = 1.787N/111~
4 l ~Mo =OJ
Vhalloon = 3 rr(9 / 2) 3
w•. (1.5 cos 9) - BF((L/2) cos 9] = o
Vh.tlloon = 381. 7 In~ 45.62(1.5) - 25.138L(L/2) = o
l2.57 L2 = 68.43
[Hv = 01
L = 2.33 m
BF - W- T= 0
T
BF= Yair V1>.111oun sin 9 = 2/L
BF= 11.76(381 .7) = 4488.8 N sin 9 = 2/2.33
W = Yhehum V1>,11loon 0 =59°
W=l.787 (381.7) = 682.1 N
4488.8 - 682.1 = T
T= 3806.7 N
Mht tircular cone is 100 mm in diameter and 200 nun high an<..~ weighs l .,b
1111 How much force is required to push the cone (vertex downward)
Problem 3 - 82
ll h<>dy of liquid having sp. gr. of 0.8, so that its base is exactly at the
The buoy in Figure 3 - 1 has 80 N of steel weigh t attached. The buoy lw jtl•', llow much additional force is required to p ush the base 10 mm
lodged against a rock 2 m deep. Compute the angle 0 with the horizontal .11 W tlll' surface?
which the buoy will IE7an, assuming the rock exerts no m oment on the buoy

Solution F
lw 11•quired downward vertical force 1s
I Bf-W
A Hf= Y1iq111d Vco"'·
Hr = (9,81 Ox 0.8) [(n I 3 )(0. 1/ 2)2(0.2 ll
/lr' = 4.11 N
4.1 1 - 1.6
2.51 N

1lui, fo rce F= 2.51 N becomes

111 110 matter how deep further
111 ''submerged

(L/2) cos e

1.5 cos 0
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANll \ LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
178 . Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces . & HYORAULll \ HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 179

Problem 3 - 84
lution
To what depth will a 2-m-diameter log, 4 m long and of sp. gr. 0.425 sink 111 F = lOON
fresh water

Solution Glycerin
s =1.3
i
For a homogeneous solid body floating on a
homogeneous liquid:
5 body
V0 = - - V1,.,.11
Sliquid .' '
11 As L = 0.425 A L
l.0
A~ = 0.425nr2 (shaded area) l.l•t V =volume of wood

From geometery: In water:

As = A >eetor - A1r1angl• [:Efv =OJ
0.425rrr2 = Vi r e, -
2 1h r2 sin e BF1 - W- F= 0
e, - sin e = 2.67 9810V-W = 40
V= 40+ W
-7 Eq. (1 l
Solve e by trial and error: 9810
Try 0= 170° In glycerin:
170°(rr/180°) - sin170° = 2.76 (:.t:2.67} f:EFv =OJ
f ry 0 = 166° BF2-W- F = O
166°(rr/180°} - sin166° = 2.655 · (;t:2.67) (9,810 x 1.3) v - w = 100
Try 0 = 166.44° (9,810 x 1.3) [ 40+
9810
w] - W= 100
166.44°(11/180°) - sin166.44° = 2.67 O.K.
52+1.3W- W= 100
W=160N
II= r- y
"= 1 - (1) cos (0/2)
flmm Eq. (1):
It = 1 - (1) cos (166.44° /2)
V= 40+160
/1=0.882 m
9810
V= 0.0204 m 1
. l W= - 160-
Problem 3 - 85 Um.t we1g1t,y= -
V 0.0204
A block of wood requires a force of 40 N to keep it immersed in water .11111
Unit weight, y = 7843 N/m3
force of 100 N to keep it immersed in glycerin (sp. gr. = 1.3). Find the w1·11 I
and sp. gr. of the wood. c.;p, gr., 5 = Y woo<l =; 7843
Y water 9810
c.;p. gr .. s = 0.8
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC!. CHAPTER THREE
180 Tota l Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAU LIC\ Total Hydrostatic Fo rce on Surfaces 181
Problem 3 - 86 · Since the volume of oil remain unchanged;
A rectangular tank of ipternal width of Vot1 (initia l)= V oil (fina l)

5 111, as shown, contains oil of sp. gr. = (0.5)(5)(1.25) = (0.5)(5)('7') - 0.1274

0.8 and water. (a) Find the depth of oil, Ii'= 1.301 m •
h. (b) If a 1000-N block of wood is l\i; shown in Figure b, if the oil-water interface drops by a distance of y, the
floated in the oil, what is the rise in free In~ surface of water will rise by y/2, since the .cross-sectional area of the
surface of the water in contact with air? 1lgh t comprutment is twice that of the left comparh11ent.
3m
Um-up pressure head fro m oil
surface to water surface in 111 of water:
0 + 1.301(0.8) + (3 - y)- 4 - y/2 = 0
1.0408 - 1 - 3y/2 = 0
Solution 3y/2 = 0.0408
y/2 = 0.0136 m. or 13.6 mm

...rr 0 'l'lwrefore; the free surface of water will r ise 13.6 mm .

T F-"
OH -
6 M
-v -

T
h
s = 0.8

t
3m
~
Water

4m
open cylindrical tank 350 m m in diameter and 1.8 m high is inserted
th ;illy into a body of water with the open end down and floats with a 1300
t l11C'k of concrete (sp. gr. = 2.4) s uspended at its lower end. Neglecting the
1
O.Sm lm 3-y lm

l l_L-_ _ _ _,
Figure (b)
tihl of the cylinder, to what depth will the open end be submerged in
&Id

Figure (a)
utlon

(a) Depth of oiJ: (Refer to Figure a)

. \' OJ
~ 1'..int + Bfcy1 - W = 0 ~ Eq. (1)
Sum-up press ure head from oil s urface 0 to water surface 6 in m of wall'1 B f conc = Ywa ler V conc
El + h(0.8) +3 - 4 = E3.. Vto ne- -
-
w conc '
-
x .
BF<>i
y y
Y cone 1.8m
0 + 0.8/i -1 = 0 1300
/1= 1.25 m V,onc= - - - - Y.
9810(2.4)

(b) Rise of the water surface: (Refer to Figure b)

Vconc = 0.0552 m 3
BF = W llfconc = 9810(0.0552)
Vo= W
Yoil Hfconc = 541.7 N
Water
(9810 x 0.8) Vo = 1000
lll'cyl = YwaLer Vo concrete
Vo= 0.1274 m ~
lll'cyl = 9810( T(0.35)2h]
block

Hf cy1=943.83 h
 CHAPTER THREE FLUI D MECHANIC\ LUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
182 Total Hyd rostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULIC\ HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 183

Fro m Eq. (1)

541.7 + 943.83/t -1300 = 0
Ir = 0.803 m Wi = 205 kg

0.6m 0 W1 =205 kg
Applying Boyles Law (taking pa1m = 101.325 kPa)
0.84 0.6m 0
Before il1sertion :
Abso lute pressure in air, pi = 101.325 kPa
Volum e of air inside .the cylinder, V1 = t (0.35)2(0.18)
I.Sm
i' 2.1 m y

t"·
_:L__

Volume of air i.nside the cylinder, Vi = 0.0173 m 3

0.96
1.Bm i
! t"•
D

After inser tion: H

H'
Absolu te p ressure in air, Jh = 101.325 + ylt w,
Absolute pr essure in air, p2 = 101.325 + 9.81(0.803) L Chain L'
Absolute pressure in air, p2 = 109.2 kPa
Volume of air inside the cylinder, V2 = f (0.35)2 x
Volume of a ir inside the cylinder, V2,;,, 0.0962x
Figure a: High Tide Figure b: Low Tide
[p1 V1 = pi Vi]
101.325(0.173) = 109.2(0.0962x) 4 h1ht of chain = 12 kg/m
x= 1.67 m 11•1ity of s teel = 7,790 kg/m 3
x- h + y = 1.8 Cllurne of steel (ch ain) = 12/ 7790
y = 1.8 -1.67 + 0.803 c1l11me of s teel (ch ain) = 0.00154 m3 p er me ter len gth
y= 0.933 m
The refore, the open end is su bmerged 0.933 m belo\v the wa ter surface, I l1~ure a:
p.rv = O]
BF1 + BF2 - W1 - W2 = 0
BF1 = Ysw Vo
Problem 3 - 88 (CE Board)
A cylindrical buoy 600 nun in d iameter and 1.8 m high weighs 205 k g. It
= (1000x1.03)[ f (0.6)2(0.96)]
moored in salt water to a· 12 111 length of chain weighing 12 kg per m c1I 11 BF, = 279.58 kg
length. At high tide, the height of buoy ·protruding above water surfa11
BF2 = Ysw Vchain
0.84. What co uld be the le ngth of protru sion of the buoy if the tide dro111 ·
= (1000 x l .03)[0.00154(L)J
2.1m? Density of steel is 7,790 kg/ m 3. Use density of water= 1000 k g/ m I
BF2 = 1.586L •
W2= 12L
279.58 + l.586L - 205 - 12L = 0
I. = 7.16 m

I l1•pth of water, H.= L + 0.96

I h•pth of w a ter, H = 8.12 m
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\ CHAPTER THREE
184 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULIC\ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 185
ln Figure b:
Depth of water, H' = H - 2.1
Depth of water, H' = 6.02 m
Draft, D = H' - L' W= Y1>.11 Vb.11
Draft, D = 6.02 - L' W = (9810x0.42)f1t(0.15)3 4.Jrr
W= 58.25 N
[l::Fv = O]
BF'1 + BF'2 - W1 - W'2 = 0 "1111yant Force:
BF'1 =('1000x1.03) )[ f (0.6)2D] Jjf =Yw&ll!r V tMll -

BF'1 = 291.23 (6.02 - L') l1r = (9810) t 1t(0.15)3

BF' 1 = 1753.18 - 291.23L' /IF= 138.69 N

BF'2 = (1000 x l.03)[0.00154(L')J t)c•plh of pool:

BF'2=1.586L' W()rk done by W= Work done by BF
I V(4.3 + h) = BF(h)
W'2 = 12i.' 118.25(4.3 + /1) = 138.69'1
1753.18 - 291 .23L' +.l.586L' - 205 -12L' = 0 /1 - 3.11 m
L'=S.13m
D = 6.02 - 5.13 = 0.89
y = 1.8- D ~,lt1Hneter weighs 0.0214 N and has a stem at the upper end which is 2.79
y = 1.8- 0.89 111 di ameter. How m uch deeper will it floa t in oil (sp. gr. = 0.78) that in
y = 0.91 m (le11glh of protmsion) 1111 (sp. gr. = 0.821)?

Problem 3 - 89 (CE Board)

A wooden spherical ball with specific gravity of 0.42 and a diarr~eter or :1ni1
nun is dropped from a height of 4.3 m above the surface of water .Ill a pool 1 lllH IO x 0.821)Vo. = 0.0214 ~--
("; /\Vr

unknown depth. The ball barely touched the bottom o f the pool befon ·t v,,,, • 2.657 x 1Q·6 m3
began to float. Determine the depth of the pool. I '1,,, 2,657 mm3

w
('>BIO x 0.78)Vo0 = 0.0214
V11,, 2.797 x 10-9 m 3
V11,, 2,797 mm ~
1 V,,,.- Vo"
... J.,797 - 2,657 = 140 mm3 Alcohol, s = 0.821 Oil, s = 0.78

~ (2.79)2 /1 = 140
 FLUID MECHANll \ CHAPTER THREE
186
CH APTER THREE
& HYDRAUlll \ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 187
Total Hydr osta t ic Force on Surfaces

Problem 3 - 91
A plastic cube of side L and sp. gr. 0.82 is placed vertically in water. block of wood (sp. gr.= 0.64) is in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped
Ing a 10-cm square base. ff the block floats in salt water with its square
cube stable?
I."horizontal, what is its maximum height for stable equilibrium in the
LxL
lght position?
Solution
The body is stable if M is above G.
D r afl ' D=
Dra ft, D = 0.82L
0 ·82
1
L llJj_
r. '" M•
• G
;:---- • Bo
Df2
I---
I•• The body is stable when M is
•vt•G and unstable if M is below
10 cm • 10 cm

With sm aller value of H, the

MB,.= -
J ...L (L)(L/
= __,1.::..2_ __
~
llll'cnter M will become higher · r 1----1
H !'---
V0 (LxL)(0.82L) ~r1 l; making it much stable. •G
MB,, = 0.102 L ~·m I l increases, M will move
WI\ closer to G making it less l1 D
0/2
•Bo

_j_
J2
i:
GB.,= L/ 2 - 0 / 2 L bhi. Hence, the maximum Seawater, s = 1.03
GB,. = 0.09L ht for stable equilibrium is
I
11111 M coincides with G, or MB 0 =
Since MB 0 > G.B 0 , M is above G
I
The body is stable. Waterline Section
n1the figure:
Problem 3 - 92 (, /l,, = H/2 - D/2
A solid wood cylinder of specific gravity 0.6 is 600 mm in diameter and l 1 Draft, D = ~:~ H = 0.621H
mm high. If placed vertically in oil (sp. gr. = 0.85), would it be stable? ( .tl" = 0.5H - 0.621H/2
(, /i,,"' 0.189H
Solution

Draft, D =
sp.gr. wood H
-z.......=;.....---
IMll.= _, J
sp. gr. oil r =300 mm Vo
Draft, D = ~:~~ {1200) = 847 m m 1~ (10)(10)3

MB., = V
I 1 MB. = - = - - - -
(lO}(lO)D
100 13.419

MB.
D

t (300)
= --'-----
n(300)2 (847)
4
: f;--1---•
- D • Bo
G
MB. = - - - - - - -
12{0.621H) H

MB. =~ (1+ tan 28 l

MB. = 26.56 mm
GB 0 = 600 - V2(847)
GB"= 176.5
LUi ----- OR:

MB. =
12D l
102
2 )
where8=0°

(1 + 0) = 13.419 .
12(0.621H} H
Since MB 0 < GB0 , the metacenter is below G
Therefore, the body is unstable.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\
188 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRA ULIC~ CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 18 9
[MBo = GBo] ·. lnltial metacentric height, MG= MB 0 - GB0
13.419 = 0.189H Initial metacentric height, MG = 77.49 - 117.45
H lrn!ial metacenb·ic height, MG= -39.96 mm
H = 8.43 cm

Problem 3 - 94
~d.ingular scow 9 m wide, 15 m long, and 3.6 m high has a draft in sea
A wood cone, 700 mm diameter and 1,000 mm high floats in w~ter with rti; ~ 1· of 2.4 m. Its center of gravity is 2.7 m above the bottom of the scow
vertex down. lf the _specific gravity of the wood is 0.60, would 1t be stabl1• M!rm ine the follo:vving: ·
Determine also its initial metacen tric heigh t. lirl The initial metacentric heigh t,
(hJ :n~e righting or_ overturning m0men t when the scow tilts until one side
Solution rs JUS~ at the pomt of submergence.
Vwood = ~ 1t(350)2{1000}
Vwooct = 128,281,700 m 3
~r1111,1J metacentric height:
Vo=
Vn = 0.6
0 60
·
1 •
Vwond

V wood
E
1000/4 . ~·
£_[
120
1+ tan
2
2
El] f Metacenter, M
1 L = lSm
E

·--~~- -·-·-·-·-=!
Ve>= 0.6 (128,281.700) 0 where El= 0°
= 76,969,020 mm-1 § 750
oo] 3.6m

J
Vn (9)2 [ tan.2 2.7m

l
D=2.4m
- 1 +---
By similar solids: 12(2.4) 2 I o l.2m

VW()(ld = (1000 );1 2.8125 m

2.7 - 1.2 = 1.5 n1

r
V11 D . B = 9m

vwuu.J = (1 ~o lll.11rnetacenb·ic height, MG= MB 0 - GB()

0.6Vwood llnl metacen tric height, MG= 2.8125 - 1.5
0 = 843.4 mm llnl 111ctacentr.ic height'. MG= 1.3125 m
_x_ = 350
843.4 1000 Waterline Section u
•1.5
x = 295.2 mm
11•13°
4
I 3.4 (295.2) 2
MB=- --=---- = 77.49 mm H- 1
[ + -tan20]
• Vo 76,969,020 120 2

~[1+(1.2/4.5) 2 ]
From the Figure:
GBo = 750 - 30/4 12(2.4) 2
GB 0 = 750 - 3(843.4)/ 4
GB.= 117.45 mm .''> I m

Since MB,. < GB,., M is below G and the cone is UNSTABLE.

 \CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANll CHAPTER THREE
190 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAUlll Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 191

Metacentric height, MG = MB" - GB" f.lung longitudinal axis (rolling):

Metacentric height, MG= 2.91-1.5 = 1.41 m ll=lOm

= ~[1+tan
29
Since MG > MB,., the moment is righting moment. MB 0
12D 2
] where 9 = 0°
Righting moment, RM= W (MG sin 9)
0

W= BF =yVD 102
W = (9.81 x 1.03)[9(15}(2.4)] = 3,273.8 kN MB. = (1 + 0) = 5.45 m
12(1.53)
Righting moment, RM= 3,273.8((1.41) sin 14.93°]
Metacentric height, MG= 5.45 - 3.235
Righting moment, RM= 1,189.3 kN-m
Metacentric height, MG = 2.215 m (the barge is stable in rolling}

~long transverse direction (pitching):

Problem 3 - 96 II== 30m
A barge floating fresh water has the torm ot a parallelepiped h11\1
~[1+
in 2
9
d imensions 10 m x 30 m by 3 m. It weighs 4,500 kN when loaded with u 1• MB 0 = tan ] w here 9 = 0°
120 2
of g rav ity alo ng its vertical axis 4 m from the bottom. Find the metan•11t
height about its longest c1nd shortest centerline, and deternune whether 111 30 2
MB. = (1 + 0) = 49.02 m
the barge is stable 12(1.53)
Metacentric height, MG= 49.02 - 3.235
Solution Metacentric height, MG= 45.785 m (the barge is stable in pitching)

em 3 .:. 97 (CE August 1973)

IUll' barge, 20 m long, 8 meters wide, and 2 me.ters high loaded at its center
t- · ·f:J II 1\1ad roller weighing 20 sho~t tons, floats on fresh water with a d raft of
3m Rolllnu lm:tcrs and has its center of gravity located along its vertical axis at a
II 1.50 meters above its bottom. Compu,te the horizontal distance out to

I. Mld1 from the centerline of the barge through which the crane could swing
1

30 m ~() ton load which it had lifted from the center of the deck, and tip the
1 with the 20-meter edge just touching the water surface?
Solve for the d raft. D
[BF= W]
y V0 = W
9.81 [10 x 30 x OJ = 4,500
D = 1.53 m
CBu=4-0/2
GB,.= 4 - 1.53/2
GB, = 3.235 m
 CHA PTE R TH REE FLUID MECHANll \ CHAPTER THREE
192 Total Hydrostat ic Force o n Surfaces & HYDRAULIC \ Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 193
's olution z = d sine
1 short ton = 2000 lb z = 0.552 sin 11.31° = 0.108 m
= 900 kg
WR = (20 x 900) 9.81
W,,.= 176.58 kN 11.. = !t_.[1
120
+ tan 2
2
e]
r G4 0.5 m
- - - -w,- - - - - - .
Mfl ... _ 8_2_ [1+ tan211.31o] =4.533 .m
- j! I 12(1.2) 2
el 1.5 m
..,,E
N Bo --r (; 4.533 - 0.848 = 3.685 m

1i Bf
0.6 m
MG sine
.\685 sin 11.31° = 0.723 m
Bl-= yVo f1. =O J
BF= 9.81 [8 x 1.2 x 20] (/110 x = WR(L + z)
BF= 1,883.52 kN = W , 1,1183.52(0.723) = (176.58)(L + 0.108)
I 7.604 m ~ Horizontal distance from the center of the deck
Weight of barge, WI!= BF - w,.
Weight of barge, Wµ = 1,883.52 - 176.58
Weight of barge. WH = 1,706.94 kN

ri lted position h·n barge of rectangular cross-section is 8 m wide, 4 m high, ·and 16 m long.
1111~porting in seawater (s = 1.03) a total load of 1,500 kN including its own
I 11nd cargo. If a weight of 75 kN (included in the 1;500-kN) is shifted a
'I' of 2.5 m to one side, it will cause the barge to go down 450 rrun in tht>
•if 1111111ersion and also rise 450 mm in the corresponding wedge of emer~ion
IM1w• floats vertically (on an even keel) before the shifting of the weight.
uh• how far above the waterline is the center of gravity of the loaded barge.

tan e = QJ!!l.
4.0 l
e = 11.31 ° E
.,. I ~~--i- · - - - - - - - ·-+-·

Solve for the new position of G in the tilted position: li Bo i

W1(0.5) = Wa(d) BF
1,883.52(0.5) = 1.706.94(d}
d = 0.552 m Sm
J
.,.

CHAPTER THREE - CHAPTER THREE

194 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 195

Solve for the draft, 0:

BF=W waterline section of a 1,500-kN barge is as shown. Its cent~r of gravity 1s
(9.81 x 1.03)[8 x 16 x D] = 1,500 m above the center of buoyancy. Compute the initial metacentric height
D=l.16 m Inst rolling.

In the Tilted position '

E1
~·
11 :
~
~:

- · -·- ·-·-·=~-·-·-·-·-·-·- · -·- -·-·-·-·- ·-·-·~·- · -·- ·-·-·-· tJ)

~i, ~I-
60 kN/m

- 4m 12m 6m]
\
1
(MB 0 = - ]
Vo
tan e = 0 ·45
,4 8m
j f =lrec:L>ngle + 11ria ngle + f sem1-circle
e = 6.42° r= Ac12)(8)3 + 1\ (6)(4P x 2 + t (4)4
MB= -a- [ 1 +
• 120
2
tan
--
2
2
e] I= 676.53 m4

[BF = VV)
82 ( 1 + tan2 6.420) -- 4 .63 m 9.81 Vo = 1,500
MB 0 = Vo = 152.9 m~
\2(1 .16) 2

[~Mao= O]
MB. = 676.53 = 4.425 m
152.9
1,425(b) + 75(a) = B F(c)

c = MB. sin 9 IMG = MB. - GB0 ]

I° = 4.63 sin 6.42° MG = 4.425 - 1.5
c=0.518m MG= 2.925 m --7 initial metacentric height
a = 3.42 sin 6.42° + 2.5 cos 6.42°
a = 2.867 m

b = (11 + 0.58) sin 6.42°

1,425((11 + 0.58) sin 6.42°] + 75(2.867) = 1,500(0.518)
11 = 2.947 m --7 distance of G from the w.s.
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANIC\ CHAPTER THREE
196 Total Hydrosta tic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAU!-JC\ Total Hydrosta tic Force on Surfaces 197

!supplementary Problems
r in a tank is pressurized to 80 cmHg. Determine the total force per meter
lh on panel AB.
Problem 3 - 100
Ans: 482kN
A vertical rectangular gale 2 m wide and 1.2 m high has water on one s1d1
wi th surface 3 m above its top. Determine the magnitude of the to l.i 1
hyd rostatic fo1:ce acting on the gate and its distance from tht> w;:iter surface 2m
80 cm
Ans: ~ - M .t> kl\.. y 1• ; 3.o.i 11 Water
4m
Hg
Problem 3 - 101 B
A vertical semi-circular area of radius r ts submerged in a liquid with 11 3m
diameter in the liquid surface. How far is the center of pressure from lh·
liquid surface? \ \
t..=::========i A

111\ure shown, the 8-ft-diameter cylinder, 3 feet long weighs 5~0 lbs and
Problem 3 - 102 1111 lhe bottom of a tank that is 3 feet Jong. Water and oil are poured into
An open vat holding oil (s = 0.80) is 8 m long and 4 m deep and h,1• II .ind right-hand of the tank to depths 2 feet and 4 feet, respectively.
trapezoidal cross-section 3 m wide at the bottom and 5 m wide a t the 1111 111111c the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical componen ts of the
Determine the following: (n) the weight of oil, (b) the force on the bottom of Iii lh.11 will keep the cylinder touching the tank at A.
vat, and (c) the force on the trapezoidal end pa~el. Ans: FH = 749 lb ~
Ans: (a) 1002 kN; (b) 752 I Fv = 2,134 lbs w
(c) 230 I '

Problem 3 - 103
Freshly poured concrete approximates a fluid with l Oin
sp . gr. of 2.40. The figure shown .a wall poured
between wooden fo rms which are connected by six
bolts. Neglecting end effects, compute the fo rce in
Water Oil, s =0.75
the lower bolts.
Ans: 19,170 lbs

'3 - 106
11h· lhl~ hydrostatic force and its location on semi-cylindrical indentation
h11wn. Consider only 1 meter length of"cylinder perpendicular to the
l 1h1w.
A ns: FH = 109.5 kN@ 1.349 m below D
Fv = 20.5 kN@ 0.531 m to the left of B
 CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER THREE
199
.
198 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces

4m

2m
H
! El. 14
r 2m
Oil, s = 0.85

3m

El. 3 El. 3
lm El. 0
'-~~~~~--~~.... __-L

Problem 3 - 107
The 1-m diameter solid cylinder shown is 8 m lon g perpendicular to the 111
and rests in static equil ibrium against a frictionless wall at 0. Determi111 I
unit weigh t of the cylinder.

Ans: ex = 10.5°

Water

Problem 3 - 108
The section of a concrete dam is shown in the figure. Concrete weighl
kN per cubic meter and water weighs 9,790 N per cubic n1eter. Coefficl••l•I
friction betweeh the dam and fo undation is 0.55. Determine the fact111 ~
safety against sliding and against overturning, and also the soil pressun• 111
heel and toe. Assume hydrostatic uplift varies uniformly from full hydr11 1
head at the heel of the darn to zero at the toe. Consider 1 m length of da111
Ans: FSo = 2.20; FSs I
qhe<·I = 85.2 kPa; q,"" = 300 '~
 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANI( \ CHAPTER FO U R
200 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULf( \ Relat ive Equilibrium of Liquids 201
Problem 3 - 110
Two spheres, each 1.3 m in diameter, weigh 5 kN and 13 kN, respectiv1 !\
They are connected with a short rope and placed in water. What is the tensh•11
in the rope and what portion of the lighter sphere protrudes from the w ater 1
hapter 4
Ans: T = 1.74 kN; 40 I
lative Equilibrium
Problem 3 - 111 l iquids
A block weighing 125 pcf is 1 ft square and 9 inches deep floats on a strattlh .t
liq uid composed of a 7-in layer of wa ter above a layer of mercury. 1111
Determine the position of the bottom of the block. (b) If a downward vert11 I lw•t ccrtam conditions, the par ticles of a fluid mas~ may have no relatiw
force 'o f 260 lb is applied to the center of mass of this block, w hat is the '" 1 ~111 between ~ach o ther yet the mass itself may be in motion If a mass of
posi tion of the bottom of the block? I~ moving with a constant speed (unifor m velocity), the conditions are
A11s: (a) 0.8 " below m en 1111 111111.! as ~uid s ta~cs (as d iscussed in previous chapte rs). But if the bod y
(b) 4.67" below mern111 1'Jw led to acceleration (whether translation or rotation). speci<ll t reatment
. I jlurcd, and thi.~ w ill be discussed in this chapte r
I
Problem 3 - 112
Wou ld a wooden cylinder (sp. gr. = 0.61) 660 mm in diameter and 1.3 m (p r 1
I
be stable if placed vertically in oil (sp. gr . = 0.85)? ILINEAR TRANSLATION (MOVING VESSEL)

Problem 3 - 113 dt•r a mass of fluid moving with a linear acceleration 11 as shv v,, 11 rn thE:-
A rectangula r scow 7 ft by 18 ft by 32 ft long loaded with garbage has a drr1lt 'lt'IConsideri_n~ ~ particle _in the surface, the forces acting are the weigh I
of 5 feet in water. Its center of gravity is 2 ft above the waterline. [s the Slt1I
Ms ,111d the fictit10 us mertia force (reversed effecti ve force, REF) wh ich If>
IP Ma, and the reaction N which must be normal to the surface
stable? What is the initial met~centric height?

a
Problem 3 - 114
A cube of dimension Land sp. gr. 0.82 floats horizontally in water.
stable?

>
REF = Ma