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272 views249 pagesFluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Dit
fluid mechanics and hydraulics
Uploaded by
Fides MagistradoCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 249
Fluid Mechanics
& Hydraulics
Rev Edit 1 Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulics
tri. 107 ron ns
SAN.
The cardinal objective ofthis book is to provide reference to
Engineering students taking-up Fluid Mechanies and Hy draulis
This may also serve asa guide to engifeering students who will be
taking te ieieure exaunination given by the PRC
The bookhae 9 chapters. Each chapter prosents the principles
and formulas involved, followed by solved problems and
supplementary problems, Each step in the solution is carefully
explained to ensure that it will be readily understood. Some
‘problems ae even solved in several methods to give the reader a
choice on the type of solution he may adopt
‘To provide the reader easy access tothe different topics, the
‘book includes index
‘Most of the materials in this book have been used in my
review clases. The choice of these materials was guided by their
effectiveness as tested in my clases
[ih to thank all my friends and relatives who inspired me
in writing my books and especially to my children and beloved
wife Imelda who is very supportive to me
I will appreciate any errors pointed out and will welcome any
suggestion for further improvement.
DIEGO INOCENCIO T. GILLESANIA
Cebu City, Philippines To my mother Tuminada,
my wife Imelda,
‘and our Children Kim Deunice,
Ken Dainiel,
‘and Karla Denise
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
Preface vii
Dedication, vii
CHAPTER 1
Properties of Fluid 1
Types Fix, 1
Mass Density 2
Specitie Volume 3
Unit Weight or Specific Weight 3
Specific Gravity 4
Viscosity 4
Kinematic Viscosity 5
Surface Tension 6
Capillarity %
CCompressiility 8
Pressure Disturbances, 9
Property Changes in ideal Gas 9
Vapor Pressure. 10
SOLVED PROBLEMS, T1023
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 24 9.25
CHAPTER 2
Principles of Hydrostaties er
Unit Pressure ny 7
Pascal's Law. 7
Absolute and Gage Pressures. 29
Variations in Pressure 31
Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids 32
Pressure Head. 33
‘Manometers j ey)
SOLVED PROBLEMS, 35 wo 68
‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 68 t072 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS: TABLE OF CONTENTS: iii
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 5
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces. B Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface 7 Discharge.
Properties of Common Geometric Shapes. 76 Definition of Terms,
Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface 78 Energy and Head
Power and Efficiency .
Dams. st Bernoulli's Energy Theorem,
ypes of Dams, 81 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
Analysis of Gravity Dams 8a SOLVED PROBLEMS.
Buoyancy 88 ‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
‘Archimedes’ Principles 88
Statical Stability of Floating Bodies. 90
Stress on Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 96
Cylindrical Tank 96 CHAPTER 6
Spherical Shell 98 Fluid Flow Measurement
Wood Stave Pipes. 98 Device Coufficients
SOLVED PROBLEMS. $9 10 195 ‘Head lost in Measuring Devices.
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 196 to 200 Orifice
‘Values of H for Various Conditions
‘Coptaction of the Jet.
rifice under Low Heads.
CHAPTER 4 vest Meter
Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 201 Nozzle,
Rectlinear Translation 201 Pitot Tube,
Horizontal Mo! 201 Gates
Inclined Motion. 202 Tubes.
Vertical Motion. 203 Unsteady Flow (Orifice).
Rotation 203 Weir. -
Volume of Paraboloid 205 ‘Classification of Weis.
Liquid Surfa
SOLVED PRO}
Conditions
EMS.
210 to 240
Rectangular Weir.
Contracted Rectangular Weirs
Triangular Weits
Trapezoidal Weirs
‘Cipolleet Wetr ‘0
Sutero Weir ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS
i ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS v
Submerged Weir 305 CHAPTER 8
Unsteady Flow 306 (Open Chiat 481
SOLVED PROBLEMS, 307 371 iSpactic Enesgy 481
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 3720374 Chezy Formula 482
“Kutter and Gungulllet Formula 483
‘Manning Forma 483
Bazin Forma. 483
CHAPTER 7 Powell Eguation 384
Fluid Flow in Pipes Uniform Flow 485
Definitions. Boundary Shear Stress ”
Reynolds Number Normal Depth, 486
Velocity Distelbution in Pipes Most Efficient Sections 486
Shearing Stress in Pipes ‘Proportions for Most Eficient Sections 487
H in Pipe Flow ‘Rectangular Section Ae
“Major ead Loss ‘Trapecoidal Section. 47
Darcy- Weisbach Forma, ‘Triangular Section 389
Value off Circular Sections 490
Moody Diagram Velocity Distribution in Open Channel 49
Manning Formula Allernate Stages of Fow oo
Hazen Williams Foro Froude Number. 492
Minor Head Lows. Criloal Depa oe
Saxlden Enlargement Non-Uniform or Varied Flow 495
Gradual Enlargement amie 497
Sudden Contraction Flow around Channel Bends 500
Bends and Standard Fittings aes 301 0547
Pipe Discharging ftom Reservoie 390 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS to 550
Pipe Connecting Two Reservoirs. 391
Pipes in Series and Paral. 392
Bguivalent Pipe 394 :
Reservoir Problems 394
Pipe Networks 298
SOLVED PROBLEMS 400 0.476
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS:
47 0.480 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS go uecuaaacs oteTER ONE 4
Chapter 1
Properties of Fl
CHAPTER 9
Hydrodynamics
Force against Fixed Flat Plates
Force against Fixed Curved V
Force against Moving Vines
Work Done on Moving Vanes,
Force Developed on Closed Conduit
Drag and Lift.
Terminal Velocity
tion of ids rst or
in motiny and with applications and devices se
ae Fld chase Be subi wo mr aes fists which
SOLVED PROBLEMS. 55310597 ds with uid a ot 0 fu aac concerned wh Eien enon.
‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 597 to 598 emi api we wo sv owe
Aw where the gas can be considere
leas withthe applistion of id mechanics to engineering devices
ees ally water o oil, Hydraulics deals with such problems
APPENDIX ot chp tye tere are
aha eae cup eine anes
TBA oeeiee ee aiaeama Tae oe y
Tis Ae HepetinctCommenGemctlame20cccon AMM ryescefuia
‘Table A ~5: Surface Tension, Vapor Pressure, Fluid are generally divided into two cate
and Sound Speed of Water 602 °
Table A ~ 7: Conversion Factors from BG to SI Units, 604 = ag ae acas
Table A - 8: Other Conversion Factors 605 at
{Have unlfon velocity when wing
1 No friction beeen moving layers of id
1 {No edly curmens ot
INDEX I-IV
Real fais
Exhibit infinite isos
{ Nervunlorm velocity dstbution when fo
{Compresibie
‘ Espertnce fiction and turbulence in low 2 SE HYDRAULICS
Properties ot Fis
Real is ve further divided into
ovo lea an Newtonion fids
Most uid problems assume real fds with Nevwoitn characteristics for
convenience. This asumption i appropriate fr water at ase, steam, ad
other simple ids like alcohol, geeline, acd solutions, ck. However,
Sirs ps gl superset ot Dae aig ingle Mad
Tar)
coarrenone 3
wher posto posal in Po
R= gos constant ule / K"K
Realiot/siug™
ret aieccorme Ue
MASS DENSITY, p (RHO)
The density of uid site mass per uni of wou
L Caen mG
Unit:
English < shgs/f Not: ag
st g/m
Foran idol gas, ts density can be found from the speci gas constant and
del gas aw: :
one i-2
l oer
Specie vohume, Vs the volume occupist bya unltmass of ful
ee
lunrT WEIGHT OR SPECIFTE WEIGHT,
Bpedic weight or uit weight, theweightof 4 chaPTERONE FLUID mechanics
curren one
bg the upper plate will adhere to it and sill move with the same velocity U wh
English = By the lid contact withthe fied pla wl have a zero velo. Fr small
i a0 as ae we
Ao y= distance between the plates in ft or
ete
‘Consider two large, parallel os »
plates ata small dtancey
part the space between
‘hem ng led ith uk
Consider the upper pate to
besuljes toa force Fao a fo
UW The mud in contact with cuaerenone Fn a Bi pect merece
6 eee Cnet Srnonant eee
es chatty
ae
Gugyttase) | .
ma ma
Note:
Tpolse=1 dynes/crn?=0.1 Paste _(1dyne=105N)
SURFACE TENSION o (SIGMA)
The membrane of “skin” that seems to form on the fee surface of # al i
duet the intermolecular cohesive force, al is known ae sie Sesion
Serface torsion hereon tht insects ae able tositon water anda net o
able oat ont. Surface tension also euses bubbles ad droplet ta lake on
4 sph shape snc ay othr saps would have moe sie ae pr
Prossure inside a Droplet of Ligue:
pilry atin) is he nae given to the behavior ofthe il ina
tbe The rise ofall or iid in capillary tbe is caused by
Shiface tension and dens on the eatve magnitudes a the cohesion ofthe
Taji and the adhesion of the liga tothe lls of the containing vessel
iui rise in tubes they wet adhesion > cohesion an fallin tubes they d
HOt wot (cohesion > adhesion) Capillary is important when sing bes
Slr than about 3/8 inch (23 su in diameter
eee
the formula comes
b= capillary ae or depres
= ant yedghtin N/m 9g SHAPTERONE Fuuio mechanics
cHserenone ag
ame atee SHYDRAUUCS, HYDRAULICS
> a ae z a
& -4 fq 1-15,
Mera Rawle zirin ~ BV
ecg 1a v
ater 10
[kerosene gies | a | i i
eiseiegiase *
[aiyiakskotgine 7
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES
Pressure disturbances imposed on a fi move in waves, The velocity or
alerty of pressure wave (also known as mural oF soulc wlociy) i
‘COMPRESSIBILITY,
Compre (lso knowa atthe cfc of onpresiiy) is Ue eaetona
‘thange in the volume ofa fluid per unit changin pressure fn constant
Temperature proces,
Vp
et
Shee ei
wy
1 bgt
"9 ra
when:
{AV = chang in volume
= orignal volume
p= change n pressure
V/V = change tn volume (usally in pec)
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, Ey
‘The bulk modulus of lastity ofthe Mud expenses the compressibility ofthe
fide isthe ratio of the change in unit premure to the corresponding,
PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS
For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the equation of sat given by
When temperature is hell costant isothermal condi
to (Ghr's Ln) yo mecrantes curren one
10 warrERone FLUID mecHanics uo ncn ges
Properties of las ‘HYDRAULICS,
For Adiabatic or Isentrpic Conditions (no heat exchanged) “able 44: Tp por roses
re] are
rps
aie a
By.-22
“eon TZ
propane ——
nal weevil
s= final absolute pressure of gs
Vs = nal volume of gas
Vea final volume of gas
Ty =n abate temperature of gas in °K (K
1 final allt emperatare of gsi K
I> rato ofthe specie heat at constant pressure to the specific het at
‘oruant vole Also known as adiabatic exponent
c+)
and a volume of 0552 ou.
alt. ps and (0 specie
servis of glycerin has a mass of 1,200
As (a) weight. 1, () wat weigh, () mass
Molecular activity in tiga wil allow some of the maleculer to escape the
lguld surface. Molecules ofthe vap also condense hack int the Liu. The
repecentic Ueneetes or core en eerste eevee
processes, The egulirum pressure exerted by these fee molculs i known
Weight. W= Ms
(2m
Weight W/=I1772N of 1.772 KN
Unit weight
Some liqulds, sch as propane, butane, ammonia, and Freon, have significant
wopor promore at normal tnpertave, Loqide nase ther baling point ot
that vaporiaes ely ae sid to lie guide. Othe igus such as mercy,
have migrafcant vapor pressures at the same tomperatre. igus with Tw
‘vapor pressure are sed n accurate barometers
The fener toward vaporization is dependent on the tmpeatre ofthe ea
gui." Boring ecrs when the tid temperate i eres Yo the pont a
1 ie cope emer ER ie PRR proms Dest.” apr
“Thos aque’ bing tmperstre depends onthe los ambient pee 3b
Density, = 12605 kat
well as dhe guid’s tendency to vaporize e i (CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS Fuuin MecHANics eee 13
(ee ee romecnaucs BO Rup ncn cane
i ten
‘Specific gravity, s = 1.2605
ae {B) Stace the mass of an objects absolute, ts mass wil stl be 22 kg,
i sd ae =
eer BI is the weight of x 4-kg boulder if ito brought wo 0 place where the
Solution —
(2) Specie weight-7= oun 5
Specific weight 7= 24 082 51.168 ys
Specific weight 7=981 = 082 = 8044 kN/mnt
(0) Density, = pees
Density, p= 194082159 stugyt
Dereity p= 1000 082 ~ 620 kg?
Problem 1-3 F SRE Gea ee:
Atte of water weighs about 275 N. Comput its mass kilograms,
Solution
Mass =
Mas = 323
Mass = 0.9564
‘Problemy
Han object has a mass of 22g at sea level, 2) what wil be its welght at
pint where the aceleration duet gravity = 975 m/s? (0) What wil eis
aes that pin?
W= 456580)
W=298a5N
Brass shi sina te ce Nd Seer
igh?
Solution
suzekg/
Specie weight y= px
Spectc weight y= 125 Nim TEHYORAULES,
14
Whats the space weight ofr at 450 KPa abolate and 21°C?
where R= 2877 /8-°K
Brai-2)
p= 5.689 kg
= 8881 Nine
Find the mass density of helium as terapeatue of 4°C and pessute of 184
Pa gage, atmospheric pressure i 1.92 KPa (R= 2079/4 °K)
solution
Density p=
= Poe Pam
wei inns
po 28ssa KPa
su3-27K
“aor
Dey 9 0465 kgm?
Density, =
Problem 1-9
12°C and 25 KP gage the specifi weight of «certain gas was 187 N/a?
‘ermine he gas constant ofthe ga
15
Solution
97 kg
gop = (208+ 101.5950 eek
(Gas constant, R= 71887 Mg"
I ef eer 20 17 elle dw ermpersine FC
Site container. What the mass of?
Solution
oe
i clinical tank 8 co in ameter and 90 con high fled with a gu
‘he tank end the quid weighed 420k The weight ofthe empty tank te 40
ig What the unit weigh Giunerenone 47
HYDRAULICS Properties of Fad
16 Properties of Fluids HYDRAULICS
Solution
M
$2040 = a0 ikg/ me
Foy (095)
vps
i081) =22404N/m
acre
jem dE =
Ieod= 13
ass of 8g, What ithe length oft side? Sp. gr. of
Solution
Lote the length of side ofthe cube:
Mev
m= (1n00<113)
10192 m=192em
‘A liguid compressed ina container has a volume of Iter a pressure of 1
[MPs and a volume of 0995 liter ata pressure of MPa, The bulk modulus of
last (Es) af the iui:
‘Vroblem = 1a
What prossue is required to reduce the volume of wer by 06 percent? Bull
‘modules of elasticyof water, Ey = 22¢Pa
Probie tis =
Water in a hydraulic press, inilly at 137 KPa absolute, is subject to @
pressure of 116280 KPa absolute. Using Fy ~ 25 GPa, deteeine the
centage decease nthe volume of water
Solution
sega. (116280~197)<10
Probier
the resulting pressure assuming isothermal conditions. (b) What would have
ben the presture and temperature f he process is isentropic. Uso = 13
i cuereton ees ac ies unpre one
18: Seamer, ro mecvoncs ae wc haces 9
Souter eos
Boece
tight ine what fore sequel to pla very thin plate of 0.7 area a
P= OF KPa abs Dtonstart spect of 03 m/s the plate 8 men rom one ofthe surface
(0) Forisentopie proces
rieapte
nim Penoh gene
Pe™ 1,060 kPa abs “Oy te 4
yee ye ELA |
ny ty wld a
Be eam ® 7 eae
ema ~ (a0)
55503087 _
T= 4664°K oF 84C Dass
y= 2S8HOSOS gy
Problem 1-17 c ; ae
Mtoe 0° pin pe py 207 rian
etermine its absolute viscosity in Pas and its Kinematic viscosity in m/e
nd inte, ;
Solution
Abolute visosty TA cilincr of 125 mm redias rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
papas PO rm racius. Both cylinders ate 200 mm ong. Determine the viscosity of
oes banat The liquid which lls the space batween the cylinders i a wrgue of 88 N-m is
000002 Paes Pred to maintain an angular velocity of 2x radians/sec Assume the
Yeloity gradient vo Be a straght ine
Kinematic west:
oi. 000042
»” Toto 097m)
4x10? me 6
stoke
Ae =
+7411 x10%stoke ciuneren one 94
20 Propane of ds "Cinancs Be etvonautcs
Solution (2. = 0)
: Wano- f=
“way cesta 1
u=0:2529) a
Un aPRe m/s treeaana
rae 17es8ein 15¢= a 0414 (aay
Torque = (0125)
Torgue= 1A (1125)
(088 + [20125403] (0225)
=88Pa recs
2058 ia
9° 97H5/0005 oa ae
‘Problem 7-20 re
‘An 8+ sla slides down a 15° telined plane on a S-mm-thick film of oi
with viscosity j= 00814 Pa-sec. IF the contact aren i 3 find the erminal
‘oct of the slab, Nagle ir sistance
Solution
Terminal velocity isatanad when the sum ofall frees inthe diection of
Sold
Problem Ta
stimatthe height lo which wate wil sete
Ccapitay se =
Capit eh = AO
state the caplry depression fr meteuty ina gh vm court one up meconics necares a mnel 2a
22 Roperiele us voc ves roperion
Prat 1-23 am 1-26
2 impuls cond the device held to
nr ronsmiter operates at 2 impulses per se
What is the value of the surface tension of small drop of water 03 mem in PROT e tor ccic acres mldney
ameter whic isin contact with ale the pressure within the droplets Set ourace of fesh water (
He {ween impulses, how deep is the water?
solaton a r
as :
meee he choi reeived 2
ay between impulses, hen
An atomizer forms water droplets 45 jm in diameter. Determine the excess ee Ses te
Pressure within these droplets sing o = O712 N/m.
Myos)sisccand teal me
Solation ce covered then of nitrogen at 39°C and 125 KPa abs is permed to expand
Dothermally to 30 rn, what isthe resling pressure?) What would the
Jrosute and temperature have been the proces had been senropic?
‘Ao: () 50 Pa abs
(47 KPa abs 42°C
Problam 1-34
TA squase block weighing 1.1 XN and 250 mim on an edge slides down an
cli on film of el 6 yim tic. Assuming linea velo profilin the
I and neglecting al resistance, what isthe terminal velocity ofthe block?
Ith vison of ol is? Pars. Angle of inclination is 20
‘Ans 5181/5
Problem 1-35
Hensene a 20°C basa viscosity of 0.000651 Fas, What shear sess is ruined
Ho deform this fil ata stain rat of 4800 217
Problem 1° 36
‘A salt 70 mn in dnsster i boing pushed at a peed of 0 mm/s through a
Tearing sleeve 702 mm in diameter and 250 mm long. The clearance, assumed
ifr, is filled with ll at 20°C with v = C005 m/s and sp. gx. = 09. Find
the force exert by the on the shat,
ns: 987
Problem 1-37
“wo clean parallel glass pats, separate by a distance = 15 mm, af dipped
Ja bth of water, How far does the water rise due to cally action, if =
DORON /?
‘re: 994 nm 26. ae Fu mecuavics HB mum mecranies yer aD
pers preccees =| mtertiy rrincotesotryerostues 27
Problem 1 38
a the angle th suriceteson fl enves the lass for a ver uke
irmersed in wae the dame G28 inch ae te copay ne O08
inch. Use 6 = 0.006 lb/ft
an"
Problem 1-29
What fore is required ot thin
ine rng 6 cm in dates fom a water
surfaces 20°C? (eof water at 20°C ~ O6728 N/m). Neglect
PS ). Neglect the weigh ofthe
‘Ane 0.0274 N
Chapter 2
Principles of Hydrostatics
‘MrT PRESSURE OR PRESSURE, B
Presture i the force per unit aren exerted ya liquid or gas on a body or
race with the fore acting at rght angles to the surface uniformly in all
thusctons.
Fone
Area, a
=
Jn the English system, pressure is usually measured in pounds per square inch
pat in International sng, in klorams per square centimeters (g/cm). oF
Jf tmospheres; and inthe international metric system (Sin Newtons per
tsar mer (Pascal). The unit atmoaphere (an) i defied 38a pressure of
(haoos gen? (140% Hin), which in terms ofthe conventional mercury
turometer corresponds {0760 men (29921 in of mercury. The unit klopascal
{hPa} is define at «pressure of 0102 km? (0145 b/s in
PASCAL'S LAW
Pasa’ ev, developed by French mathematician Blase Psi states thatthe
pressure aiid eyue nal ection and inal pars ofthe container, Ix
Pigare 21 a Bqui lows ino he large contler atthe Bator, pressure
Ps he guid equally up into the tes above the container. The figud
Fic othe an Teel inal ofthe tubes, rgardes ofthe shape or angle of the. 28 “mere Wo Fup mecuanics
Prieipies oF Hyaronaves ‘eHORAUUeS NoRAGUCS 29
HYDRAULICS Principles of Hyarostates
pense by pressure gauges or manometer, For small pressure derences aU
Wibe manometer i used Icom fa U-shaped tbe with one end connected 10
[container and the other open ote atmampee led with» igi such as
fol of mfr, the effeence in the liquid surface lvoe in the two
cir ag. the presuse diftsence form local aroepherie
tons. For higher presse difrences, Bourdon gauge, rare ter the
nveror Eugene Bourdon, i used. Ths consists of hollow metal tube
ha oval cos ection, bent inthe shape of «hook One ed ofthe tbe is
theater open an connece othe measurement repin
igure 2-2: aration of Ps La
‘The laws of laid mechanics are observable in many everyday stations, For
example, the pressure exerted by water atthe hatlom of 8 pond wil be the
Same asthe pressure exerted by water tthe bottom of a much narrower pipe,
[Provided depth remine constant. Ifa longer pipe filed with wate ited
{hat it reaches a maximum height of 13 mie water wll xe! the same
Pressure as the other examples (eft of Figure 2-2). Ful can flow up oe well
{down in devices such as siphons (ight of Figure 2-2) Hydrostaie force
‘uses water the siphon fo lew up and ove the eige un the bucket ie
tempt or the suction ie broken. A siphon is partlaly useful fr emptying
‘onaiers that should not be ped
erie Presure & Vacuum
ri Pressure the presture atany one pon on th ath surface from the
of te airaboveit Avian s espace hat as all atte emoved Wom
imposible to creat a perfect vacuum in the Iaboratry no mater how
cet a vacuum system i, some melecles are alvays present inthe vac
ven remote pone of cer pace havea aral auto as, A vacuum
neo be described as region of space where the premure lst than the
atmospheric pressure of 749 mm (299) of merry.
Norma conditions tsa level
Ps = 2156 15/88
U7 pet
inches of mercury (hg)
=7e0 mH
=101505#Pa
|
Absolute Pressure
Biol pressure isthe presgure above abclute nero jes)
Pas Poe Pan gaa
Ppt un ato vg Khan yl ante,
1 hesmnle geese eon ts este oft abe aor ese 30 “Harte Two
Princes of Hyrontatls FLD mechanics
GHyORAULEE
op
ote Unies tans spc ns bok he am ese ages ig prs,
Eiegreumuccnny er
Exe ieatneeeice
series vers a sings,
ants eo nd
ess rs
ID MECHANICS
HYDRAULICS
“TIONS IN PRESSURE
Principe
sartyuenstee 31
rider any two pots (1&2) whe difeence in levation it ein the
ofan clementary psn Iving a rose-sectional aren wand length of
th prim at etal fore acting upon it must bein libri.
prkpsstogse pms:
Figure 2-4 Forces ang on denen en
foe ly suc rf to Ha mace subj 10 OAD Deseo wh
Hoosen on.
With eforene to Figure 2-4
Wer’
wera)
r-0
F-R=Weino
pra-pamr ial) sind
pomey Lone
a a
Ene
hereon; the dieence in presur een sy eo pont in #homogenc fd
Wi vv seul he roel of it gt fh fd tthe wert ds
for
rth pts. cuarren Two ro wees
Eee ae ‘CiomAtnics
‘Ale:
This means that ony chong n pressure a pint Lod cause an eal change a
print 2. Therefore, a pressure applied st aay pont in liquid testi
frosted quay an wind fo every other point in the Lil
Let us assume tht pint © in Figure 2 4 He onthe fee liquid surface, then
the gage pressure pie zero and Eg, 2-4 becomes.
a ae
This means thatthe presur a any poo “fel afi ufc is ql to
the product ofthe sat weight fh fd 6 and
Consider that points © and @ in Figure 2-4 Ue on the sume elevation, such
‘hath = then Eq 2-4 become
nom Ey
‘gman ht te rng te nen pla ome fd
Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids
FLUID MECHANICS
HYDRAULICS.
chaprer TO
Principles of yarostatis
33
Consider the tank shown to be fil wih gids of ferent denses end
svt al at the lop under gage presure of 7, the pressure at the bottom of
he tank
PRESSURE HEAD
Prewure Bead isthe height ofa column of homogeneous liquid of unit
weighty hat il produce an intensity of pressure p
yehatA ox nm he
‘To Convert Pressure head (height) of avid A ofguid B
PA orly=tyt® ——g.2-9
Pr ©
convert pressure head (height of any liquid to water, just multiply its
height by Ws specific gravity
aaa
y.2-8
aw cuaerer nwo Fup mecrancs ecranacs cumprer nwo
34 princes orHyarostaice [EHYORAULES lies Principles ofHyarostanes 35
ManomerEn
In Solving Manometer Problems:
Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are 10
lexpresed, ators most advisable)
2 Starting fom an end point umber inorder the Interface of elfen
fics
A lenify points of equal pressure (aking into account that for =
homogencous fluid at ret the pressure along te same harlzontal plane
faye agua). Label thass points with the same umber,
Uy Procend from level to level eding (i going down) or subtacting (i
igoing up) presure heads at the elevation decreases or increases
especie with due roga for the spor gravity ofthe Maids
‘A manometer is a tube, usally bent ina form of aU, contining a guid of
[known specific gravity, the surface of which moves propertonally to changes,
of pressoe. I's used to measure pressure
Types of Manometer
‘Open Type - has an atmospheric surface in one leg and ie cap
essurng Rae prs
Differential Type - without an atmospheric surface and capable off
measuring only differences of pressure
Piezometer- The simplest form of open manometer Ii tbe apps ino a
wall of container or conduit fo the purpose of missing preva. The
uid m the container or cond ise inthis ube fo form aoe surface
LUmitations of Plezometer:
+ Large presures inthe lighter guid require long tubes
* Gas presstes ean note msssured becuse gos can hot form foe
sae 5
Q
{3) ner mnameter pO) ifn mano
fs depth of liguid of 1 causes presure of 7 KPa, what isthe specific
iy of te iguid?
Presse, p= yh
7= (9818) Q)
S=0714 > spectecanty
fem 2-2
asthe pressure 125 m below the ocean? Use sp. gr. = 1.03 for sat water
lation
poh
p= Gt 1.09)025)
p= 1263
ee
Noe cuarrer Two FLUID MECHAM ‘uo wecranics cuarrer nwo
36 Preps of ysrostaes ORS Ae rvoRauLics Principe oftiyarorttes 37
Problem 2-3 Problem 2-5
1 the pressure 23 meter below a liquid Is 388445 KPa, determines un
weight mass density 9. and specific rally =
Wi tho preaure in the air space above anol («= 075) surface in a closed tank is
sa ateautn, what te gage reine? mclow te curface?
Solution Solution
(a) Unie weight» Po Pree tH
Sets) renin ee
Tian peters omna7e)
prbaaourt
ha ay
rman =F Sa a
Ba feet te ph bole fb rn of
setuton
10 See pet ace
fal Tat «sa(o7sn
a= Pom = 100,329 kPa
pa =1739 kPa
Peer ae Problem 2-7 i %
A prestireguge6 m above the bottom ofthe tank containing a guid reads 9°
Pa. Another gage height dm ends 103 KPa. Determine the speci weight of
theliquld
If the pressure at point inthe ocean is KP, whats the pressure 27 meters
below this pain?
Solution
The dtferencen pressure betwen any two pons in solution
liquid is poy
= 60 + (98101.05)27) 103 -90= (2)
naman Y= 65kNi carrer nwo
39
Preps oy PU ANORAULIS Principe of Myerostates
38 Principtes of Hydrostatics S HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS ples of Hiya
Problem 2-8
An open tank contains 58 m of water
[EN/m ind the preasre eth interface anda the Batfom of he tank
Solution
(o) Pressure at he interface
rh
= 02
p=288kPs
(@) Pressure at he botom
pa=Eh
Arad
=n) +802)
r= S248 KPa
rbiem
atmospheric preture 95:7 kPa al the gage attached to the tank reads 188
tami vecuui, find the absolute presure within dhe tank
Solution
The Roe Por
ee heer
“pat eyo)
= 2:08 kPa vacou
25:08 KPa
p= 957 + (2508)
P= 7052 KPa abs
‘Frobiem 3-10
The weight dey fam gen 1210 058 whey sin N/m an
isin meters, Deerine the prose in KPa, at depth of Sm
Since the density ofthe mad varies with depth, the pressure
covered with 22 m of tects (= 8
3! should be solved by integration
apy
‘p> 005 mh
fee
p= tok+02si? |
fie shh
106) 025651 -0
p= 5425 kPa
jem 2-H
the gare shown ifthe atmospheric
fre 101.02 KPa andthe able
fret tho bottorn of the tank ie
KPa, what te the specie gravity
Gage pressure a te btm of teak, p= 2319-20808
{Gage pressure a the btio ofthe tank p= 13
poi
Pe alle Yolo Yh Yt
fous esi = Bayo 2 Ot
a9) +9825) 981 «090.5 cunrrerTvo4y
cuarren Two ruvo necnawes Mf suum uecvanes aces
0 Finer terse ‘Ehowauuies HYDRAULICS Beem
Problem 2-12 Problem 2-24
air hd constant pci weight of 12 N/m and ware incompresilffCompute te brome protue in Ka a an lite of 1200 mi he
‘what would be the height ofthe stnorphere te sospher pecs aglfpemre sae evel TOL KFa, Assume thermal conten 2
oan ooau oar ote gk
solution seltion
Height of atmosphere, n= & % =]
_ mato! ee
Taz
Height of atone A= = 8606 m
Problem 2-1 (CE Board May 19 = on00785 p
Assing ssc wight off bm constant at 12 N/m what th
{pproxint hgh of Nout Brahe a meray barre a bse p= (9200185 980
‘ke mourn rtd 4m ard sae ans eoter rome ha BM siedias
top ofthe mountain ead 8 rm oe
sohtion " at
0001168 fo
wep Togggy evo |
npn 101310) =-0mn01630200-0)
inpottais
$5 spoors
rete
(ohana een (Ha
(81013 6N0.58) = (9810 136,048) = 12h
he 93453 m 42 cere nwo FLUuio Mecrawcs
= examen rw0
Frinciples of Hydrostatics HYDRAULICS “i a
Principles ot yrostates
Problem 2 15
A as cro secton of 120g. em while that of piston Bis $505 cm.
the later higher than ston A by 175, I Ue intervening passages are
with eit whene specific gravity HO, what i the ference pressure
een A ait
{Convert 760 of mercury to (0) ol of sp. gr. O82 and water
Solution
(3810x0875)
(0) ee ha Sem
a)
‘Problem 2=16 (CE Board May 1994)
A barometer reads 760 mig anda pressure gage atached toa tank ends
{80cm of il (p00). What i the absolute pressure the tank in KPa? mais
the fgare shown, *
ine the weight W
ean be cari by the
DN fore tting om the aa
P= Pon * Pe
(G81 May079 + @s1«08)85)
Pay 1681 KPa abs
Bat oy s=082
A hydraulic press Is used to raise an BD-KN cargo trck, If ail of p. gr: 02.
Acts on the piston under a pressure of 10 MPa, what lamer of piston i ane,
Sie
Solution Since points 1 and 2lie on Bohne:
Since the pressure under the piston i uniforms ane elevation p= ee
Force presture Area
fo, = (1010) 3" is.
D-01m=100mm Foo” 503"
We 150 uN ssi
me
Yom uapree Two
Principles oF Hydrostar
Problem 2-20
44
‘drum 70 min ameter on fled with water has vert pipe, 20
in diameter, atached to the top. How many Newtons of water matt,
Poured ino the pipe tener force of S00 N onthe tp he dram?
Solution
Fore on the top
eps ares
5500 = p= § 7008-20)
p= 0016808 MPA
= 16904P8
evn
16804 = 9810
Baizam
Weighty Votume
momo $(00290.729)
Weight =531 N
deacon
Problem 2-2
“The figure shown shows setup witha vessel containing a plunger and a
eylindr. What force Fi required to balance the weight ofthe yin
‘eight ofthe plunger i neglgie?
lear
4Gm Pitica
couarren 1w0)
Luo mecianies Principles of yarostates
ie voRautics
45
You s= 078
a” 00538
<3096F (kPa)
ng” OB
pre io22 kPa
13622-2096 F = (981 «0781406
Feasan i= 325N
Frome
The hyde pes shown i fled with i wit pr 082. Neleting te
Wetter th Gv panna what fore Fron he Rane eqied fe suppor
The ig? cumprenTwo 47
46 SHAFTER TWO Fuuio mecuanics rngptes of Hysrostates
Principles oF Mydrstatis (EAYORAULIES
of pase
Solution
slevation then os
ic he gage reads “FLLL” then the tending equivalent 19
eading (presrure head when the tank contin
water = (y+ 2g) em of gasoline
then: y+ 2s =20
y°2706cm
Mo =O)
oan = Fons j
rie ite
Bo the tank shown in he Figure
on
THe ful gop fon guctnn fp y= 68) anki aca ems propartional
‘abot gage. fhe tank is 30 can deep an accidentally contaiated with 2
Em of water, Row many centimets of gssine does the fan etal contin
tthe he gage cromecusiy ends PULL?
Solution
‘Summing-up pressure head
from 1fo3 inmeters of water
m
A snyossy-
Solution 0+ 086m -(4-31=0
soon] Gane == 068 ‘cnarren nwo FLD mechanics
—
Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS) 2
Props or yarns
48, RuNpMECHANeCS
Problem 2-25 (CE Board May 1992)
Inthe igure shown, what the tate pressure in KPa he ar chamber?
Problem 2-26 (2005 wodmovo
For the manometer sho:
eter the pressureat
enter ofthe plpe
Solution
The pressurein the ar space
gual the pressure the surface
ore.
Solution
Sum-up pene head ftom
03 in meters of wate:
a Be spa $ 1305 2
31)
1982 KPa :
YB = 128 e water
ropenh 7
1962 py = (981 - anja) 147568)
pene pra 14a7 bP
‘Sump pressure heed fom 13 in meters of water
2 +2 aaa) 2
peraae Be Principles of Myrostaties
FLUID MECHANICS
‘EHYORAULES
50
Problem 2-27 (CE Board November 2001)
Determine the value of yn the manometer shown nthe Figure.
He
Soltion s
‘Summing-up pressure head from in || ase
5p +39-105)= 2t IL
Ps
hee te
y=0224 aaa
ean
carrer TO
imprantics Prinperot
Problem 2-28 (CE Mey 1993)
In the figure shown, when the ,
fanpel empty te wae sua
at pant Aad the mercury of
pbs 1955 shows 4 defection of
TB Sm Determine the ew
Aeecton of merery when the
Wd with water to
Cian 4
Nw? TE
F oH
Salve for yn Figure
Sump presure head from A tin mete
PA + y-o25(13.55)= Be
o¥y-205=0
51
iparosatles
pee
r
[
So
eae,
pees 52. snarten Two FLUID mEcHaNae
ee Pee
‘Principles of Hydrostaties 5 HYDRAUUGS Bo
RAULICS Principles of ydrastotee
Inga prone aad Coe as
‘When he fan i file with water 8, point 1 will ove down Pe sya ax= P=
‘with the same value as point 2 moving up to 2 igi Y
134y-
InFigure
Fa.)
Sump presare heed for 8 to
2 +08+yox-G+015+.)0859
SGm-up pressure head from 2 tom’ in meters of water:
+0802 203+ x-z71x-2m
meas =00
20051 m=
2 woaninory + 034186)- (6 02)
em 0+ 272sin0 4134 +2726
Thy-1=8188-2724in0
[New reading, R= 1542
[New reading, R=21.2 em
5+ 20.1)
fi36y-x=136-3)
B1-272sind= J
sin = 03852
Problem 2-29
(The pressud at point win the figure
shown was increased froth 70 KF to
108 KPa. This causes the tp level of
mercury to move 29 mmin the sloping
fabe, Whats the inlnation 0?
sed cylindrica tank contsine 2m of water, Sm of ol (¢= 0.82) an thea
fl has presute of 30 KPa” If an open mercury manometer a the
of he ok has Imo water, determine the deflection of mercy.
Sum-up pressure head from
odin ctr of water
st +308) +2+1-yae)= 2
gh +246+3-136-0
20626
pure (0)
In Figure) ‘cHaprer nwo FLD MECAAN
34 Principle of Hyarostatics &HVDRAUL
Problem 2-31
The U-tube shown 1D mm in diameter a
and contains mercury. I 12m of water i
poured into the righthand leg what te
he alate eights the to legs?
o 4
le Bi
Solving or fre
Volume of water= 4 (8) h~ 12cm?
h=1528cm = 1528mm
Since the quantity of mercury before and after waters poured.
eae ae
1208) = K+ 1208 2
4 F
eles"
be en a item
MECHANICS cuaprer Two
PAULICS Principles of ryarostatcs 9S
InFigure
Brteingrap pecans eet Bt HB iumen of air:
2 s1sa8-n0n9 =
Ren124mm
Inka cs
1124+ 2r=240
438 am
inate heighs in cach eg
Tight handle = ox
Pisa 11435
Right-hand log, = 267218 mm
Lefohand leg he = Rx
Paks 1438
ethan leg, = 125.62 mm
lem 2-32
a gage reading of-171 KPa,
Bates tie (N cations of
Tgwide inthe open
ctr columas BF and
tnd () the defection ofthe
Mercury in the Ube
nanometer neglecting, the
Weight ofa. Poncpies of yerostatics
56
Solution
Cotemn &
‘Sum-up pressure head from 1 n mets of wate.
smo
HH +o,
Surface elevation = 15 - hy
Surface elevation = 15-25 ~ 125 m
Glee
‘Sum-up pressure head from I of meters of water
hs
P syo7)-mny~ ©
Ht r21-me0
y= 0357 m
Surface elevation =12 +p
Suetace elevation = 12 +0387 = 12357 m
carrer Two
Princpies of arose.
FLU Mecranics
HYDRAULICS
57
Columa 6
‘Sumeup pressure head fom tog in meters of water,
b
pred too=0
Iy=272m
sauce eatin 875
Me
+907) +40)- 1.6) = FE
Deflection of mereary
Seep pressure head fran to 5in meters of wae
Begs r4e4-miiny= 2
ay +101 -135h
1kPs k=oom
eee
Hole 2-35
ction of 130 mang ith
reper nanonter attached Lo pipe shows a defton of 150
Fee cnsatary 0 mn low the cern of he pe cng
Ir Eclat te presi a he cntetin ofthe pie
Solution
Sump pressure ead fom to
inmeters of water
bh
+ 045-18036)= B na
Bi 05-208
oi
nih kPa ‘cHarTER TO
ol Principles of yarostates,
HYDRAULICS
58 _Frncplerer aortas EU EHYORAI
Problem 2-34
For the configuration shown calculate the
welght ofthe piston ifthe premise ga
ation
) Gage liquid = mercury, = 0.1m
Sump pressure hea from
‘odin meters of water:
Bh seeheits@y aise 2
Ps =15-01 01038)
Ps sa76mot water
m
Solution
Sium-sp pressure head from
IW) Gage tiquid = carbon tetrachloride
Ato Binmeters of water, c
reading
4.105 = 2 Susp pressure head from tin meters of water
: L Bs eon-nsy-2-15~ 2
pale nase F r
oar" 31
784k Ts -15+056
f 1
: Pu Pe con e
Weigh where 2 - EL 276m > trom a)
fe he
276215 +059
he 2136m
Weight 61.61 kN
a
the figure shown, determine
Mh height of water and the
ending at A hen the
te pressure at Bis 200
biem 2-35
Two vessels ae connected toa diferential manometer wing mercary.
connecting tubing being filled with water The higher preeure veel i 15
Tower leva dan the other. (2) I the mercury reading 10 men
is tho pressure hea ciference in meter of water? (If carbon traclori
(6 = 138) were used intend of mercury, what would be the manomel
Telng forthe same pressure diffrence?
59 60 Princes oF Mytrostais
Solution
Sum-up absolute presure head
from Bo inmates of water,
2 -o7ae)-n= Be
R952 a
2209
Sum-up absolute pressure head from B to 4 in meters of water
Bt .a7qa0)+07= 26
-9snea7e ds.
bs vat
pos 25a abe
Problem 2-37
Inthe figure shown, the atsoypheri
pressure is TOL 4Pa. the gage
Feading at Ais 40 kPa. and the veo
pressure of acohai is 12. Ea
Shao, Compute +y
eal?
Solution
Sun-up absolute pressure he fom ponies,
102 in meters of water, a
2 -yos) Be Je]
eA 94 32 a
9a1 ar
yr listen
eneplesorryoronmis OT
Suanayp pressure (gage) hea from 104 in eters of water
AL + a9) +13(09)-13086) BE
fo too 1051-0
seissim
Then, +y=2842m
Rainy or
Probie 2-38 Tons
or the manometer setup shown,
Mctermine the difrence in pressure
between A and &
Solution
x+068=y417
syste #9 Fa 0)
Sump presse fom 18
Pa. -noss)+ y= PE
Pa Dh -y-y +0578 >53.@)
“Subattute x= y= 102 Bg (2) 194 @
n
Ete
Pa
7
on
i 62__Frnaptes orryarostotes
Solution
Sump pressure he fom ty Bin meters of wate;
s-pe= 1246 kPa
IDMECHANICS CHAPTER TWO
HYDRAULICS Prinilesoryrosatcs 3.
figure shown, the
1 inal
ining the pressure at B
tnt what ll be the neh”
ery deflection?
ase
wee
Figure (@) owe)
In Figure, sume-up pressure hon from A to B in meters of water
PA .96-025(136) + 025+21
65m of water ‘cuaerer nwo
64 princes of Hycrostatics
In Figured pi'=py +40
Stunvup pressure head fom Ato Win meters of water
286-1. 025+29136+ 238+!
Ae WO 9g x-34- 273108:
New mercury deflstion =250 +2 = 25 2162)
New mercury deletion = 574 mm
Problem 2-4
ln the figure shown, determine the i
and B
nce i presure between point
ae oe
Pincplesoltyererates 5
cin
Su-up pressure head from A to 8 n meters of water,
2A. +0288) -0.09013.6)-0.31(082) + 025-0.¢00012)
Ba. Bo 1.0503 mo water
981(1.0823) «1032 Ps
a
jem 2 a2 GE Baa
unig roma brome pressure, how deep in te ocean the pt
ler ana Buble, pon reaching the surface, ha sb ines te vole han
he btn?
olution
Applying Boyle's Law
(asruminglscthermal condition)
tiVinnval
pre t013+ 981.03)
1013+ 10108»
Y=6v
ania r010%y =10136
(Otek 10136) 1013 currereo gee Beis qurren two
ae — tad es Sa
Problem 2-43
‘vertical tube, 3m long with one end lose is insert vertically, with
‘open en down, into a tank of water to such a depth that en open ano
connected to the upper end ofthe tbe ads 199 min of mercy, Neg
‘vapor pressure and asuing normal condos, how fri the lower end
{he ute below the water rarface inthe tank?
the prseur in ai iid the tbe uniform,
= n= 200124 Ps
Bente
Dold s.sth; h=208m
Mien, <= +y- 201 +0495
12258
Solution
aaa
le consisting of «cylinder 15 em i diameter and 25cm high has neck
[oS cm diameter and 25 cin long, The bot is inserted vertically in
[with te open end down, such thatthe necks completly led with
Pind the depth to which the open end i submerged Assume normal
ric pressure and neglect vapor pressure
Applying Boy's Law
rhenvs the bottle was mented
Wolume of
i= 209% 25) F6H5)
Before the tube was inverted
‘Absolute pressure of a inside, p)= 1013 4 |
Volume fair inside Vj = 34 Samia
Awol pense
p= 0135
When the tube was inserted;
‘Abichiteprsture of ar inside ps ~ 101.3 © 9.81(136)025)
Ablute pressure ofa inside pr 1231 KPa
Volume oar inside the ake, Vs = =k
the ote nae
Wotare ofa:
va $058 05)
v=44179.an"
Br isi.
r= 1015325 + 9814
bin nv,
1o13(34)=1211[(3-y)A]
Sey 2505,
y=0455
InMinrval
11 325(4.90878) «01298 + 981 14.4179
01305 +981 = 1256
= Got «13.64035)
y= 200124 KPa 6g warmaTwo
Principles of ydrostaties
Problem 2-45
A bic tre is inflate at sea level, where the stmorphericpresure I
Pan and the temperature 621 °C, o 45 KPa. Assuming the te doe
expand, what s the gage pressure vithin the te onthe top oft me
where the altitude i 6000 m, atmosphese pressure is 4722 KPa, and
‘emperatir is5°C.
Solution
Yh. vie
i A
Atsca eve
‘Absolute pressure of air y= 1013 + 4S
‘Absolut pressure, 7, == 5463 KPa
Absolute temperature of i.) =21 #273 = 28°K
(On the top of the mountain
Absolute pressure ofa p= 4722+ p
Since the tre did not expand, volume of, Vs= ¥
Absolute temperature of sit, T=5 + 272 = 278 °K
fare
Diva
ran
38630) | (7224p
= Ea
7R+p=5037
p= 469.5 kPa
Pringpes of yarostates
jlementary Problems
ym 2-46
her report indicates the baromezc presure i 851 nches of mu
the amcrphere pressure in pounds per squat inch?
ns 1402 psi
2-47
shown i filed with ol, Determine the pressure heads at 8 and Cin
eb
You e=os
ie tank shown in the figure, compat the pressure a points B,C, D-and
PhP Neg the unit weight of a
Ans: pe 49:76 = Po=49ipe~ 21.84 70 “HARTER Two
chuaprer nwo
Principles oF Hyarostans 69
Principles of yrostter
Problem 2-49
A gas Uae ep the srwspnce IRIE shorn toe OA
‘ontnne ol and water, determine the spetic gravity of theo
ee
ane :
her report indicates the baromtic pressure is 2854 inches of mercury.
othe atmospheric pressure in pounds per syuare nck?
‘Ans 1402p
2.47
be shown is filled with oi. Determine the pressure heads at B ane Cin
tater
Probiem 2-50
glass 12cm tl filled with wate is invert The bottom i open, What
the pressure at the closed end? Barometi pressures 10135 KPa
ins 10015
Problem 2-51
in Figure 3.1m which Nui il pressure of 700k rst be achieve?
‘nev
he tank showa in the figure compte the pressure a pols B, CD, and £
DNepecttheunitsight fae
Mepeia ep iene
o-riSatet som
vais Se 70 Princes ortyronaics See Principle oftyrastaues 71
Problem 2-49
A plas U-tube open to the atmoepere at both ends is shown fhe U ficial tank contains water at eight of mun. as shown nse ew
oman olan water, determine the specif gravity of the i Mepen cylindrical tank conaining lsning vi (= 08) ata eighth
a fressure y= 124 KPa gage and p= 1342 KPa gage. Assume the cleaning
Is prevented fom moving tothe top ofthe tank. Use unit weight of
T f= S70Nja.) Determine the presse pin KPa, (the val in
r ed (0) the value of yi mllmatert.
= i As (a) 1288; (0 10.2: (6) 202
Problem 2-50
A glass 12cm all fille with water i averted. The bottom s open. Wha
‘he presse athe closed end?” Barometric pressure is 101325 KP
Problom 2-51
In igure 13.4 which Mud ila pressure of 700 KP ist be achieved?
‘ane ye ee
Miferental manometer shown i measuring the ciference i pressure wo
ier pipes, The indicating ligt s mercury (ope gravity = 138), fi 675.
Ter 225 my and fr 1s 30D mn What is the pressure ciferenial
atts a ae ‘Ans 8922 KP
beamed sm 2 cHarreR Two
Principles oF Hyerontates coueTer THREE 73
“otal Hycrostatc Fore on Surfaces
Problem 2-54
A fore of 460 is exerted on lever AB as shown, The end 8 x connected
ston which fs into a cylinder Raving a dames of 60 mm.” What
| Hydrostatic Force
Surfaces
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES
Pressure over & plane aren is uniform, as inthe case of a horizontal
uergat ina igi or plane erace inside a gas chamber, the
rntate force (tal presute) given by:
Problem 2-55 ps the uidorm pressure and isthe area.
An open tube open tbe is attached to stank as shown Uf water ies
height of 800 mon inthe ube, what are the pressures py and pr of thea a Kase ofan inclined or vertical plane submerged ina Hii, the total
water? Neplet capillary effect the tbe nb Fon by the following formula
ee ra 74 cHabTeR mre coarren nmee 75
Tota Hyarostatie Force on Surfaces Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
Consider the plane surface shown inclined stan angle ® with the ho
To get the total fore F,considor a diferent element of aren dA. Since 8-1, taking moment of force about 5, (Ibe intersection of the
elements horizontal the pressure cfr overs an en jn ofthe plane aca and he gud suas,
a= pn Py fie
wien Leet a Where dE=rysinoda
i Feysine Ay
rain [yan
Poten calculi, f a= Ay
Panwar y= fyrysioan)
Pano ayy =raine fy? an
aA
Frome [i (eoment of inertia about §)
Pevganaya
Avy
From the igure, Gn = F
Then,
Preto orn of moment of ners
henge AY?
Since 1s the unt pressure a the centroid ofthe plane aes jy the form
may alo be expres as
———
ia Saya
1, +aYt
Bi, - 24s convent to ue if the plane is submerged in a single quid
without gage pressure at the surfee ofthe liquid, However # the pla
submexge under layers of different luce or if the gage prenare a
guid wurface is ot zeo, Eq 3-3 lesen to apply. Ser Problem 315; 76
cchaerer runes
Total yaronate Force on Suraces
TABLE 3-1: ropes Connon lan stra
“Total Hydrostatic Force on surtaces
Gana
ca
peer cusoren REE 79
7a uArmen nee Tota Hyon Foreeon Sree
‘TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVED SURFACES
‘CASEI: FLUID IS ABOVE THE CURVED SUREACE. oefyayiiA
ety
tan D= FoF
tare tah Ti vertical projection ot submerged curve (plane aca)
Por= pressure atte ental of
nt: FLUID BELOW AND ABOVE THE CURVED SURFACE
Z 80 “HArTenrinee
ovrnnnis
‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces xls
Total Hydrostatic Force on Suraces
Dams
‘Dams are structures that block the flow of ver, stream, or oter wa
‘Some dams divert the flow of river water into pipeline, cana, or ch
Others rise the level of inland waterways to make them navigable by a
an barges: Many dana harness the energy of ling water to generate
Bowe, Dams seo oll wat for dking a cop aon, and
onto
rato orm
Mabel eineing aac
iSeearaatine toe
may oyun
nea are
so tm, ge
cots Be sear eitensmenyne ot oceer
Se cre erase ee oe oe
Pinyin aarnuacs ene wocmtmmtnd
{TYPES OF DANS
1 Gravity dams we only the force of avi to resist water press
that i they hold back the water by the sheer force oftheir weight
pushing dowavward Todo ts, gravity dams mast consist of 3 mass
fo hemvy that the woter ina reservoir cannot push the dam
‘ownaecam ov tip tover. They are mich hha atte base than the
topca shape tha reflects the disebution ofthe forces of the water
"guna the fam, As water Becomes deeper, it exerts more horizontal
Preaarecn the dam, Gravity dam ane relatively thin near the surface
Seema tae OF the reservar, where the water pressure light A thick base
rubles the dam to Atwithsland the more intense water pressure at
‘he bottom af the reservoir.
gure 3-2: Secon o «dad oot cHaprer mince ‘CHAPTER THREE
82 Sota Hyarosatc Force on Suraces ToralHysronaierorce onsurtaces 83
1A buttress dam consis of wall, oF face, support by several
hutesses‘on the downsteam side. The vast major af butuess
ame ave made of concrete that i reinorced with scl Butrsses are
Iypiealy spacad sero the dant sits every 6 to 30 (20 to 100),
Alspending upon the size and design ofthe dam. Butrss dams are
Sometimes called hlloe dams because the buttresses do not frm 2
Solid wal stretching serosa river vale.
gure 3-8: cry dan
2 Am embankment dam is 2 gravity dam formed out of loose Fock,
ssrth, or a combination of these mates The upstream and
Mlowsteam slopes of embankment dams ee fatter than those of
onerete gravity dams In essence, they more clay math the
‘natural lope of ple frocks or earth
3. Arc dann are conerete or masonry sacar that curve uptrem nt
‘reservoir stretching fom one wal of river canyon tothe oer TNs
“esign base on the same principe a the weiter ach and val
‘equire a rately marrow river anyon with slid rock wal capable
of ithstanding a igscant amount of horizontal trast These dame
‘donot ned tobe as massa gravity dams case the canyon ale
‘carey pat ofthe presure exert by the reserve
Figure3~7 Pape rr dam Ccharren nines Fup mecuancs
B84 Fotaityarostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS.
Ervonauties Touttyaosatcrorcsonsurteces 85
[ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAM
A dam i subjected to hydrostatic forces dus fo wer whi sae on
Upstream side These fores cause the dam to side hezontlly on itl
foundation and overturn t about it dowetream edge or te.” The
tendencies are resisted By fiction on the ha ofthe dam aed gravitational
forces which causes « moment oppsitf the overtiming ment. The dan
‘may ale be prevented fom siding by keying its base.
1. Vertical forces
1 Weight of the dam
Ve Wena Yo Wi
2, Weight of waterin he upstream sie any)
Mane
1. Weight or permanent stmctures onthe dam
41 Hydrostatic Up
1 Tota ydostatc Force acting atthe verte projection
ofthe submerged portion of the dam.
2 Wind Pressure
3. Wave Action
4 Floating Boos
IL Solve forthe Reaction
‘A Vera Reaction
R= the
RaWie Wit hise We Us Uh
Rath
IV. Moment about th Toe
(A Righting Monient M4 roaton tad the pstrm sid)
RM =x eens + Wisse
bs
Figure 3-8 Toc scon af ety mn te port bre cng
‘Steps of Solution OM Py U2y= Usa
With reference o Figure 3 8 fr purposes of asaton,ssssumption was
snade in the shape of the uplift pressure diagram
1 Consider 1 unit (1m length of dam (perpendicular sketch)
V. Location of (F)
Pe
1. Determine al the Forces acting ‘pu mecrantcs chaoren THREE g7
fe,
e HYDRAULICS ‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces:
‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces ‘EHYORAULES|
1 unit wight of water =981 KN/m! (oF 1000 g/m!)
{r= uit weight of concrete
= 24 (usully then as 235 KN/m})
vee )wteeesne aH
Factors of Safety
actor of safety agai ding
Note: Use (to set the sess at pit where Ry 8 earest_ In the dlagram
Bvwn sbove, use) fo get gy and () to get pA negative stress inter
fompresive sess and a postve ses indicates tna stron,
Since sol aot cary any tenes, thers of Ei. 3-14 invalid if the
es ls postive. This will happen ife> 6/6. Should this happen, Eq 2-15
Wil be vee
Factor of safety
when:
= coecent of fiction between the Bao the dam and he foundation | eG
Foundation Preaure
Fores
Foe ined al wd bing
pane
it
zi
nie a
Aciay=r *
inte
2
come
rWy
B14)
Rawr naprer THREE JD MECHANICS ciaeten REE gg
}8 Tot Hydrostatic Force on Surtaces INVORAULICS Total HyorosuicForce on suraces
‘BUOYANCY where =
Yo volume diplaced. Volume ofthe Body belo the fiqud surface
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
‘A principle discovered bythe Grek scientist Archimedes that tates that“ yey, ei hares tng ad ply conditions of sat
fod immersed na fic apn bya per force argon fre) eal
eight ofthe dpe fu
This principle, aleo known ao the Iw of hydtatiy,applics to both oa
and submerged bodies, and all fi,
ogencous sold body of volume V fag” in @homogencaus Aula
‘Consider the body shown n Figure 3-9 immersed in uid of uit weight % : sr
‘The horizontal components of the force acting on the body are all
‘qui, since the vertical projection ofthe body in oppente sides is
Same. The upper face of the body Is suet toa vertical downward Vor
‘whic sequal othe weight ofthe uid above it and the lower face sul spgroflguid | Taqus
{o an upward force equal tthe weight of real or Imaginary liga above
‘Tenet upward force acting on the body is the heya! os,
sparofbody Tey y oe
the body of height # as «constant horizmntal cross-sectional area such as
erica cylinders, Bock, te
Tpprotbody 5,» Teal y
aeeeelad) Tagas
igure 3-9: Frcs acing on 2 steers bey
BF=Fra-Fn
= Vet) - Veh)
BF (Vol: - Vo)
Ifthe body sof uniform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged 4
ts
* Spgrofliguid carrer nee ee B scsi ——_
90. ES can tl ener omrcws — ssaiiiermectorrorsoes 97
STATICAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
A floating body is acted upon by two equal opposing forces These
bony’s weight 1 (acting at its conto of gravy) an is buoyant force
(acting a he center of buoyancy thats lcd atthe confor af rato
iplacd iid
When thete forces ar colina at shown in Figure 3-10 at loals un
upright position. However hen the body tie det wind or wave act
the centr of buoyancy shifts ois new position a shown in Figure 3-10,
and the two fore, which are no langer caer, produces 3 coupe al
‘ts. The body will not overturn fh couple makes the body ott twat
ts origina poston a shown in Figure 3-10 (0, and will overturn i
‘sMtuatlon as shown in Figure 3-10,
The point of intersection teteen the ax othe body and the line of action re 3-10 sate poston
the buoyant force calla the melaceter The distance from the metacent
(04 the center of gravity (G) ofthe body i ealled the metcentse hel
(4G). Itcan be seen that a bay i stable above G ae shown in Figure
10 (O, and unstable i M ie blow Gu shown in Figure 9 10)
AIGHTING MOMENT AND OVERTURNING MOMENT
recone Way 520]
FLEMENTS OF A FLOATING BODY:
W = weight ofthe by
r= buoyant force alvays equal o Wor lating body)
= center of graty ofthe by
Bo canter of buoyancy nthe upright postion
(conoid ofthe dinplaced gu)
so! enter of buoyaney nthe ited pation
Vp = volume dipliced
Nemotacemter, te point of inersection between te line faction
“tne bucyent force and he aia the boty
= enero gravity ofthe wedges (erin
$7 Reont stone beam eg’ ofthe wees
volume ofthe wedge of nmersion
= angle of ting
ho dane rom G0 80
MG = metocente height tance from M
our 3-10 (0) i eon 92 _ Sora nyeronat Force on sutaces EEN Toxaltyerosttcrorceonsuraces 93
Moment duet shifing of 8F = moment duet shifting of wedge
ar @)=F 6)
Use) Ge above Bo BF=y Vo
Ure (4) Ge below Bo
2=MBs sind
1Vo Mio sind =y98
VALUE OF He,
he sablity ofthe body depends on the amount of the righting sou
which in turn is dependent onthe metacenric height MG When the body tl
the canter of buoyancy shite to anew potion (Ba). This shifting alo eu
the wedge ot hf fom new position ». The moment due to the shiting
the buovant force BF meat equal to moment due fo wedge st Fs),
+ wate Sc [Consider a body in the shape ofa restanguler parallelepiped length [as
shown in Figure 3-11
= Vohume of wedge,» = 4/28/28.
Volume of wedge = LB tan @
e, For small values of ®,s= 38 oem a B osiite cies
SASS co aaa a
Mny~ EE EERE bat or smal vals of, stn = tn
a, BIE
te‘ eral an ape ay etn.
rw we
Since the metaceiric height MG As dependent with MB the stability of
floating body therelore depends on the moment of inertia of the water
section. I canals be sen thatthe body 8s more stable in pitching than
roling bese the moment of inert n pitching greater than tha nln
Vox BDL nee isthe nth part the ae
P= @/31(8/2) tn
= }LPand
Aca Contoid of tangle, ¥
The righting oF overturning moment ona ating body is: a
From goomeny.¥ = 32°82
Wz= Wiican) (6/2)cosb Ghronautics Totttycrosiicrovesonsuraces 97
onapren MRE FLUID MECHANIES
96 _Totarnyaronatc Force on Sutaces {HYDRAULICS
‘Gonsiera pipe of ameter D and
Isiness he subjected to ane pressure
Jp To determine ths tangential sess in
fhe pipe wall et us cut a section of length
falong the diameter. The forces actingon ues
fh section are tetotl pressure Pducto ===
‘he internal pressure and this s 0 be F
essed by Thich isthe total ste of
the ple wal
MB, e
Applying equiibiem condition
Me \pplying
PL aS een av
ma,= m2.
#
e+ ao) =
nap" a
To dctemine the lnghtinal sre, lt ue
ut the liner across its length as shove
ehy=0)
STRESS ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
‘THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL TANK.
‘A tank on pipe carrying ald or gas under a pressure ls subjected to tensile
forces, which resist bursting, developed across lengitadinal and transverse
PED! 5.001 Sa Pu mecHanics io mEcHANIes ‘cHAPTER THREE
98 Total Hydrortaele Force on Surtaces (G HYORAUL! HYDRAULICS ‘otal Hydrostatic Force on surtaces_— 79.
‘SPHERICAL SHELL
aspherical tank of dlamoter 0 and thickness ¢conttns gos under apres
ofp. he street ab the wall ean be expressed a
Problem 3-1
TA vertical ectangular plane of height and base bis submerged ina iq
tris top edgy atthe quid surface Determine the ttal force P acting on
esd and ite ocntion om the guid surface
Wat sess, s= 22
MgB 3 a “
eya/ny0
varbe
SPACING OF HOOPS OF A WoOD STAVE PIPE
7-F a
Po °
“wary
endiee
Frese dagen
yok re (Gian pam)
wru2s a6
yma
Using the presue dlagram
Pe Volume of presure dlagram
Fe vary) = "Ay E
3-30
where “The location of Fist the centroid of the pressure diagram.
5) alloeable tent sts of the hoop
‘A= erone-sestinal ares of the hoop
1 nal praia the pe
Ne: Fe etngior sce (nes owt) streraed m8 id wih tp ee
‘hl an te ld sue, te ems resowe Por to so hs compren nee Luo mecuana carve nance
100 Sorat tyr Force on Stace ‘SeoRAun Tota Harun rere on Sracet,
A vertical triangular surface of height and horizontal base width &
ubmerged in a qld with its vertex at heigl euare. Determine the
force Fating on one side and ts location from the ig surface
FaHo(ee)
: (cyanea)
{Using the pressure dingram for his cas quit compat. Wth the
eps shown, volume can be compute by integration. Hence, pressure
Pebese ‘ingram is easy to use only ifthe area is rectangular, with one side horizantal,
ae ‘
ears
eae
oan vasa i
i mn ag Bec rcs gi 18m wie a m high in etre wae
ie aes ee ee
=. ate ‘on one side of the gate and its location from the bottom,
vpn Rar afz~ 3a ea
Using the pressure diagram. iBolution hl ligcaden mmpiednan
Pcie peers: PovFA .
Potash Pease :
Fe bbe wid) foe poreren Ba3sm
F=1S451 KN
Fis octed a the centroid othe diagram, which i eof the alitude
from the base
eles) SNE. Seaman te 50
‘A wera circular gate or ad i submerged in quid with its op edged "asa
flushed on the fig surfece. Determine the magnitude and loeton of the yris-e
toa Tore acing none side of the ga ¥=15-024
yo 1.286m “Tota yarostae Force on Surfaces
102
‘ning the presto diagram:
= Volume of pressure diagram
Location of
‘A= 210) =
Ar= WONG) = 45
Aa Ae ay" 105)
by ay1
1054 y= (15) + 45/1)
1286:m (mat cmos togetthan shane fms)
Problem 3-5
A vertical tiangular gate with op base hostaontal and 15 wide 3m high. It
is submerged in oll having sp gr. of O82 with i top base submerged fo a
depth of2 m, Determine the magnitads and location ofthe total hyrosate
prosure acting on one side of he gate
HYDRAULICS
‘Problem 36 (CE Bos
vertial rectangular pte s submerged half nol (pg. =
Mracr such that top edge is lshed with theo surface. Whats the rato of
the force exerted by wate acting onthe lower half otha by of eting on the
via
ha2ede)
R=am-¥
F= (9810082) 0)040.510)1
kN
te, 3090"
“9” HaseIe)
5) = R167 m from the of surface
ard May 3999)
wpper hal
Solution ‘
Force on upp hal
Form A
Fo= bye 8/4/4142]
Fox Oiyebe
Force on lower hall
Fen nxd
er= Yo oh
pae= te O8N4/2)+ 1/8)
Pen 065 tad
y= (65 ye sI64/ 2)
Fyn 035 yobe
22h ahd
Ca
Ratio
“Total yaostatc Fores on Suaces carrer ince
104 COTE soneoo call no ecanancs MM ro wscnancs CHAPTER THREE 1 965
HYDRAULICS ‘Total Hyarosauic Force on sures
Problem 3-7 (CE Board May 1994)
‘A verti crclar gate in a tunnel 8 m in diameter has ol. gr 08) on o
side and ai on the other side I ofl is 12m above the invert and the
pressures 40 kPa, whore wil «single support be lcstad (ove the inyert of
the tne) o hold the gate in position?
Problem 2-8 (CE Board May 1992)
J closed cylindrica tank 2 min ameter ad 8 m deep with axis veriat
forts ém deep of oil (op. gr = 08). ‘The ar above the igo surface has a
Pressure of O8 Kc. Determine the total normal frce in hg acting onthe
Mall at focation fom the baton ofthe tank
Solution
Fanta
Form O81 <080)8) « $7
556K ~OSig/cn? = 8000 ky/n?
B 80002 2) = 32,0007 ky
mA
ae. ue ~ (1000 « 0.83) + 8000
70°@) ie= DAW hg
at Fy Toaoogen 6) = 12480 kg
He
206"
Fam pwh,
Fay=2001 KN
‘The support mast be located at point O where the moment due fo Fa
and Fas zero. Since Fy > Fy O must be below Fa
FEMo =0)
Fale=y) = Fal»)
15985 -y)=2010-y
Teeags
5493-15
y-2@m 106 _Soratryaronat Force on Sutces Me Paronaucs ME envoRAutice Tora vyaronaucrorceonsuinces_ 107
naa Solution
Jeasha 3 Latent Phantom cesar
Ti Saree ge Feria=ontk 00)
where @ =
pasa
Presure Desram warsh (5+) =40
Py = 80008) = 128 000mg 05 +pos 2718
= ¥4,800)()2) ~ 288008 bg, TK =S27 m= +05~57m > cca water depth
PAP,4P:=186600xkg > Total normal force
PPy=Pune Pes Problem 3-10»
(155800) y= (128.000) + (28,800912) [A vertical circular gate ie submerged in liga! x that stop edge is Sushed
¥=363m > Location of Prom the bottom, teith the ligud surface Find the ato ofthe total fore acting on the lower
Taio hat acing on he upper Ral
Prope ST 5 Solution
Jn the figure shown, stop wi ws fl tao = 8
trea te fe ont renhes i ,
SON. Find the tcl water HT 15m vgs
depth. The length of th gate Rano = 7
perpendicular tothe sketch — toe ee
ion x nas chaeren rune
VOB Soxatnyaronase Force on suraces
Problem 3-11
‘A.30 m long dam retains 9 m of
‘water as shown in the igre, Find
the total rena force ating on the
dam and the location of the center oF
‘reste fom the bottom,
Solution
Feyha
F-9m1(45(0000399)
P13 763 KN
Ip
aa
s.Gaya0390)°
(Ws 1039245 /sin
172m
y= sia.) <1 732
Problem 3-12
‘The isosceles trangle gate shown,
inthe figue is hingod at & and
‘weighs 1800 N. What i the tla
Ihydrstatc force acting on one side
ofthe gatein ileNewten?
FLUID MECHANICS
‘GHVDRAUUCE
Ehvonauuce Tota tyirostavc Fore ansuracer_ 109
Solution
Poy
haaseas
mans
A=sq)e261)
F= p10 x 08sy4.26790.309
Feauz7N
aah? kN
‘Probie 3-13
An inclined, clecular
fate ith water on one
fide shown in the
figure. Determine the
total serltne force
Aetng on tho gate.
B=2+0ssineor
F233
Fassia 0y
F=18 746 KN M0 Siaeren ince
Total yarostatie Force on Suraces
Problem = 34
The gate in the figure shown is 15 m wide, hinged a point A, and ress
‘SHYDRAULCS
gait smooth walla 8 Compute @) fhe taal free nthe gale de tl
scaestor, (9) the reaction a B, adc) the resction at hinge A. Neglect the
wwoght of the gate
Solution
tan=2/3 oe
F= (9a «10969105
‘cuapreR THREE
Fuuip MecHanics 1
HYDRAULICS Tota Hydronati Force on Surfaces
1, See
ay” 15392)
e=015m
se18-015
TEM=0}
= B
teehee) = 2s
R= 180 kN
© BAA
Ru+Fsind-Re=0
Re = 18021625 xn 3369"
Ra=SR9UKN
Pra
Ri=21825 cs 33.65"
Ru=i8L.6EN
Ram Ute Rat = (BLO + BBO
y= 1909 KN,
Problem 3-15
Delermine the magnitude
tnd location of the total
Iota fore acting on
fn the figure 112 _Soratnyontatc Force on surtaces
ccuaerer THRE
FLUID MECHAN
‘& HYDRAULI ‘otatttyarostatcroree on suroces 113.
Sokition
Tepe
ce)
‘Gen, #= 126
P= S16 kPa
Soting tore
Solve for B and y
Fayha
73316 (980
ay” BxayQ61)
Pue= BI 2690) + 94115) + 810.8040) +22
12) F xs)
lem 3-16 (CE November 1997)
Determine the mogritude of
the force onthe inclined gate
5m by 03 shown in the
Pirue 001,” The tank of
Peer is completely closed
fu the pressure gage atthe
Totiom of the tank reads
hoo. Njnes Use 9800
jes. for wate.
Solution
te
Papen th
Soa00 p= 9802.65)
a= 6 Pa
Fot20 (0515)
s99225N
e-0156m —
ve 14m The gate shown in the figure hinged at A and rets ona smth lor at 8
The fate 3m square and i of having epg. of 082 stands to aeight of 15
Ts isbove the hinge A. Th alr above theo surfaces under pressure of 7 KPa
Shove atmosphere the gate weighs 5 N, determine tn vertical force F
fexured fo open i 114. deren mvc
“Total Hjarostatie Force on suraces
sess asa
Tae
7-38
ae ae
Je, 400%
aes
rs5m
i
aM,
Play We. F019 =
212F = 28:34(455)+54.06)
F-19637
1D MECHANICS CchapreR THREE
I HYDRAULICS EWlmiMerdcrorecnsuteces 115.
blem 3-18 (CE Board)
ion pins 20 mm in dlameter ace used for supporting ashbcords a he crest
Mi nsonay dame. ‘Tests show tht the yield pint of iron to be 310 MPa
Jovem fer tess). Neglecting the dynamic eet of water on fashbourds
(ict sssuning static conditions, what is the proper spacing, ofthe ron pins
ptt the ands 600 mum Nigh wll yield when water lows 150 mm deep
fve the tp of the Mashboars
Soltion
‘Moment capacity of one ron pi (2 mm 2):
f= Me
soe MG)
Rent
M= 24547348 Nemm
Ma 02K EN
Moment caused by F (considering Sm width of ashbonr):
MecExy
Fe981(045)06 5} ‘cnarrer THREE
ruwomecta 0 zcancs coneren mince
116 _etatnyaronane Force on Sraces ‘ena ehvonautics Totabtyrostaictorce onsuraces_ 117.
ah Problem 3-20
sho sy "A120 °C page A in the fgure reads 290 KPa absolute, The tank is 2 m wide
ete, Arnot erpenice tote igure_ sue atncapherc presreo De 1 Bat. 5p.
TO) Tirnoary= 186. Detainee tl reste ntngon ste CD.
Problem 3-19 en}
The semi-circular gate shown no a
in Figure 28 ts Nnged at 0 ons © 2) cones
Determine the force F ured
tool the gate poston.
Solution
i= 7-10-1658
Tay =sane
Poy
Pa A2annayin()
P= 1301989 bs
i
ay
0.1098
= 0109614"
=e
2an1
ae
Lake
156038
Fx 830)
enon
b= 1556-01547
TM =0)
PO) = Fa)
Tan199(1 503)
F = 50885 Ibe
ny
Solution
——
PanZyh* Pop
Bo0= G81 x 13.6(070)+ (8H) 175
hn=22m,
Total force on side CD: (Nete:1 bar ~ 100 Ps)
i 75a te 11g SHArteR ince FLUID MECHAN
‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces HYDRAULIC IrDA re
HYDRAULICS “Total Hydrostatic Force on Surtaces
Problem 3-21
The funnel shown in the igure is
fal of eater The vokume of the
spper partis 90 iter and the
Tower partis 74 ier. Whats the
force tending «9 push the pag sam
sea = 1808
Solution
Tasss7 0718
T= 3816kN-m x
Since tho pg aren cont with water orznt th res al
‘cs uniform The shape of the container Jos not fet the prs
og
Fore= ps
Force 38100) 2)
Force ~135378 N
‘Problem 3-25 (CE Board)
2 cubical box, 15 m on each edge hats base rizonal and is halle
With water The remainder ofthe bo eile with air under a gage pressure
182 iP, One of he vertical sides i hinged at the top and e few to swing.
Inveard. To whatloth can the top of his box be submerge in an open body
flesh water witout allowing any water enter?
‘Frobem 3-22
Inthe igure shown, the gate AB
rotates about an axe tvough B,
The gate width 12 meters, A
torque T is applied to the shat
‘through 8. Determine the torque T
to aop the gate cored,
Solution
rena 120 _Sotatryomat Fore on suraces
EMinge™ Of \
BOK O7-A02=0 9840)
open
D(C] 1845100
Re w739075)05)
14KN
Re 9sth (0 5)0.5)
Renork
xr075+6
1505)
ire
ie5a5m
ay
ones
xo 075+
Ingaton
ork 75+ 2) sease79-c0un 29-0
1650h + 4108-18975-5175=0
1655 902
eam
fro neon coumter REE 4.34
“Tota Hyorortatic Fore on Surfaces
Problem 3-24
ind the magnitude and location of Sta
the force exerted by water on one
fide of the vertical annular” dee
Sateen)
P= 1581S
Location of
1, 305*-30)
Ay” 05)? O14)
+4218=4208 m below thew.
‘The gate in the figure shown
freishe © EN Gor cach mer
norma othe paper. Its center of
rity is 05 m from the lle face
Sn 1 m above the lower fae
Find I for the gate just to come
tp othe vertical potion, ccHaPren THREE
122 athena Force on Surtces ENE HoRAUS hvorautics Total tiyivostticForesansuraces_ 123
Soltion Solution
Considering 1m length
f= Catia)
F-49050 KN
Fe 9s1ne5y)
715i BN
Ti) + 9 (06) -F(15/2)= 0
051" (3) +5106} -14.7154 (275) =0
Loss 11.0ui+3=0,
Solve ly tral and error
Problem 3-26
In Problem: 25 find h when the foce against
‘Solution
em
F.0/3) + G09) + POLS) F315/2
4505/3) + 5106) #705),
P= 10918-75584 #3,
he15m
Pr
Determine the fn
‘tig ore sigan
the parabolic
due to water
fate shown using!
top” sa maximum,
ar=pia
vary
Taste ay
By squared property of parabola:
a= yw R@WTS) aN,
a= 2319p
fe sae
ree
Location
oo fo
una freann?2a)
n-axcelern eh
ype 0x08 a/ 17-07
e214 below the wa
is cuaPren tance
124
Problem 3-28
In the figure shover, find the
width of the concrete dam
fcesary to pretent the dam
from sliding The specie gevity
of concrete ie 24 ant the
ocffiient of tion beeen the
bose of the dam and. the
factor of safety aginst sing. Is
the dam also. safe
overturning
fom
Solution
Consider 1m length of dam
Wem ¥,
We xe-510)6,0]
Wealah,
= 84049)
101257
be26g7 m
uray)
Tota Hysrostate Force on Surfaces
2221 (ete)
Toul nyarosatic Force on Surtees
125
1 dam stangalar in crosesoction withthe upstream face vertical, Waters
Mhushed withthe top. The dam ls 8m high and 6 m wide at the base and
Weighs 24 tons per cule meter ‘The coefficient of ftom tatween the base
Ind the foundation iO Determine (a) the manimm aed tinct
resrure on the foundation ad the factors of safety aginst overturning
od against sing,
Solution
SPF of cone Se
Sp. ar. oF con
(Consider 1m length of dam
@2ghoea)
wes76r
where unit wt of water
yk A
= 1018)
R= Peay
R=-W=s7e
519m overturning moment 134
Tota Hyrostaie Force on Suroces
(Consider 1m length of dam
28.54 62)50(0)] = 9.188 KN
W= 2354 [OYG2KI) = 8569 KN
5(2}] = 15.913 &N
I= 981P4(S0))] = 1.2263 KN
= 94(4905)23.20) = 5,690 WN
FoyB A ~ 9125500) = 12.268 kN
Rye Wiser iw
3183+ 4568 "513 + 12263 50
EM = W4G473) + WeR95) » W79) + WyeAS)
1838479 + 85:9(295) + 1591501735) + 12253855
om = 7650/3)» upon,
,28560/3) + 53900047)
(OM = 37,758 KN-m
Location of
Bans ¥ = 4390012
pax SEB) «ag
Total Hyarosatic Force on surfaces
Fluo mecianics
vvoRauucs
135
xas0022
aM
on
1s
(4) Foundation pressure
=B-7
f2Ma/2-182-59m<8/6
BALI E9]
2 |'* 362
Stren a the hel use")
4452 Fa
R , 12388
ee” 38210
Problem 3-34
The submerged curve ABs one
quarter of cri of radias 2
fi is focatd onthe ower
Romer ofa tank as shown. The
fength of he tank perpendicular
tothe skechis 4m, Find the
Imagritade and octon ofthe
oriontl and vertical
omponent of te ffl force
sting on AB 186 Taalbaoee. FLUID Me nt “HANICS CHAPTER THREE
3.6 Fetal yarn Freon utes ‘Ernona Gvornoics Ttaltyirostticroresonsuraces 137
pees Another way of solving
fmt ©
‘ce unit pressure is always normal to the
Feremelae foc ens norma to the cle passe
Fu= 3504 KN fhroagh ite center thn the total force
yotte hall ako pase trough the contr of he
y Bice Ohence the moment about O due
avase For due toy and Fie 2ao
ay 2 PM0=0)
isan) 0 Fee-Fuy=0
0067 m seya37 =39240.007)
vet sans ¥-09578m
eS ete: Ti tre alee or phar aos
‘Therefore: Fis acting 1.067 m below Vrobign 3-35 (CE Board
The Gest gale shown
onsets of cylin
furface of which AB i he
fase supported by a
tructural ame hinged a
1. The length ofthe gate
fe 30 me Conte the
agra and lction of
fhe horizontal end verted
feomponenis of the tal
prsars on AB.
Fe = Wott
Aa= esi = 3.14
Vac = 41.24) = 44,86
fdas)
eee Soltion
=.)
ar" Oe
19 089
NF +80) +31400849
7 = 085m
"Therefore Fes ating 0957 to th ight o 138 _Sotatnyeronatc ore on suraces
Fusyia
Fy =981(433) 108 68)
Fy=3679 kN
V= 40858) = 2887 m
Therefor; Fis acting 2557 mabove 0
F=9si012590)
Fre 1284
Moment about O duet Fivand Fr=0
Fr(e)= Fal)
Dasx= 3690877)
1=857m
“Therefore; F is ating 857 m to from O
Problem 336 (CE May I999)—
Calelate the magnitude of the
resultant force per mete length due
to water acing on the rai ter
sate shown in Figure 021
Tuattyrosatcroresonsraces 139
ution
‘Considering 1 meter length
Bunya
Fy=9810)6*1)
Fu= 17638 KN.
ayy,
A= Ane Asi,
OF) yey sn oot
(in 60
aT
A=326m
Fy=951g.25%1)
Fy 318 KN
Fe Jigen
Po fares) BLE
P= 17945 KN
ablem 3-37
Calelato the magnitude of the
fesllan pressure ona Lftwide sip
InFigurei2
Solution guretz
F=PaA
y= (2A »25)6%1) = 780 Ths
Foor Vase
Fv 624 (5 (0) = 125 os
P= (i
Pe rent CaF 140 _Soearryerostate Force on surtaces
Problem 3-38
Determine the magiitude of
the onzontal "and vertical
emponents of the ft force
er ete length acting onthe
“fll.
funy
y= 981(910)2)
Fy = S88 kN
Bye yval
Fe Bbta)o7steara)
evvorauucs Total ryaronacc rors onsurtces_ 141
Problem 3-39 (CE Board November 1993)
Jn the figure shown, the 1.20 m
lancer cylinder, 120 m long
te upon by vter on the lef and.
filhaving ep gr of O80 on the right
Duermine the components ‘of the
feaction at Bf the cylinder weighs
19.218,
Solution
Tonya
Foo = 981012901212)
Fn~ 1695 RN
Fro=98ip4s = (26)%2.2,
Fo= 6657 kN
Fan1h A= @81 ~08)\06)0.2x12)
Fro" @784N
Fran a= (1 x 0804 x(6700.21
y= 1027
ero)
Ret Fr + Pa-W=0
Roy = 1962-6657 -52
Rey= 7.64N 142. starrer rine
Total nyarstatie Force on Surtces
Problem 3-40
‘An inverted comial pl 400 mam diameter an 00 mm lang closes «200
diameter circular hale athe bottom of a tank costing 60 om ofl ha
Spf of 082, Determine the total vertical forse scting onthe plug
a
Bem
F,=(0s1