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 (1) Prepared By: Abdul Rehman Bin Xia (M.A. English, M.B.A Marketing, B.Ed. Sky Line University, Sharjah, and U.A.E.)
Senior English Lecturer, Wah College of Accountancy, P.O.F. Welfare Computer Center, Wah Cantt.
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The Farewell Sermon

Question # 1: When and where did Holy Prophet (PBUH) deliver his last sermon?
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) delivered his last sermon on the Ninth Day of Dhul Hijjah 10 A.H. (632 CE) in the Uranah
valley of Mount Arafat (in Mecca). At the end of his first and last pilgrimage to Makkah.

Question # 2: Whom did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) ask to repeat the sermon sentence by sentence after him and
why?
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) appointed his truth worthy and pious follower Rab’ah Ibn Khalaf to repeat the sermon
sentence by sentence after him. It was the procession of over 120,000 pilgrims, his voice could not reach out to all
those who were present, for this reason, The Holy Prophet asked the Rab’ah Ibn Khalaf, who was famous for his loud
voice, so that the people could hear the sermon clearly.

Question # 3: State in your own words what did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) say about sanctity of the life and
property of Muslim Brethren?
The Holy Prophet said, ‘Your lives and properties are sacred trust amongst you. So return the things to their rightful
owners. The Holy Prophet forbade the people from taking the lives and properties of others. He said all the believers
are brothers. You are not allowed to keep the things belonging to the Muslim unless he gives it to you willingly. The
Holy Prophet stated the sanctity of these things by comparing them with sacred month, the sacred day, and the sacred
city where he was delivering the sermon

Question # 4: What did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) instruct the people with regard to the women?
The Holy Prophet instructed the people with regard to their women in a very elaborate and emphatic manner. He told
them that, just as they had certain rights over their wives, their wives had also rights over them. He reminded them
that they had taken them as their wives “only under Allah’s trust and with His permission, swearing that they would
take care of them and protect them. He called wives as committed partners and committed helpers to their husbands
and so He insisted that the husbands should treat them with kindness and affection.

Question # 5: What did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) say about the superiority of one individual over another? What
it depends upon?
The Holy Prophet said about the superiority of one individual over another in these words. : All the mankind is from
Adam and Eve. There is no preference for the Arabs over the Non-Arab nor the non-Arab over Arabs. A white has no
merit over a black, similarly a black cannot claim any superiority over a white. The Holy Prophet said in his Farewell
Sermon that Superiority and preference depends on Piety and Good actions.

Question # 6: What did he say about Khatme Nabuwwat?

The Holy Prophet said about Khatme Nabuwwat in these words, “O People no Prophet or messenger shall come after
me. I am the last Prophet of God and no new faith will emerge. The process and routine of appointing prophets and

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messengers by Almighty Allah has been terminated and sealed. No one will be appointed as Prophet after me. His
prophet hood will continue until the Day of Judgement “.

Question # 7: What did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) ask the people towards the end of the sermon?
By the end of sermon, the Holy Prophet entrusted the people listening to his words with responsibility to pass on his
words to those who were not present over there. This is how much the Prophet was worried for his nation. He then
finally asked the people. “O People have I faithfully delivered unto to you my message? “ To which thousands of
pilgrims replied “indeed, you have. O PROPHET OF Allah “.

Question # 8: What was the significance of the verses recited by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)? One tradition has it
that Abu Bakr Saddiq (RA) cried when he heard these verses. Why? And why did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) say that
he may not be amongst his people the year after?
Verse 4 of Surah 5 (Al- Maidah) which the Holy Prophet had just received as revelation from Allah and recited to the
people as part of his sermon was significant because it contained the message of the completion of the Quran and
the prophet hood. One traditions has it that Abu Bakar Siddique (RA) cried when he heard these verses because he
probably got apprehended that as Islam is perfected, they might find the Holy Prophet depart from them in the near
future. The Holy Prophet said that He may not be amongst his people the year after because he felt that he had
completed his mission of delivering the message of the Allah to the People.

Question # 9: There is only one clause about worshipping Allah. The rest are all about the rights of the men and
women and how they should live in the society and their obligations with regard to one another. Why is there more
emphasis on man in society?
There is more emphasis on man in society than the worship of Allah in the last sermon of the Holy Prophet because
the basic meaning of Islam is peace and its main purpose is to promote peace and respect which is possible only by
maintaining a balance between rights and duties. The Success of man depends on realizing his obligations towards his
fellow beings and this is what the sermon basically aims at.

Question # 10: What do religious scholars of today emphasis most often upon? What has it resulted in?
The religious scholars of today emphasize most often upon the worship of Allah, ignoring that total spirit of Islam
involving the fulfilment of one’s obligations and duties and performing noble actions. As a result, we find chaos and
injustice among the Muslims, having no respect for one another, ultimately falling victim to sectarianism and violence,
thus going against the message of peace and respect given by Islam. It is evident form the last sermon of the Holy
Prophet that “the Superiority of and preference depends of Piety and Good actions”.

Jinnah’s Vision of Pakistan

Question # 1: When and where did M.A. Jinnah deliver this speech?

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah delivered this unforgettable and historical speech on 11th of August, 1947 in Karachi. He was
addressing the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan as first Governor General of Pakistan.

Question # 2: What two functions of the Constituent Assembly did M.A. Jinnah refer to in the beginning of his
speech?
In the beginning of his speech, M.A. Jinnah referred to two main functions of the Constituent Assembly. The first was
the responsible and heavy task of framing and future of Pakistan, while the second of function was to act as a full and
complete sovereign body as the Federal Legislature of Pakistan.

Question # 3: What did he say about the first function of the assembly?
Jinnah said that the first function of the Constituent Assembly was the responsible and heavy task of framing the
future constitution of Pakistan. By this, he seemed to believe that Pakistan needed to take a start from zero by setting
fundamental principles first. To him, this was possible only by having a comprehensive, supreme and legal document
for smooth future functioning of the newly born state of Pakistan.

Question # 4: What did he say about the second function?

As for the second function, Jinnah said that the Constituent Assembly must function as a full and complete sovereign
body as Federal Legislature of Pakistan. By this, he meant to say that Assembly must be strong and free from all
influence that it might easily take decisions in the national interest above all other considerations. In this regard, he
advised the assembly that strong measures must be taken to get rid of the big curse of bribery and corruption and the
great evil of nepotism and jobbery.

Question # 5: What legacy does M.A. Jinnah refer to in his speech?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah refers to legacy of great evils like nepotism and Jobbery which have been passed on to us. He
clarifies his positions that he would never tolerate any kind of nepotism and Jobbery or any kind of influence directly
or indirectly. He also tells clearly that he would not allow other government officials to indulge in these mal-practices
at any level, low or high. He expressed complete dislike for this attitude. He said that the first and foremost duty of
the government is to take precautionary measures against these evils.

Question # 6: What are Quaid’s views about the division of India?

Jinnah’s views about division of India were clear and straight forward. He said that there are many people who do not
agree with division of India but now it should be accepted because the division is particularly established. Quaid
termed the division of India as mighty revolution which is unprecedented. He said that the division was the only
solution in the sub-continent, for both Hindus and Muslims. The idea of United India could never have worked and
would have led to a terrific disaster. He further says that the future history would justify it.

Question # 7: What does he say about the minorities?

M.A. Jinnah talks about the minorities in an exclusively liberal, political and secular manner. He emphasized that
irrespective of all discriminations of color, caste and creed, both the Hindu community and Muslim community should

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forget the past and set to work in cooperation for the progress and prosperity of the State of Pakistan, of which they
are the equal citizens. He insists on the need to desist from the old and deeply- rooted temptation of subjugating one
another in the larger interest of the country. Also, he declares that all the citizens, including minorities, are free to
practice their respective religions with equal rights.

Question # 8: What kind of freedom does M.A. Jinnah envision for the people of Pakistan in general?
According to the vision of Muhammad Ali Jinnah the freedom for the people of Pakistan in general means that in
dominion of the Pakistan, the lives, properties and beliefs of its subjects are fully protected. Everyone is equal as a
citizen of Pakistan. It is right of every one to enjoy the full freedom of equal rights, privileges and obligations as citizen
of the state. Complete religious freedom, in which individuals are free to go their mosques, temples or any other place
of worship, is also an essential feature of freedom. He said that now it is a time to work together as one nation for the
prosperity and development of Pakistan. In this way, there will be no end of progress.

Questions # 9: What does M.A. Jinnah mean by: Hindus would cease to be Hindus, and Muslims would cease to be
Muslims”? Explain?
Jinnah expresses his vision and political ideology of Pakistan, according to which there will be no discrimination of a
majority community and minority community. They will all enjoy equal rights, privileges and obligations in the new
State of Pakistan, irrespective of their differences of religions, caste and creed.

Question # 10: Make a list of the fundamental principles that comprise Jinnah’s vision of Pakistan

1. To maintain law and order

2. End of Nepotism and Jobbery
3. Rule of Justice and fair play
4. End of bribery and corruption
5. No Influence

The Blades of Grass by Stephen Crane

Summary
The moral message of the poem “The Blades of Grass “is that God told us that when we do something good like helping
each other and pray, we should not show it off to the people around us and show the others that how kind hearted
we are. At the beginning of the poem, Mr. Crane told us that all the blades of grass were doing something that God
told us not to do and in the middle of the poem, the humble blade of grass founded who has already done the good
things without counting it out because he cannot remember it because he did them sincerely.
This poem narrates that some blades of grass were standing before the lord on the day of judgement. God demanded
from them an account of all their actions done in the world. They responded that they had done admirable deeds in
the world. One little blade of grass stood silently and ashamed. God asked him the same question, to tell about his

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good deeds. The blade of grass answered that he did not know about his good actions. He had forgotten all his good
deeds. God was pleased with this answer. He stood up from his throne and blessed and rewarded this little blade of
grass for his humbleness. They poet actually wants to say that one should not feel pride on what he had done. One
should be humble and pride less. One should do good deeds without a thought of reward.

Question # 1: What does the God ask the little blades of grass? What do the blades of say in response?
God asked the little blades of grass that what they did in their lives. And they began to narrate their deeds one by one
in boastful way.

Question # 2: What does the little blade of grass say when it is addressed by God? Why was God moved by the
blade’s answer?
The little blade of grass answered that he did not know about his good actions. His way of response was full of
humbleness and this God was moved by his answer.

Question # 3: Why does the poet use blades of grass to communicate such a fundamental idea? Why didn’t he
use man to convey his idea?
Giving human qualities to non-living things is called personification. The poet uses blades of grass to communicate his
idea because he wants to convey his message in an effective and moving manner. He wants to tell human/man to
know that even a small blade of grass knows how to respond and show humbleness before God.

I have a Dream by Martin Luther King

Question # 1: Who does Dr. King refer to by the epithet, “great American?” ( Description )
There great American that Dr. King refers to at the beginning of his speech is Abraham Lincoln, the former President
of the United States. This is evident from his reference to the Emancipation Proclamation which was signed during the
Civil War by President Lincoln in 1863, committing to the idea of freeing the salves.

Question # 2: After reading the first paragraph, can you guess what the emancipation proclamation might mean?
After reading the first paragraph, I guess that emancipation proclamation might mean a written document, declaring
freedom for the Negros who had previously been treated as slaves in a cruel, oppressive and unjust manner. This
document seems to give them their due rights and freedom to live their lives according to their own will. It signaled a
morning of joy for Negros after a long night of despair.

Question # 3: How does king describe the life of Negro in the U.S. one hundred years after the emancipation
proclamation?
Dr. King describes the life of the Negro in the U.S.A. It was miserable, depressed and cumbersome. He says that one
hundred years later, the Negro is still not free. The life of Negro is crippled by the manacles of segregation and the

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chains of discrimination. The Negro still lives on the lonely island of poverty. The Negro is still languished in the corners
of American society and finds himself on exile in his own land.

Q # 4: Why is 1963, according to Dr. King, not an end but a beginning? A beginning of what?
According to Dr. King, 1963 is not an end but a beginning because the Negro is deprived and desperate to get his due
rights as he was one hundred years ago. The promise of granting equal rights to the Negros has not been fulfilled. It
is still a beginning because the Negro’s struggle is still on the way for his rightful place in the American society.

Q # 5: What is Dr. King advice to the black people while marching on the road to the freedom?
Dr. King advised black people, while marching on the road of freedom to obtain justice through a nonviolent
movement. They must not resort to criminal acts. He further advises them not to give way to hatred and violence to
satisfy their thirst for freedom. Rather, they should try to sublimate their struggle by the spiritual force and tolerance.
Also, he remind them that all white people are not their enemy and both communities’ destinies are interwoven.
Question #6: When will they, The Negro, be satisfied or not satisfied, according to Dr. King?
According to Dr. King, the negro can never be satisfied as long as he is the victim of the unhuman behavior of the
police and is not granted all the rights equal to those of a white citizen has in the society, such as, the access to elite
hotels, motels, communities and right to vote for some ideal and cause related to him. He further adds that a Negro
can never be satisfied until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.

Question #7: Dr. King speaks repeatedly of his dream. What is his dream?
Dr. King’s dream is that one day the time will come when the Negro will enjoy all his rights like every other American,
free from all the racism. At that time, the Negro will not be slaves anymore and the giant of injustice will disappear,
when white and black little boys and girls will join hands and they will play and walk together.

Question #8: What does Dr. King mean by “This is the faith which is return to the South? What faith? Faith in what?
Dr. King means to say that he firmly believed that the day is not far when the Negro will enjoy his rights like every
other American, free from all racism and when unity and togetherness will prevail everywhere in the American society.
He hopes that both the black and white people will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together,
to go to jail together, and to stand for freedom together. This will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to
sing with the new meaning.

Question # 9: What does Dr. King mean by cashing a cheque, bad cheque, and a cheque that come back marked
“insufficient funds”?
A bad cheque that has come marked “insufficient funds” is a banking metaphor that Dr. King uses in his speech to
make his point about the lack of civil rights. He suggests that the thousands of marchers have come to Washington to
cash a cheque while he claims that the government has given to the people of color a cheque with insufficient funds,
meaning that the African Americans are still unpaid in terms of their equal rights of citizenship. White Americans have
not yet given them what was promised to all men according to the constitution.

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Glory and Hope by Nelson Mandela

Question # 1: Who are the people Nelson Mandela is addressing and what is the occasion?
Nelson Mandela is addressing both South African and an international audience including so many heads of state and
other dignitaries on 9th May 1994 at Pretoria on the occasion of his inauguration of the first democratically elected
State President of South Africa after spending more than 27 years as a political prisoner from 1962 to 1992, struggling
for the rights of the black people of South Africa as the Leader of the African National congress.

Question # 2: What figurative language does Nelson Mandela use to communicate his profound feelings of
patriotism and sense of belonging to his homeland?
Nelson Mandela was renowned leader of South Africa. He uses the most beautiful and moving language to express his
feelings of patriotism and sense of belonging to his homeland. He uses two smileys to communicate his feelings by
comparing them firstly with the jacaranda trees of Pretoria and secondly with mimosa tress of the bushveld by using
these similes, he seems to imply that all South Africans irrespective to all discriminations of color and to imply all South
Africans soul as these famous caste, are as intimately to South African soul as these famous indigenous plants.

Question # 3: What was the situation like in South Africa before this very celebration of liberty and glory that Nelson
Mandela is speaking about?
Before the celebration of liberty and glory that Nelson Mandela is speaking about, the situation in South Africa was
unsettled. South Africa was undergoing terrible racial conflicts. As a result, other countries of the world left South
Africa on its own. South Africa was guilty of starting racial oppression. So as Mandela remarks,” it was spurned
outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world.”

Question # 4: What emancipation and liberation is Nelson Mandela speaking about?

The emancipation and liberation that Nelson Mandela is speaking is meant for all the South Africans from the long
lasting oppression of poverty, deprivation, misery, gender and other discriminations. It is based on the commitment
on the part of all the South Africans to establish a complete just and lasting peace and to be able to walk and talk tall
without any fear in heart and to attain dignity as a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.

Question # 5: What does Nelson Mandela mean by South Africa being once the Skunk of the World?
By South Africa being once the Skunk of the world, Nelson Mandela means that before the liberation, South Africa
was suffering from brutality and discrimination. It was notorious for being an apartheid state, involving segregation
and racial oppression.

Question # 6: Considering that South Africa was one the Skunk of the world. Why does Nelson Mandela give his
speech the title “Glory and Hope “? Glory of what and hope for what?

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The Glory part of the title of Mandela’s speech is concerned with the political emancipation and triumphant win
against segregation in South Africa. They have won not only the battle, but they have also won the war against racism
by the election of their first African President. This is representation of Glory.
The aspect of Hope suggests that South Africa still has long way to go before the emancipation for all the South Africans
is achieved from the long lasting oppression of poverty, deprivation, misery, gender and other discriminations.

Question # 7: What does Nelson Mandela mean by “A Rainbow at peace with itself and the world”?
Nelson Mandela compares the incredible diversity of South African people with the diverse colors of a rainbow. The
South African shows diversity, the land of the people who migrated and settled here over the years, such as black
migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, Congo regions, the Dutch and a small but influential French ground. There is hardly
a nation on earth that is not in some way represented in this diverse country. For nearly 350 years South African
underwent clashes and racial oppression. But that changed with the first democratic elections of 27th April 1994 when
all truly become people of the Rainbow nation.

Question # 8: What does Mandela mean by Humanity has taken us back into its bosom… who were outlaws not so
long ago?
Mandela acknowledges that the apartheid South Africa has long been isolated and treated as pariah (outsider) nation
because of its racial policies but now South Africa has become a model for others to follow. He appreciates that guests
from all over the world have come to share their celebrations. He hopes that the other countries will continue to stand
by them as they tackle the challenges of building peace, prosperity, non-sexism and democracy.

Question # 9: Both Dr. King and Mandela use the word freedom in their speeches. Write an essay in which you
compare and contrast King’s and Mandela’s use of the word in an attempt to arrive at each man’s definition of
freedom?
Both Dr. King and Nelson Mandela have used the word freedom in their speeches. They both used it in different
meaning. Dr. King takes the word freedom in the meaning of rights of citizens while Nelson Mandela takes it in the
meaning of Independence. Dr. King was struggling for the rights of Negro while Nelson Mandela was struggling to get
freedom from the rule of white people.

I Dream by Langston Hughes

Summary

The poem begins with the phrase “I dream a World “which makes it clear that the poet is in hope for something better
and in the rest of the poem, he will describe his dream. The poet says that he dreams of a world where no man will
ever tease or discriminate other men. The other men are no other but the Blacks. They will be treated like Whites. In
such a world there will be love and peace everywhere which will make it more beautiful. The love here is love for the
Blacks and peace is the eradication of discrimination.

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In this poem, poet expresses his desire for freedom from discrimination, love and peace. The second stanza also begins
with phrase, I dream a world. The poet says that he desires a world where everybody will enjoy the freedom – the
freedom of speech, the freedom to roam anywhere etc. There will be no greed i.e. everybody will lend a helping hand.
There will be no disease of materialistic desires.
In this poem, the poet expresses his desire for freedom and greed free world. In the 3 rd Stanza, the poet for the first
time uses the word Black. According to him, he wants a world where everybody, white or black, will have access to
the resources without any discrimination. And there will be complete freedom in doing that. In this poem, he expresses
his desire for freedom in doing that. In this poem, he expresses his desire for freedom to use country recourse’s
without discrimination or restriction. In the last stanza, he says that in such a world, there will be no misery. Everybody
will have access to joy. The poem is all about the dream of the power for the blacks who have difference on the basis
of their race and color.

Lesson from Battle of Uhud

Question # 1: What was the composition of the army of the Quraysh that marched to medina?
The army of Quraysh that marched to Medina to avenge their early defeat at Badr. It was composed of 3000 persons.
It was led by Abu Sufyan and it included every adult from Quraysh. It was fully equipped with war weapons and
accompanied by considerable number of women who sang songs to inspire the warriors.

Question # 2: What, in the opinion of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), was the best course of actions with regard to the
strength of the enemy?
In the opinion of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), the best course of action with regard to the strength of enemy for the
Muslims was to remain in Medina and let the enemy besiege the city. In fact, his idea was that if the enemy besieged
the city, its force would to be dispersed in a number of sectors which will give an open chance to the Muslims to easily
strike a blow at the enemy where the enemy’s concentration was the weakest.

Question # 3: What strategy did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) have in mind when he thought of allowing the enemy
to besiege Medina?
When the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) thought of allowing the enemy to besiege Medina, the strategy in his mind was that
if the enemy besieged the city, its force would be dispersed in a number of sectors which would give an open chance
to Muslims to easily strike a blow at the enemy where the enemy’s concentration was the weakest.

Question # 4: What were the tow opinions regarding facing the army of the Quraysh?
The two options regarding facing the army of Quraysh were: One, to follow a defensive strategy and allow the enemy
to besiege, the city and when its force disperses in a number of sectors the Muslims will easily strike a blow at the
enemy where the enemy’s concentration is the weakest: The 2nd option was to confront the enemy in the open at
some distance from Medina.

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Question # 5: What did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) decide finally?

The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) finally decided to fight the battle in accordance with the strategy proposed by the younger
elements in the Muslim force that was of confronting the enemy in the open at some distance away from Medina.

Question # 6: How did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) arrange his army at Uhud in preparation for the battle?
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was able to arrange an army of one thousand persons only. When the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) ordered his soldiers to march forward towards the battle field, three hundred hypocrites refused to take
part in war. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) then had the force of 700 persons only. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) arranged
the army in such a manner that Muslims warriors took positions on the rising top at Uhud. He also ordered a band of
archers to take position at a joining mound and not to leave the position at any cost.

Question # 7: What instructions did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) give to the band of archers who were ordered to
take up position on a mound?
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) gave instructions to the band of archers to take up position on the adjoining mound and
not to abandon their posts under any circumstances without approval.

Question # 8: What did the archers do when they saw the enemy retreating in defeat?
When the archers saw the enemy retreating in defeat, they forgot the orders and instructions of the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) and left their posts in order to collect booty with other Muslims.

Question # 9: What changed the course of the battle of Uhud?

Contrary to the instructions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), the contingent of the Muslim archers left their positions in
order to plunder the camp of the retreating Quraysh. Seeing this, Khalid bin Walid, who had not yet converted to Islam
and was commanding a contingent of the Quraysh, rushed with his contingent of cavalry and occupied the positing
after killing ten of the Muslim archers, who had stayed behind. This exposed the Muslims to an attack from the rear
as well as from the front. That was what changed the course of the battle.

Question # 10: What was confusion regarding the companion who bore resemblance to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)?
A companion of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), Mas’ab Bin Omair (R.A.) had physical resemblance with him. He fought
bravely but fell at last. Seeing his dead body the Quraysh shouted that Muhammad (P.B.U.H) had been killed. One the
other hand, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was wounded and fell in a pit over the dead bodies of his followers.

Question # 11: Who took the wounded Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) out of the pit to a safer place?
Hazrat Ali (R.A.), the companion and son in law of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) rushed to the position where the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) was stationed. He found that Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) wounded, lying in the pit. He took him out of
the pit, and with the help of other companions including Abu Bakr (R.A.), escorted him to a safer place.

Question # 12: Who did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) charge to launch a counter attack?

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The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) charged Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to launch a counter attack against the Quraysh. Hazrat Ali (R.A)
brought Muslims together and urged them to fight for the glory of Islam. He fell upon the enemy like thunderbolt.

Question 13: Who did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) send his own sword to continue fighting?
Hazrat Ali (R.A.) charged with great force of faith and fell upon the enemy like a thunderbolt and broke his sword. The
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) sent Ali (R.A.) his own sword to continue fighting, Hazrat Ali (R.A.) kept on fighting until they
succeeded in a driving back the Quraysh.

Question # 14: What did Abu Sufyan boast about when leaving the battle ground?
When Abu Sufyan was leaving the battle ground, he boasted that the Quraysh had taken the revenge for their defeat
in the Battle OF Badr. He declared that Quraysh would soon have another confrontation, when the Muslims would be
annihilated.

Question # 15: How was the mistake of archers a tactual mistake?

The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) positioned the band of archers at the mound which was an important post for their defense
from the enemy. They must have stayed there under all circumstances as per directions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
Their leaving the post till next order from the commander resulted in heavy loss.

Question # 16: What did the companions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) learn from the battle of Uhud?
Leaving the post, contrary to the instructions of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was a great mistake of the companions. They
learnt an invaluable lesson from this experience from the Battle of Uhud. They never disobeyed the instructions and
orders of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) in future.

Question # 17: How was the battle of Uhud an extension of Battle of Badr?
The Battle of Badr was the first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh fought in Two Hijre. In this battle, the
Muslims got victory over the Quraysh. Seventy warriors of Quraysh were killed by the hand of Muslims. The Quraysh
were burning over their crushing defeat in the battle of Badr and wanted to take revenge from the Muslims. They
launched a war against the Muslims which was fought at the place Uhud.

Question # 18: The wiser ones were in favor of staying in Medina while the younger ones wanted to meet the enemy
in the open. What light do these strategies throw on the nature of the old and the young in war?
The wiser ones were in favor of the staying in Medina while the younger ones wanted to meet the enemy in the open.
These strategies show that they young are always enthusiastic and sometime they take emotional decisions. They old
and wiser ones always take decisions after much deliberation and consultation. The old ones are experienced people.
Their views always carry weight.

Question # 19: Why did the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) command his companions to occupy the high ground at Huh?
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) commanded his companions to occupy the high ground at Uhud because it was the best
place from the strategic point of view. They could easily hit the enemies and defend themselves. The whole

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movements of the enemy soldiers could be noticed. A band of archers was deployed at the mound for defending
Muslims at the back.

Question # 20: Why were the Muslims demoralized at one stage of the battle?
The Muslims were demoralized at one stage of the battle to know that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) has been killed.
They felt that if the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had been killed, there was no point of fighting the battle.

Question # 21: Why were the Quraysh unable to take advantage of their short lived victory?
The Quraysh were unable to take advantage of their short victory because the Muslims under the command of Hazrat
Ali (R.A.) fell upon the enemy like thunderbolt and forced them to run away from battlefield. The Quraysh could not
gather booty and went to Makkah.

Question # 22: Why is the battle of Uhud called a drawn battle?

In the beginning, the Muslims fought bravely and got victory over the Quraysh. The Quraysh had to flee from the
battle field. Seeing the Quraysh running in the defeat, a band of archers, opposing to the instructions of the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H), left their post in order to collect booty. The Quraysh came back and attacked the Muslims from all
sides. There were casualties on both sides. No party could get clear victory. It may be called a drawn battle.

Question# 23: If the archers had not left their high post, the Quraysh would have been handed another humiliating
defeat. What far reaching consequences could it have had for the future of Muslims?
If the archers had not left their high post, the Quraysh would have been handed another humiliating defeat. It would
have left far reaching consequences for the Muslims. The Quraysh had lost heart and never dared to face Muslims.
This resulted in the spread of Islam.

Lingkuan Gorge (A Man should never leave his Post)

Question # 1: What is the narrator’s job and purpose of his journey? What, physical conditions persuade him to rest
for a few hours?
The purpose of his journey is to supervise the ongoing construction work at the site of the future Pakoki- Chengtu
Railway. He had to reach the material department by 10 o’ clock in the morning and attend his duties.
The weather is intensely cold due to continuous snow falling. The narrator is hungry and feels cold. In the dusk, the
swirling snowflakes and gale make every step struggle and so he trips and falls badly. He was stumbling. There was
dark all around. He was liable to fall into some deep ravine. These conditions makes him so irritating and restless that
he wants to rest for a few hours in some shady place under a cliff.

Question # 2: About how old is Cheng- Yu? What does he respond when they narrator asks, “Why isn’t anybody
home?
The child Cheng – Yu whom the narrator sees sitting on the small stool in the doorway of a cave is almost seven or
eight years old.
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Question # 3: What work do Cheng- Yu’s parents do? What job has Cheng – Yu been assigned, and what explanation
does he give for refusing the narrator’s advice to go to sleep?
Cheng- Yu parents are very hard working and very true to their profession. His father being a laborer opens up the
mountains and drill holes for dynamite charges. Cheng- Yu’s mother was a traffic controller stands on the narrow and
dangerous road that has been blasted through the rock. Chen- Yu has been given the responsibility to take of his baby
sister Pao-Cheng when his parents are out on their specific jobs.

Question # 4: What does the narrator do in the final paragraph? What does he realize is waiting for him?
In the final paragraph, when Chen- Yu utters very inspiring remarks about his duty, the narrator hugs him tightly and
presses his cheeks against that of Cheng- Yu, He then rises, buttons his coat, pulls his hat down firmly, leaves the caves
and walks down the path to reach his department without any further delay. Following the road that has been blasted
through the rock, he pushes on. The words of the child are echoing in his head. “A man should never leave his post.
He realized that his duty in the material department as chief is waiting for him.

Question # 5: What sort of child is Cheng- Yu? What attitude does he display towards his parents and his
responsibilities?
Cheng- Yu is very cute, caring, sensible and responsible child. He is very obedient to his parents. He shows tremendous
loyalty to his assigned responsibilities. He looks after his baby sister till the arrival of his mother; He complies with the
advice of his parents that a man should never leave his post.

Question # 6: What change in mood or outlook does the narrator experience in the course of the story? What
causes the change?
The mood and outlook of the narrator changes gradually. When he hears the comments of child, he himself learns a
great lesson that a man should never leave his post. He promoted to set off for his destination and perform his duty
there.

Question # 7: What ideas about work does the story convey? What else does the story suggest is valuable?
• The story conveys the ideas about work that one should never leave one’s place of duty and be sincere and
patriotic.
• One should not pardon one’s duty even if the circumstances is not favorable. The story suggests that if men,
women and children work sincerely for the development of the country only then our country can make rapid
progress as China has done.

Question # 8: Do you think the story is overly moralistic? How does Tu make his story entertaining despite its rather
heavy- handed message?
The story is moralistic. The writer has tried to make it entertaining despite the roughness of the area and season.

Question # 9: Do you think the motto, “a man should never leave his post”, has any significance in different spheres
of life? Discuss.

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I think that he motto, “A man should never leave his post” has great significance, if a man adopts this moto in life, and
he is always successful.

IF by Rudyard Kipling
The poet in this poem is providing an inspirational insight for the readers to remain humble, soft, and tender and avoid
the extremes and live up to all the opportunities of life whenever one can muster any joys of life. It is important to
remain humble and live with pride.
“ If “ is written as if a father is talking to his son, giving his son advice on the way to behave to obtain the reputation
of being an outstanding citizen of the community and the world.
The pattern used to deliver this advice, followed consistently throughout the poem, is to contrast an action or way of
relating to others that would be positive with one that would lead to negative consequences. The father is providing
examples of actions that are desirable, as opposed to attitudes that would not serve the son well in building
constructive relationships with others.
In all cases, the father urges his son to be generous and considerate in his attitude toward others, striving to do the
best he can personally without demanding the same standard of others, “If” the son can succeed in following this
advice, he will attain the goal of becoming “a man “in possession of “the earth and everything that’s in it.
The central idea of this poem is that success come from self-control and a true sense of the values of things. In
extremes lies danger. A man not lose heart because of doubts or opposition, yet he must do his best to see the grounds
for both. He must not be deceived into thinking either triumph or disaster final, he must use each wisely and push on.
In all things, he must hold to the golden mean. If he does, he will own the world, and even better for his personal
reward, he will attain the full stature of manhood.

Determination
Question # 1: What two cities John. Roebling thought of connecting through the bridge?
John Roebling thought of connecting New York with Long Island through a spectacular suspension bridge spanning
the East River.

Question # 2: What did the bridge building engineers throughout the world think of Roebling’s plan?
The bridge building engineers throughout the world thought that this was an impossible feat to build the spectacular
suspension bridge as he wanted, spanning the East River and connecting New York with the Long Island. They told
Roebling to forget the idea. They were of the view that it just could not be done, that it was not practical and that it
had never been done before.

Question # 3: How did Roebling finally succeed in convincing that the project could be accomplished?

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In spite of the negative and discouraging opinion of the experts/ engineers, Roebling persisted his vision of building.
He needed someone to share his dream. After much discussion, he succeeded in convincing his son Washington, a
budding engineer, that the bridge in fact could be built.

Question # 4: What happened when the project was underway for only a few months?
When the project was underway for only a few months a tragic accident on the site took the life John Roebling,
Washington was injured and his brain damaged. As a result, he was unable to walk or move.

Question # 5: What was the response of the people after the accident on the site?
After the accident on the site, the people called the dead Roebling and his incapacitated son Washington crazy men,.
They said that it was foolish to chase wild visions. They had a negative view about the future of the project and felt
that it should be taken off because only Roebling’s were the only ones who knew about the way to build the bridge.

Question # 6: Unable to speak or write, what method did Washington use to communicate with his wife?
After the sad and tragic accident Washington was unable to speak or write. In such a depressing and critical situation,
he did not give up his plan. Suddenly an idea hit him. He developed a code of communication by moving his finger. He
conveyed his message to his wife by using his finger. This non-verbal communication proved successful.

Question # 7: How did Washington communicate with his engineers for 13 long years?
For 13 years Washington communicated with his engineers by tapping out his instructions with his finger on his wife’s
arms. His wife patiently decoded the messages of her husband and told the engineers what to do. Today the
spectacular Brooklyn Bridge stand as a tribute to triumph of one man’s indomitable spirit and determination not to
defeated by any circumstances.

Question # 8: Why did John Roebling ignore when other engineers said that it was an impossible idea, that it could
not be done?
John Roebling was not discourages by the negative remarks of other engineers. He was of the opinion that nothing
was impossible and he was determined to accomplish this project.

Question # 9: Why did Washington not abandon the idea of building the bridge after the accident which left him
totally paralyzed?
Washington did not abandon the idea of building the bridge after the accident which left him totally paralyzed because
of the inspiration that he got from nature. It happened that one day, when he was lying on his bed in the hospital, he
saw that he sunlight was streaming through the windows and a gentle breeze was blowing the flimsy white curtains
apart, exposing to him the outside view of sky and top of tress. He felt that this scene was message for him not give
up despite the fact that he could move only one finger. Thus, being an optimist, a possibility thinker and a man of
wonderfully strong nerves, he decided to make things happen even by using the one finger rather than surrendering
even to his worst physical condition.

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Question # 10: The Brooklyn Bridge is called a tribute, a monument by the author. Why?
It is a spectacular bridge and a feat of engineering. It is the result of untired efforts of Roebling and his son who
completed this task by the force indomitable spirit and determination. It is the unique and the oldest suspension
bridge in the United States.

The Man Who Planted Trees by Jean Giono

Question # 1: What does Jean Gioni say about his long trip on foot over mountain height?
Jean Giono says that about forty years ago he was on a long trip on foot over mountain heights quite unknown to tourist.
The area was deserted and barren. Nothing grew there but wild lavender.

Question # 2: Where did Jean Giono find himself after three days’ walking?
After three days walking, Giono found himself in the midst of an unparalleled desolation. He camped nnear the vestiges
of an abandoned village. He had run out of water the day before, and had to find some. Those clustered houses,
although in ruins, like an old wasps net, suggested that there must once have been spring well there.

Question # 3: What does Giono say about the shepherd’s living conditions?
Jean Giono says about the shepherd’s living conditions that he lived not in a cabin but in a read house built of stone
that presented a sharp contrast with the ruin Giono had found there since his arrival. The shepherd’s roof was strong
and sound. The wind on its tiles made the sound of the sea upon its shore. The place was in order, the dishes washed,
the floor swept, his rifle oiled, his soup was boiling over the fire. He was cleanly shaved and his buttons were firmly
sewed on. His name was ElzeardBouffier. Besides being a shepherd, he was tree planter as well.

Question # 4: Why does Giono decide to stay for the night at the shepherd’s house?
Giono decides to stay for the night at the shepherd’s house because the nearest village is still more than a distance of
one and half day. Besides, he is perfectly familiar with the nature of the rate villages in this desolate region, being just
four or five in number, located quite far and well apart from each other and inhabited by charcoal burners, having a
bad living condition.

Question # 5: What did the shepherd do with the heap of acorns?

The shepherd, after fetching a small sack of acorns and pouring them out on the table, began to inspect them once by
one with great concentration, separating the good from the bad. When he had set aside a large enough pile of good
acorns, he counted them out by tens, meanwhile eliminating the small ones or those which were slightly cracked by
inspecting them even more closely.

Question # 6: What did the shepherd carry instead of a stick and what did he do with it?
The shepherd carried an iron rod instead of a stick which he thrust into the earth, making a hole in which he planted an
acorn and then he refilled the hole, this using it for planting oak trees.
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Question # 7: For how long did the shepherd plant acorn tress and how many had grown into fill grown trees?
The shepherd had been planting acorn trees for three years. Although he had planted one hundred thousand and out
of these he had expected to lose half to rodents or to the unpredictable designs of Providence, only ten thousand had
grown into full grown trees.

Question# 8: What did Giono discover about the shepherd’s past life?
Giono discovered about the shepherd’s past life that once he had a farm in the lower lands. There he had his life but it
happened unfortunately that he had lost his only son, then his wife. After that, he had turned an introvert and lived in
the isolation where Giono came across him. His pleasure was not to live leisurely with his lambs and his dog.

Question # 9: What was the shepherd studying and for what purpose?
The shepherd was studying the reproduction of beech trees for planting in the desolated valleys where as he told the
author, there was a certain amount of moisture a few years below the surface of the soil. Also, for this purpose, he had
a nursery of seedlings grown from beechnuts near his cottage. Besides, he was also considering birches for valleys.

Question # 10: What did Giono discover on his second visit to the ara after the World War?
On his second visit after the First World War, Giono discovered that, although the countryside had not changed, he
glimpsed in the distance beyond the deserted village a sort of greyish mist that covered the mountain tops like a carpet,
it was infact the oaks of 1910 which were then ten years old and taller than an average man’s height. It was an
impressive view. There was a forest then instead of the desolation, Giono was utterly speechless and wonderstruck at
such a complete transformation brought about the hands and soul of that one man without even technical resources.

Question # 11: What was the shepherd doing when Giono met him the second time?
When Giono met the shepherd the second time, he found that the shepherd had changed his job. Now he had only
four sheep but, instead, a hundred beehives. He had got rid of the sheep because they threatened his young trees, in
fact, he was not a tree planter who had planted a lot of trees during the last ten years.

Question # 12: What is extent of the oak tree forest measures by Giono?
Giono measured the oaks trees forest eleven kilometers in the length and three kilometers at its width. It was impressive
spectacle. All this became possible from the hands and soul of this one man without technical resources.

Question # 13: What else has the man been planting in addition to oak trees? And what did Giono find there?
The man has been planting birch trees in addition to oak trees. Giono found birch trees as high as his shoulder, spreading
as far as the eye could reach. He showed him handsome clumps of birch trees which were planted five ye

Question # 14: What does Giono mean by chain reaction? What chain reaction does Giono describe which he
attributes to that man working alone?

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By chain reaction, Giono means that the conditions of the place that he visited ten years back are not completely
changed because of the forest which the shepherd had grown there. That barren and dry land has changed into fertile
land and water has now appeared, flowing in brooks and in turn leading to the appearance of willow trees, meadows,
flowers and gardens at the place where there was unparalleled desolation ten years back.

Question # 15: When did Giono see the man for the last time?
Giono saw the man for the last time in 1945. He was then eighty seven.

Question # 16: What did he discover about the area on his last visit (1945) after 35 years of his first visit (1910)?
On his last visit in 1945 after 35 years of his first visit Giono found unbelievable change in the area. Instead of harsh dry
winds, there was a gentle breeze blowing. On the site of ruins now stood neat farms. He saw the old streams flowing
again. People from plain settled there and enjoyed comfortable life. The new houses, freshly plastered were surrounded
by gardens where vegetables and flowers grew in orderly profusion. It was not a village one would like to live. More
than ten thousand people owe their happiness to Elzeard Bouffier.

Question # 17: How old was BOuffier when he died in 1947?

ElzeardBouffier was eighty nine years old when he died peacefully in 1947 at the hospice in Banon.
Question # 18: What does the detailed description of Bouffier’s abode tell us about the man who planted trees?
Bouffer’s abode tells us that the man who planted trees was about fifty or fifty five. He was living alone in the barren
land. He had 30 sheep, his hoiuse was built of stone, the place in order, the dishes washed the flour swept, the clothes
were mended and he was cleanly shaved. He had a farmland, wife and son but now he was alone and his wife and don
had died.

Question # 19: What does Giono mean by “man could be a effectual as God in other realms”? Explain.
Giono means that a man can be as useful in this world as God’s relam. He can do a lot of food work for the betterment
of the humanity.

Question # 20: Why had the barren valley changed into fertile valley with brooks and plants and trees and flowers?
Remember that Giono could not find water there on his first visit. What could be explanation?
When Giono visited the valley, it was barren. There was no water. But a man was living there alone. He was bus in
planting trees. He planted about one hundred thousand plants? Only ten thousand could grow. When he visited the
place after 35 years, the valley was fertile. There were flowers, gardens, plants and trees. The barren valley changed
into fertile valley by the work of a man.

Question # 21: Why does Giono declare the work a Bouffier as “a work worthy of God?”
Gino declares the work of Bouffier as the work of worthy God. The work done here was a work of one man. It wa frfor
the benefit of humanity and only God is worthy of such noble work.

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Question # 23: Write a detailed note on how man is destroying his environment. Discuss the various ways in which the
environment is being destroyed?
There are many ways in which mankind is destroying environment. It is cutting the trees, green house, gas emission,
industries, and vehicles, raise the global temperature. Human acquisition and agriculture sprays, habitation the noise
and air pollution are also destroying the environment.

Question # 24: Compare and contrast the description of the area by Giono on his three visits. What are the significant
differences that Giono discovered and described?
When Giono visited the valley first time, it was barren. There was no water. But a man was living there alone. He was
busy in planting trees. He planted about one hundred thousand plants. Only ten thousand could grow.
One his second visit after the First World War, Giono discovered that although the countryside had not changed, he
glimpsed in the distance beyond the deserted village a srot of greyish must that covered the mountain tops like carpet.
It was, in fact, the oaks of 1910 which were then ten years old and taller than an average man’s height. It was an
impressive view. There was forest than instead of the desolation. Giono was utterly speechless and wonderstruck at
such a complete transformation brought about the hands and soul of that one man without even technical resources.
One his last visit in 1945 after 35 years of his first visit, Giono found unbelievable change in the area. Instead of the
harsh dry winds, there was a gentle breeze blowing. On the site of ruins now stood neat farms. He saw the old streams
flowing again. People from plan settled there and enjoyed comfortable life. The new houses, freshly plastered were
surrounded by gardens where vegetables and flowers grew in orderly profusion. It was not a village where one would
like to live. More than then thousand people owe their happiness to ElzeardBouffiner.

It couldn’t be Done by Edgar Guest

Summary

Some people have strange attitude towards difficult tasks. They say that it could not be done but the poet says that he
would not accept it until he had tried it to do. He put himself to the task with a smile and took an initiative. People think
some things impossible and laughs at those who try to achieve what they think impossible. People said that it could not
be done as no one had done it before. But he made himself ready and took a start. He started to work with pride and
smile and without doubt in this. And he completed the task which was considered impossible by some people. PEOPLE
will try to dissuade you from doing something difficult and great. A thousand will tell you that it can’t be done. A
thousand will predict failure for you and many will warn you of the dangers. But do not listen to such people. Be ready
with a smile and tackle the task while singing. Do it while others will say that you can’t do it.

Technology and Society of the Future

Question # 1: When did the modern science and technology begin to make progress?
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Science and technology began to make progress in seventeenth century. Since then technology and science have been
making progress by leaps and bounds.

Question # 2: How have modern science and technology brought a revolution in the life of human beings?
Modern science and technology have brought a revolution in the life of human beings through new inventions and
discoveries in a great number of fields, like medicine, engineering and mechanical technology, communication
technology, agriculture, space technology and transport.

Question # 3: How was science enabled man to modify his environment?

Science has enabled man to modify his environment through its diverse and infinite applications and advances,
developing in him self-confidence, self-esteem and courage. Now man is not at the mercy of his environment. Rather,
he has not the capability to control and modify it to sit his needs and requirements. As compared to man’s belief in
superstitions, supernatural forces, magic and fortune telling in the past for the control of his future, he is not more
confident to handle his environmental conditions by adopting a scientific, independent and logical approach.

Question # 4: What did people believe in before the establishment of science and technology?
Before the establishment of science and technology, people believed in superstitions and in certain supernatural forces
for the control of their future. They also used to believe in magic and fortune telling. In addition, they attributed the
weather conditions or disaster to supernatural, bad or evil forces and did not think logically and independently.

Question # 5: How do people think in the era of technology and science?

In the era of science and technology, people think indecently, logically and scientifically. They do not attribute the
weather conditions or disaster to supernatural, bad or evil forces. They do believe in superstitions, mafic and fortune
telling for the control of their future. They believe in handling their environmental conditions by using scientific methods.

Question # 6: Why did millions of people die in the great plague that started in 542 AD?
Millions of people died in the great plague that started in 542 AD because modern medicines, scientific equipment and
instruments of surgery had not been developed and discovered by then.

Question # 7: When and by whom was penicillin discovered?

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1922. This discovery revolutionized the treatment of infections and
infectious diseases.

Question # 8: Has smallpox been eradicated once for all from the world?
Yes, smallpox has been completely eradicated once for all from the world with the discovery of its medicines.

Question # 9: How people travelled from one place to another in olden days. What hardships did they have to suffer?
People used to travel on foot or on animals or animal driven carts. They had to surrender in front of hardships and
surrendering in the way. The dacoits often looted them in the way. They find it hard to get water often.

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Question # 10: What revolution has taken place in the field of transportation due to modern technology?
The revolution that has taken place in the field of transportation due to modern technology is that he means to
transportation have squeezed the distances overcome the forces of gravity and made possible the exploration of the
outer space. Man has reached the moon and is trying to reach other planets. Now, only in few hours one can fly around
the world or travel from one continent to another. Modern networking of roads and invention of automobiles, aero
places, rockets and steam engines have transformed the world into global village or a global apartment.

Question 11: Enumerate the various means to communication brought about by modern technology and science?
The various means of communication brought by modern technology and science are a series of inventions like
telegraph, telephone, radio, television, print media mobile communication, satellite, electronic mail and internet.

Question # 12: How has man succeeded in conquering the space?

Man has succeeded in conquering the space with the help of modern inventions and technologies like automobiles,
airplanes, rockets and steam engines. As a result, modern world has been contracted into global village or global
apartment.

Question # 13: What changes have the modern technology brought in the field of agriculture?
Modern technology is playing a central role in the field of agriculture. It has greatly helped men in developing agriculture,
livestock and food industry. It has invented tractor, thresher, combine, driller, seedier, chemical fertilizer, water pumps.
These help to grow more food.

Question 14: How can we put an end to load shedding and energy crises?
We can put an end to load shedding and energy crises by trying to utilize the atomic energy and solar energy. In
Particular, the solar energy is not only cheap and pollution free but also inexhaustible, powerful and safe.

Question# 15: What is solar energy? Can it be a suitable for fuel and coal energy?
Solar energy means the energy derived from the sun’s radiation. Yes of course, solar energy can suitable substitute for
the fuel and coal energy because it is cheap, pollution free, safe, powerful and inexhaustible.

Question # 16: Atomic energy is a big source of energy. How can it be used to for peaceful purposes?
Atomic energy is a big source of energy and it can be used for peaceful purposes like production of electricity cutting
the passages for the flow of water in rocky regions, diversions of direction of the courses of the river., serving as fuel for
the driving of mighty ships and submarines, serving as pesticides to protect the crops from harmful insects, etc. which
ultimately improve the economic state of the respective state.

Gender Inequality is Detrimental to Society

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Question # 1: What is ratio between male and female population in the world?
The ratio between male and female population in the world is that the world’s population comprises of more than 50
% women. So, female population forms the major portion of the world’s population as compared to male population.

Question # 2: Do women in the poor and developing countries enjoy equal rights?
Through women consist of major portion of the population, yet they have not been equal rights. Women in the poor
and developing countries do not enjoy equal rights. They lead a miserable life.

Question # 3: Why are women deprived of their due rights in our society?
Women are deprived of their due right in our society because they are considered as fragile human beings.

Question # 4: Who consider women as fragile human beings?

Men of our society consider women as fragile human beings.

Question # 5: What is the status of women in Islam?

Islam provides equal rights to women, In Islam, there is no discrimination on the basis of gender. Islam teachers its
followers that “Seeking of Knowledge is that duty of every Muslim “. It is unfortunate that this golden saying has been
totally neglected in the case of women.

Question # 6: Describe the hurdles and hardships faced by women in Pakistan?

In Pakistan women faced many hurdles and hardships in the race of life. They are not provided the opportunity to get
education. In most of the rural areas parents do not send their daughters to schools. Mal nutrition is another problem
of women. They are not provided food and health facilities. Women are given less job opportunities. Women workers
in industries are given less wages. They are victimized on the basis of gender. Above all, women are also mal-treated in
the cases of inheritance.

Question # 7: Why do parents in most of the rural areas not send their daughters to schools?
Parents in most of the rural areas do not send their daughters to school because most of them are illiterate and
conservative.
Question # 8: What has been said about the importance of education for a woman?
It is said about the importance of education for a man that if we educate a man we educate an individual but if we
educate a woman, we educate a family.

Question # 9: What are the causes of high mortality rate of women during child- birth?
As hospitals and doctors are not available in remote areas, so most of the women lose their lives during child birth.
Mortality rate of mothers during child birth is more than 30/1000 in Pakistan which is a matter of great concern.

Question # 10: Why do the male members of a family not want to take their women to the male doctors?

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Due to non-availability of qualified health care staff i.e. mid wives and lady health workers, the male members of the
family do not want to their women to the male doctors. They consider it against their cultures and customs. The poor
ailing women die by inches due to the sheer negligence of the male members.

Question # 11: Can ailing and weak women contribute much to the progress and prosperity of a country?
No, an ailing and weak women cannot contribute to the progress and prosperity of a country. Their off-springs will be
thin, weak and unhealthy. Weak and unhealthy people cannot contribute much to the progress and prosperity of the
country.

Question # 12: What are the adverse effects on society when women are mal-treated?
When women are maltreated. There are serious, adverse effects on the society, they live in dirty, women fall a victim
to inferiority complex, their latest potentialities stop to function, they lead a depressed and dejected life, they think
their their very existence is meaningless, and they act as if they are dumb driven cattle. Secondly, weak and wiling
women produce sick and unnourished next generation which proves detrimental to the economy of the country under
these circumstances, a national cannot make progress.

Question # 13: Do women deserve to be given due share in inheritance?

Women deserve due share in inheritance as has already been duly acknowledged by Islam. In my view, women’s
complete reliance on men results in their dependence and deprivation. If they get their share in inheritance and become
self-reliant, they command equal respect and status in society and this helps them in their self-assurance and realization
of their full potential for the progress of the national they belong to.

Question # 14: There are religions as well as national laws about the rights of women. How Can these laws be enforced?
These laws can be enforced only when the men are educated and have the knowledge of Islam, These cannot be
enforced in poor and illiterate society.

The School Boy by William Blake

Summary
“The School Boy “is a poem included in William Blake’s collection “Songs of Innocence “. It is told from the perspective
of a young boy going to school on a summer day. The boy loves summer morning, but to have to go to school when the
weather is so nice is misery to him. He sits at his desk in boredom and cannot pay a lot of attention to the lesson, so
desperately does he wish to be playing outside. In the fourth verse, the speaker asks, “How can the bird that is born for
joy/ Sit in a cage and sing? “ Here the poet is comparing young children, so full of energy and happiness, to song birds,
who deserve to tumble free and soar on the winds. But, like songbirds trapped in a cage, children trapped in a classroom
cannot express themselves, cannot capitalize on all that excess energy and therefore their potential is being wasted.

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The speaker addresses parents in the final verses, asking how, “if buds are nipped/… and if the tender plants are
stripped/ of their joy... How shall... The summer fruits appear?” That is, in children are stripped of their ability to play
and have fun in the summer season, how shall they grow and develop to the fullest extent?

This poem highlights Blake’s affinity for alternative methods of education. Consistently repeated is the draining element
of school room education and how it causes students to contribute poor learning and detention for students. Blake
instead promotes learning outside the classroom, specially learning in nature where he believes spontaneous and
natural creativity flourishes.

Archaeological Treasures of Pakistan

Question # 1: What are the most important archaeological sites of Pakistan? What light do they throw on antiquity in
this part of the world?
The most important archaeological sites of Pakistan are Taxila, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Bhanbore. These places
throw lights on the antiquity in this part of the world. Taxila throws light on times of Alexander and Asoka who were
great figures of history. It also highlights Ghandara art Mohenjo-Daro reminds us the civilized man of nearly five
thousand years ago and also refers to the Indus Valley civilization Harappa throws lights on the seals of apparently
prehistoric origin Bhanbore throws light on the invasion made by famous Muslim conqueror Mohammad Bin Qasim and
its possibility and being the site of Debul.

Question # 2: What is the importance of Taxila as an archaeological site?

Taxila is important as an archaeological site because:
1. It is famous for its association with Alexander and Ashoka who were among the greatest persons in the ancient
history of Indo-Pak sub-continent.
2. It was a great seat of learning.
3. The world’s greatest artistic treasure, the art of Gandhara, a splendid fusion of Buddish art with Mediterranean
influence has been discovered here.

Question # 3: What is one of the most important aspects of the discovery of Mohenjo-Daro?
One of the most important aspects of discovery of Mohenjo-Daro is its confirmation to the established Indus Valley
civilization before the arrival of Aryan invaders. It also confirms the existence of more than one ethnic groups including
Mediterranean, alpine. Mongolian and Proto- Australoids.

Question # 4: What is Bhanbore? What is its archaeological interest?

Bhanbre is one of sites channels of the Indus. It is about forty miles from Karachi. It is important for the possibility of
being the site of Debul, where Muhammad Bin Qasim landed. A mosque has been discovered here which dates from
about a hundred and fifty years after the start of Muslim era in this area.
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Question # 5: Discuss the importance of archaeological treasures that belong to the Moghul period?
The archaeological treasures of Moghul period, such as the Badshahi mosque, the Anarkali tom and the Jahangir TOMB
SHOW THE INTEREST OF Moghul rulers in art of architecture. They show the skill of the stone carvers and masons applied
to the palaces, gardens and tombs. They reflect a beautiful blend of Hindu and Muslim art. The Anarkali tomb has a
special romantic appeal for the people.

The Renaissance by Grace Gavrella and Angelo Calandra

Question # 1: Which civilization provided the inspiration for change?
Three main glorious civilization- the Greek, the Roman, and the Arab provided the inspiration for change. During the
middle ages, Europe was passing through darkness. The mind of man was locked by the clergy. It was after almost one
thousand tears that the people revived the spirit of the Greek and Roman Art and Literature. This change of rebirth of
glory, called the Renaissance, provided man the inspiration to explore, to find, to create and discover new horizons of
knowledge. Also, at the end of the successful crusades, the Christians brought back to Europe many new ideas and
luxury goods because they were inspired by the Islamic civilization.

Question # 2: When new ideas were discussed, what was challenged?

The new ideas were discussed after the last crusade was over in Middle East. The religion, economic trend and fashions
were challenged. As a result the feudal broke down. Trade flourished. Many people came to the towns to look for new
opportunities.

Question # 3: What was the basis for the success of Florence?

The basis of success of Florence was its location which helped its traders and industrialist to distribute goods to the rest
of Europe. The people of Florence were resourceful and creative. They invested in trade and industry. Florence became
the center of European textile industry.

Question # 4: Give some example of why you think traders needed to be resourceful and creative?
The traders should be resourceful and creative for the development of trade and industry. They should be ready to take
risk. The traders of Florence were resourceful and creative. They jumped at the trade of silk, wool and flax. They invested
money in textile industry and made Florence wealthy.

Question # 5: Why did artists flourish in Florence?

France was wealthy in 15th century. People of Florence were always ready for new ideas to make money and increase
their wealth. They competed with each other not only in business but also in their lifestyle. They wanted to impress each
other and improve the quality of their lives. This was the good news for artists. In this artists flourishes in Florence.

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Question # 6: What stirred people’s interests in the world beyond their own lands?
The travels of Marco-Polo stirred the people’s interest in the world beyond their own land. They came to know the
beautiful lands, animals, precious stones, timbers and spices. The visited different countries for trade and learning skills.

Question # 7: How did humanism begin in Europe and what was its impact on art and architecture?
Humanism was a movement which began in Europe with the publications of manuscripts from the ancient world. The
trade and exploration encourages learning. Scholars began to translate manuscripts if ancient world and this was the
beginning of humanism in Europe. It had huge impact on art and architecture. People started spending money of
comfort and luxuries.

Question # 8: What made the world open up for the people of Florence?
Florence geographic position made it major venue for trade between the north and south of Europe. People of Florence
benefited from trade as most of the trade was done through Florence. People took risks and invested money. Education
increases. People became educated and free. All these things opened up the world for the people of Florence.

Once Upon a Time by Gabriel Okara

The poem is written as though a father were talking to his son. Gabriel Okara’s Once upon a time is about the artificiality
of relationships and manners prevailing in the present day world. The, according to the poet, is better than the present,
because there were love, sincerity and faithfulness in the past. Now that in the present, everything has changes. Hence
the poet wants to relive the past.

Once upon a time, the people to laugh with their hearts and eyes. That is there is genuine in what they said and did. But
in the present, there is only outward “teeth laugh” without understand the speaker’s real self. The eyes are described
as “ice block – cold “. The people have become money minded and naturally develop their relationships with the rich.
Even when shaking hands with others, they are artificial and hence mechanical.

Guests are no longer welcome these days. They are given a warm reception only once if they visit their friends or
relatives, thrice or more number of days, the doors are shut on them. In this material and artificial world. The poet has
learnt many things, especially wearing many faces like putting on many dresses. Once has to have “home face ““office
face “, “cocktail face “and so on. All are fixed just like the portrait smile. As this is the way of the world the poet has also
learnt laughter with teeth, the art of saying good bye when he means Good riddance, glad to meet you, when he not
glad, and nice talking to you when bored.

The poet wants to be like his son with all the exemplary conduct. He himself becomes the victim of present showing
“fangs of a snake”. Towards the end of the poem, the poet appeals to his son to show him how to smile wholeheartedly,
desire to relieve the past is nothing but a yearning for the innocence, faithfulness and sincerity.

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The Merchant of Venice

Question # 1: WHO WAS Shylock and where did he live?

Shylock was a Jew who lived at Venice. He was a usurer and hard-hearted person. He lent money at great interest
Christian merchants. He exacted the payment of the money with severity that he was much disliked by all good men.

Question # 2: Who was Antonio? Why did he hate Shylock?

Antonio was a young Christian merchant of Venice. He hated Shylock because the latter was a hard-hearted man and
demanded and recovered the payment of the money he lent to Christian merchants at great interest with much
strictness.

Question # 3: How did Antonio help the needy in Venice?

Antonio was a kind hearted person. He used to lend money to people in distress and trouble. He did not take any interest
for the money he lent. He was greatly loved by all his fellow citizens.

Question # 4: Who was Bassano and why did he need money?

Bassano was the dearest and nearest friend of Antonio wanted to change his fortune by a wealthy marriage with a lady
whom he dearly loved. He requested Antonio to provide him three thousand ducats so that he might be able to do
necessary arrangement of his marriage.

Question # 5: Why did Antonio and Bassano go to Shylock, the Jew?

Antonio and Bassano went to Shylock, the Jew, because Bassano needed money to woo the rick lady Portia of Belmont
for which he asked his closest friend Antonio to help him, but Antonio had no money at that time. Therefore Antonio
asked the Jew to give him three thousand ducats upon any interest he should require. With the guarantee that Antonio
would pay out that amount at the arrival of merchandise contained in his ships.

Question # 6: Why did Shylock lend money to Antonio?

Shylock lent money to Antonio because he wanted to satisfy his lasting resentment towards Antonio on account of
Antonio’s speaking ill of him and hating his Hewish nation by trapping Antonio through a condition which he would not
be able to accept or to fulfill.

Question # 7: Who was Nerissa and whom did she marry?

Nerissa was an attendant to Portia, who also played the learned young doctor Balthasar in the court. She married
Gratiano, who accompanied Bassano to Belmont.

Question # 8: What was the condition on the bond?

Shylock Agreed to lend Antonio the money he needed without any interest. This seemingly kind offer greatly surprised
Antonio. He asked Antonio just to go with him to a lawyer and sign a bond. The condition of the bond was that if Antonio

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did not repay the money by a certain day, he would forfeit a pound of flesh, to be cut off from ant part of his body that
Shylock pleased. Bassano forbade Antonio not to sign the bond, but Antonio signed the bond thinking it merely a sport.

Question # 9: Who was Portia and whom did she marry?

Portia was a lady whose father had died. She was sole heiress to a large estate. She married to Bassano.

Question # 10: Why did Shylock refuse to take back the money, he lent to Antonio?
Shylock refused to take back the money which he lent to Antonio. The cruel and stone hearted Jew insisted upon having
a pound of Antonio’s flesh. He said there is no power in the tongue of man to change him. He was eager and restless to
cut off the pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. In this way, he wanted to take revenge of his disgrace.

Question # 11: What role did Portia play in the court?

Portia played very important and significant role in the court. She dressed herself and her maid Nerissa in men’s apparel.
She argued in the court in a very convincing, forceful and logical way. She succeeded in saving the life of Antonio from
the cruel clutches of the hard-hearted Jew, Shylock. He pleading proved her wisdom and prudence.

Question # 12: How was Antonio’s life saved?

Portia defended the case of Antonio very logically. She said to Shylock be merciful and take the money. But the cruel
Jew showed no mercy. He persisted on his demand. She then asked Shylock to cut the pound of flesh without shedding
a drop of blood. Otherwise all his wealth and property would confiscated to the State of Venice. It was impossible for
Shylock to cut off the pound of flesh without shedding Antonio’s blood. By her prudence and sensibility Portia succeeded
in saving the life of Antonio.

Question # 13: Was, in your opinion, the verdict of the court just and fair?
In my opinion, the verdict of the court was just and fair. The bind contained the words “a pound of flesh “. There was
no mention of blood in the bond. This was the most important point raised by Portia, so skillfully. It is the height of
cruelty to shed human blood for delay in repayment of load. AT LAST Portia defeated Shylock.

King Lear
Question # 1: How many daughters King Lear had? What were their names?
King Lear had three daughters. Their names were Gonerill, Regan, and Cordelia.

Question # 2: What did the old kind decide to do before his death?
King Lear was worn out of the affairs of the government. He wanted to take no further part in state affairs. The kind
decided to assign the responsibility of the state affairs to the young generation before his death.

Question # 3: How did the king test the love and loyalty of his daughters?

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Before assigning his daughters the responsibility, King Lear wanted to test the love and loyalty of his daughters. With
this intention, he called his three daughters to know from their own lips which of them loved him most. On the basis of
their love, he wishes to give them share.

Question # 4: Why did the king disinherit Cordelia?

King kind disinherited Cordelia because he mistakenly got the impression by her straight forward, honest reply that she
did not love him at all.

Question # 5: How did Goneril and Regan treat that old king, their father?
Gonerill and Regan treated the old king, their father badly. His elder daughter said that his staying in her palace was
inconvenient so long as he insisted upon keeping up an establishment of hundred knights. It was useless and expensive.
He should lessen their number. The old king went to other daughter Regan, she did not receive him but advised him to
go with Gonerill, dismissing half of his attendants and to ask her forgiveness.

Question # 6: What role did the Earl of Ken, Caius play in the play, King Lear?
When the king left, the house of her daughter, it was night, a loud storm of thunder and lightning with rain. There was
no one with him but a poor fool. It was his ever faithful servant the earl of Kent. He was not transformed to Caius. The
king did not know him to be the earl. He persuaded the king to enter a hovel. The fool entered first. He ran back saying
that there was a spirit but it was beggar who had come there for shelter. The king was not in perfect mind,. When it was
day break, he removed the king to the Castle of Dover with the help of some loyal attendants. He went to France and
reached the court of Cordelia. He told Cordelia the pitiable condition of the king.

Question # 7: How did Cordelia take care of her father in his last days?
King Lear escaped from the castle of Dover. Cordelia’s train found him wondering about the fields near Dover. He was
not in senses. Cordelia promised physician all her gold’s and jewels for the recovery of the king Lear was soon in condition
to see his daughter. By the help of sleep and her physicians at length succeeded in winding up unturned and jarring
senses which were violently shaken.

Question # 8: Who was Edmund and whom he wanted to marry?

Edmund was Gloucester’s younger illegitimate son and an opportunist, whose ambitions led him to form a union with
Gonerill and Regan. In real sense, money was important to him than marriage with one of two sisters.

Question 9: Why did Gonerill decide to kill Regan by poison?

When Regan declared that she intends to marry the earl of Gloucester, Gonerill became jealous of her because this earl
has professed love to her several times. She killed Regan by poison.

Question # 10: Why did Goneril put an end to her life?

Gonerill put an end to her own life in a fit of disappointed love and rage when her husband, after getting to know of her
evil practices in general and murder or her sister that she committed, imprisoned her.

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Question # 11: Who ascended the throne of Britain after the king Lear?
The Duke of Albany ascended to the throne of Britain.

Question# 12: How should old parents be treated specially in their old age?
The od parents should be treated kindly in their old age. They should be given special care and attendance.

Question # 13: “Greed is the root of all evils “does this maxim apply to Gonerill and Regan, the daughter of King Lear?
Yes, the maxim, “Greed is the root of all evils” applies quite appropriately to Gonnerill and Regan, who show to end of
their greed and deceive their father because of their greed and power hunger.

Question # 14: How was Cordelia rewarded for her innocent nature?
It is an awful truth that innocence and piety are not always successful in this world. The forces of Cordelia were defeated
by the forces of Gonerill and Regan and of Gloucester ended the life Cordelia in prison.

Question # 15: How can we lead a life free of greed and avarice?
We can lead a life free from greed and avarice if we follow the teachings of Islam. Islam teachers us to honor the rights
of others. To be honest and dutiful, we should be faithful to one another. Islam creates fear of God in us and we try to
avoid bad things and thinking.

Multi Letter to the Editor

Letter to Editor
About poor street lights
• About rash driving
• Poor street lights
• About street crime
About beggary

Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
22nd November 2014.

The Editor,
The "Daily Dawn”,
Lahore.
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Subject: The Problem of________________________

Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities
towards the problem of _________.It is observed commonly that this problem is on the rise these days. I am much
impressed by the clarity and boldness with which your newspaper takes a strong stance. I also know that your paper is far
away from yellow journalism. I am much impressed by the boldness with which you tackle the problem and give some
feasible solutions
also.______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
I would like to give some suggestions to minimize this problem,

a) Government as well as the concerned authorities must pay attention to solve this increasing problem.
b) Media should play its role to eradicate the aforesaid problem.
c) People should also cooperate with the concerned authorities in solving this ongoing problem.
d) _____________________________________________________________.
e) _______________________________________________________________.
I hope that by following the above mentioned suggestions, we shall be able to grapple with the problem

Yours truly,

X.Y.Z.

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Part of Speech Overview

In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive meanings. Based on their
use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech. This article will offer definitions and
examples for the 8 major parts of speech in English
grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

1. Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are
the simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary school.

Examples:

▪ Tom Hanks is very versatile.

▪ The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.
▪ Dogs can be extremely cute.
▪ In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.
▪ It is my birthday.
▪ The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.
There are different types of nouns namely:

▪ Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons, places, or things.
▪ Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones
▪ Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of persons, things, or
places.
▪ Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series
▪ Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.
▪ Examples: folder, sand, board
▪ Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through your five senses.
▪ Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery
▪ Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.
▪ Examples: kitten, video, ball
▪ Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns, and they need to have
“counters” to quantify them.
▪ Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter
▪ Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter
▪ Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.
▪ Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)
2. Pronoun

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A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of pronouns are: I, it, he,
she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Sample Sentences:

▪ Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.
▪ The largest slice is mine.
▪ We are number one.

Kinds of Pronouns
There are six kinds of pronouns with different functions:

1. Personal pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the personal pronoun that is appropriate to use
for a specific sentence depends on the gender and number of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.

For example, you are referring to a female subject in the sentence, the pronouns that are appropriate to use are: she,
her, and hers. If you are referring to a male, you can use: he, him, and his. For a group of persons, not including yourself,
the appropriate pronouns are: they, them, and theirs.
Personal pronouns can serve as the subjects, objects of the verb or preposition, and can also show possession. They are
formally classified into: subjective personal pronouns, objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal pronouns.
Examples:
▪ You are definitely the biggest science nerd I’ve ever met.
▪ In the example above, the underlined pronoun serves as the subject.
▪ Harry persuaded her to come with him.
▪ The pronoun “her” is the object of the verb persuaded. Him, on the other hand, is the object of the preposition with.
▪ Ours is the one on the left.
▪ The pronoun “ours” signifies possession.
2. Demonstrative pronouns
The function of this kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that, and those. The pronouns “this”
and “these” points to things that are nearby while the other two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity, you
must also consider the number of things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, “this” and “that” should be used, while
for plural nouns “these” and “those” are appropriate.

Examples:
▪ That is the car that I’ll buy for my birthday.
▪ The speaker is pointing out to a singular noun that is far from him/her.
▪ She said she wanted these.
▪ The underlined pronoun refers to a plural noun and also serve as the object of the verb wanted.

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3. Indefinite pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another, each, anyone, anything, anybody,
nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few, and many.

Examples:
▪ Many were called for the interview but only 3 were hired.
▪ He’s ready to give up everything for his family’s safety.
4. Intensive pronouns
The function of intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this kind of pronoun are: myself,
itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, and ourselves.

Examples:
▪ The president himself said that it was a terrorist attack.
▪ I myself knew that it was a mistake.
5. Interrogative pronouns
As the title implies, the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of interrogative pronouns are: who,
what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and whomever.

Examples:
▪ Who wrote the book 1984?
▪ What did the doctors say?
6. Relative pronouns
This kind of pronoun links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common relative pronouns are: who,
whoever, whomever, that, and which.

Examples:
▪ The contestant who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.
▪ In this sentence, the underlined pronoun is the subject of the verb gets. The subordinate clause, “who gets the
highest score wins the million dollar jackpot,” describes the noun contestant.
▪ He will accept whichever project comes first.
▪ The subordinate clause, ”whichever project comes first,” serves as the object of the verb “will accept.”
7. Reflexive pronouns
This kind of pronoun is used to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns are: yourself, myself, ourselves,
himself, herself, themselves, and itself.

Example:
▪ Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.
▪ The pronoun “herself” refers back to the subject of the sentence, which is Sandra.

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▪ He promised to repair the broken fence, however, we ended up fixing it ourselves.

▪ The underlined reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject we.

3. Adjective
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the quality, the size, and the number
of nouns or pronouns.

Sample Sentences:

▪ The carvings are intricate.

▪ The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “carvings.”
▪ I have two hamsters.
▪ The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun “hamsters.”
▪ Wow! That doughnut is huge!
▪ The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the noun “doughnut.”
The 3 Different Degrees of Adjectives
The three degrees of an adjective are positive, comparative and superlative. When you use them depends on how many
things you’re talking about:
• A positive adjective is a normal adjective that’s used to describe, not compare. For example: “This is good soup” and “I
am funny.”
• A comparative adjective is an adjective that’s used to compare two things (and is often followed by the word than). For
example: “This soup is better than that salad” or “I am funnier than her.”
• A superlative adjective is an adjective that’s used to compare three or more things, or to state that something is
the most. For example: “This is the best soup in the whole world” or “I am the funniest out of all the other bloggers.”

7 Types of English Adjectives

1. Descriptive
A descriptive adjective is probably what you think of when you hear the word “adjective.” Descriptive adjectives are used
to describe nouns and pronouns.
Words like beautiful, cute, silly, tall, annoying, loud and nice are all descriptive adjectives. These adjectives add
information and qualities to the words they’re modifying.

Examples:

“The flowers have a smell” is just stating a fact, and it has no adjectives to describe what the flowers or their smell are
like.

“The beautiful flowers have a nice smell” gives us a lot more information, with two descriptive adjectives.
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You can say “The cat is hungry,” or “The hungry cat.” In both cases, the word hungry is an adjective describing the cat.
2. Quantitative
Quantitative adjectives describe the quantity of something.
In other words, they answer the question “how much?” or “how many?” Numbers like one and thirty are this type of
adjective. So are more general words like many, half and a lot.
Examples:
“How many children do you have?” “I only have one daughter.”
“Do you plan on having more kids?” “Oh yes, I want many children!”
“I can’t believe I ate that whole cake!”
3. Demonstrative
A demonstrative adjective describes “which” noun or pronoun you’re referring to. These adjectives include the words:
• This — used to refer to a singular noun close to you.
• That — used to refer to a singular noun far from you.
• These — used to refer to a plural noun close to you.
• Those — used to refer to a plural noun far from you.

Demonstrative adjectives always come before the word they’re modifying.

Sometimes, like when you’re responding to a question, you can leave off the noun being described and only use the
adjective. For example, if someone asks you how many cakes you want to buy you can respond: “I want to buy two cakes,”
or you can just say: “I want to buy two.”
Examples:
“Which bicycle is yours?” “This bicycle is mine, and that one used to be mine until I sold it.”
4. Possessive
Possessive adjectives show possession. They describe to whom a thing belongs. Some of the most common possessive
adjectives include:
• My — Belonging to me
• His — Belonging to him
• Her — Belonging to her
• Their — Belonging to them
• Your — Belonging to you
• Our — Belonging to us
All these adjectives, except the word his, can only be used before a noun. You can’t just say “That’s my,” you have to say
“That’s my pen.” When you want to leave off the noun or pronoun being modified, use these possessive adjectives
instead:
• Mine
• His
• Hers

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• Theirs
• Yours
• Ours
For example, even though saying “That’s my” is incorrect, saying “That’s mine” is perfectly fine.
Examples:
“Whose dog is that?” “He’s mine. That’s my dog.”
5. Interrogative
Interrogative adjectives interrogate, meaning that they ask a question. These adjectives are always followed by a noun
or a pronoun, and are used to form questions. The interrogative adjectives are:
• Which — Asks to make a choice between options.
• What — Asks to make a choice (in general).
• Whose — Asks who something belongs to.

Other question words, like “who” or “how,” aren’t adjectives since they don’t modify nouns. For example, you can say
“whose coat is this?” but you can’t say “who coat?”

Which, what and whose are only considered adjectives if they’re immediately followed by a noun. The word which is an
adjective in this sentence: “Which color is your favorite?” But not in this one: “Which is your favorite color?”
Examples:
“Which song will you play on your wedding day?”
“What pet do you want to get?”
“Whose child is this?”
6. Distributive
Distributive adjectives describe specific members out of a group. These adjectives are used to single out one or more
individual items or people. Some of the most common distributive adjectives include:
• Each — Every single one of a group (used to speak about group members individually).
• Every — Every single one of a group (used to make generalizations).
• Either — One between a choice of two.
• Neither — Not one or the other between a choice of two.
• Any — One or some things out of any number of choices. This is also used when the choice is irrelevant, like: “it doesn’t
matter, I’ll take anyof them.”

These adjectives are always followed by the noun or pronoun they’re modifying.

Examples:
“Every rose has its thorn.”
“Which of these two songs do you like?” “I don’t like either song.”

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7. Articles
There are only three articles in the English language: a, an and the. Articles can be difficult for English learners to use
correctly because many languages don’t have them (or don’t use them in the same way).

Although articles are their own part of speech, they’re technically also adjectives! Articles are used to describe which
noun you’re referring to. Maybe thinking of them as adjectives will help you learn which one to use:

• A — A singular, general item.

• An — A singular, general item. Use this before words that start with a vowel.
• The — A singular or plural, specific item.
Simply put, when you’re talking about something general, use a and an. When you’re speaking about something specific,
use the. “A cat” can be used to refer to any cat in the world. “The cat” is used to refer to the cat that just walked by.
Here’s a quick tip that can sometimes help you decide which article to use: Try using a demonstrative adjective before
the noun. If it makes sense, use the word the. If it changes the meaning of what you’re trying to say, use a or an.
For example, if it makes sense to say “I don’t understand this question,” you can also say “I don’t
understand the question.” On the other hand, it sounds strange to say “I need this tissue” because you don’t need that
specific tissue. You just need “a tissue.”
Examples:
“The elephants left huge footprints in the sand.”
“An elephant can weigh over 6,000 pounds!”

4. Verb
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist. Simply put, this is a word that
shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence.

Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were
Sample Sentences:

▪ As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.

▪ The italicized word expresses the action of the subject “Stormtroopers.”
▪ They are always prepared in emergencies.
▪ The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which is the subject in the sentence.

Types of Verbs:

• Helping verbs and main verbs: Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs are verbs that have no meaning on their own.
They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us much alone.
Example: People must start donating in charity.

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Main verbs are verbs that have a meaning of their own. They tell us something.
Example: I teach.
• Transitive and intransitive verbs: A transitive verb is one which must have an object to complete its meaning, and
to receive the action expressed.
For example: John kicked the ball.
• An intransitive verb is one which is complete in itself, or which is completed by other words without requiring an
object.
Example: John talked.
• Active and Passive Verbs: The Active voice is the normal voice that we speak in most of the time. In this voice the
object receives the action of the verb performed by the subject.
Example: Dogs eat bones.
• The Passive voice is less usual. In this voice the subject receives the action of the verb being performed by the
object.
Example: Bones are eaten by the dogs.
• Modal Verbs: These verbs tell us whether something is probable or about the skills of a noun etc. There are 10
modal verbs in total and each have an important part in sentence formation.
Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to
• Dynamic and Static Verbs: These verbs denote an actual action or expression or process done by the subject.
They mean an action which can be seen or physically felt or the result of which is seen or physically felt by the
object or an indirect object.
Example: She buys new clothes every week.
These verbs refer to the state of the subject or the situation of the subject. Stative Verbs tell us about the state of mind
of the subject, or the relation between the subject and the object.
Example: She prefers strawberry jam.

5. Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs,
or another adverb.

The different types of adverbs are:

▪ Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
▪ Example: Annie danced gracefully.
▪ The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
▪ Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
▪ Example: She came yesterday.
▪ The italicized word tells when she “came.”
▪ Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where” something is done.

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▪ Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!

▪ The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”
▪ Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens or is done.
▪ Example: The child is very talented.
▪ The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”
6. Preposition
T+

his part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.

Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since
Sample Sentences:

▪ Micah is hiding under the bed.

▪ The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and tells where Micah is hiding.
▪ During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
▪ The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and tells when the audience
cheered.
7. Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.

Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so

Sample Sentences:

▪ This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.

▪ Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
▪ Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.
The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of conjunctions.

8. Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly used to convey strong
emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.

Examples of Interjections:

Sample Sentences:

▪ Ouch! That must have hurt.

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▪ Hurray, we won!
▪ Hey! I said enough!
The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some examples of interjections.

----Determiners:
Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. Use the pages in this section
to help you use English determiners correctly.
DETERMINERS IN ENGLISH
❖ Definite article : the
❖ Indefinite articles : a, an
❖ Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
❖ Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
❖ Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
❖ Numbers : one, ten, thirty
❖ Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
❖ Difference words : other, another
❖ Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

What is Direct & Indirect Speech?

Direct Speech: the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in his own actual words without any change.
Indirect Speech: the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in our own words.
Example on Process of Conversion from Direct to Indirect Speech

a) Direct: Radha said, “I am very busy now.”

b) Indirect: Radha said that she was very busy then.

1. All inverted commas or quotation marks are omitted and the sentence ends with a full stop.
2. Conjunction ‘that’ is added before the indirect statement.
3. The pronoun ‘I’ is changed to ‘she’. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
4. The verb ‘am’ is changed to ‘was’. (Present Tense is changed to Past)
5. The adverb ‘now’ is changed to ‘then’.

Tips on Direct and Indirect Speech:

Tip 1: Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb

When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of the direct are changed into the
corresponding Past Tenses.

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a) Direct: He said, “I am unwell.”

b) Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell.
If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change.
a) Direct: He says/will say, “I am unwell.”
b) Indirect: He says/will say he is unwell.
The Tense in Indirect Speech is NOT CHANGED if the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or
habitual action.
a) Direct: They said, “We cannot live without water.”
b) Indirect: They said that we cannot live without water.

--
Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
a) Direct: "I am happy", she said.
b) Indirect: She said that she was happy.
Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous
a) Direct: "I am reading a book", he explained.
b) Indirect: He explained that he was reading a book.
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
a) Direct: She said, "He has finished his food“.
b) Indirect: She said that he had finished his food.
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
a) Direct: "I have been to Gujarat", he told me.
b) Indirect: He told me that he had been to Gujarat.

Tip 3: Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense

Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
a) Direct: He said, “Ira arrived on Monday."
b) Indirect: He said that Ira had arrived on Monday.
Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous
a) Direct: "We were living in Goa", they told me.
b) Indirect: They told me that they had been living in Goa.
Future Changes to Present Conditional
a) Direct: He said, "I will be in Kolkata tomorrow."
b) Indirect: He said that he would be in Kolkata the next day.
Future Continuous Changes to Conditional Continuous
a) Direct: She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday.”
b) Indirect: She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

Tip 4: Changes in Modals

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CAN changes into COULD

a) Direct: He said, "I can swim."
b) Indirect: He said that he could swim.
MAY changes into MIGHT
a) Direct: He said, "I may buy a house.”
b) Indirect: He said that he might buy a house.
MUST changes into HAD TO/WOULD HAVE TO
a) Direct: He said, "I must work hard.”
b) Indirect: He said that he had to work hard.
Modals that DO NOT Change: Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to.
a) Direct: He said, "I should face the challenge.”
b) Indirect: He said that he should face the challenge.

Tip 5: Conversion of Interrogative

Reporting Verb like ‘said/ said to’ changes to asked, enquired or demanded
a) Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
b) Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
If sentence begins with auxiliary verb, the joining clause should be if or whether.
a) Direct: He said, “Will you come for the meeting?”
b) Indirect: He asked them whether they would come for the meeting.
If sentence begins with ‘wh’ questions then no conjunction is used as the "question-word" itself act as joining clause.
a) Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the girl.
b) Indirect: The girl enquired where I lived.

Tip 6: Command, Request, Exclamation, Wish

Commands and Requests
Indirect Speech is introduced by some verbs like ordered, requested, advised and suggested. Forbid(s)/ forbade is used
for the negative sentences. The imperative mood is changed into the Infinitive.
a) Direct: Rafique said to Ahmed, “Go away.”
b) Indirect: Rafique ordered Ahmed to go away.
c) Direct: He said to her, “Please wait.”
d) Indirect: He requested her to wait.
Exclamations and Wishes
Indirect Speech is introduced by some words like grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud. Exclamatory sentence changes into
assertive sentence and Interjections are removed.
a) Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
b) Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was broke.

Tip 7: Change of Pronouns

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The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.
a) Direct: She said, “I am in ninth class.”
b) Indirect: She says that she was in ninth class.
The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech.
a) Direct: He says to them, "You have completed your job.”
b) Indirect: He tells them that they have completed their job.
The third person of the reported speech doesn't change.
a) Direct: He says, "She is in tenth class.”
b) Indirect: He says that she is in tenth class.

Tip 8: Change of Place and Time

Words expressing nearness in time or place in Direct Speech are generally changed into words expressing distance in
Indirect Speech.
Now -- then
Here -- there
Ago -- before
Thus -- so
Today -- that day
Tomorrow -- the next day
This -- that
Yesterday -- the day before
These -- those
Hither-- thither
Come -- go
Hence -- thence
Next week/month -- following week/month
a) Direct: She said, “My father came yesterday.”
b) Indirect: She said that her father had come the day before.
c) Direct: She says/will say, “My father came yesterday.”
Indirect: She says/will say that her father had come yesterday. (Here the reporting verb ‘says’ is in the present tense OR
‘will say’ is in future tense; hence the time expression ‘yesterday’ won’t change.)

Tip 9: Punctuation
The words that are actually spoken should be enclosed in quotes and begin with a capital letter
Example: He said, “You are right.”
Comma, full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark must be present at the end of reported sentences and are
placed inside the closing inverted comma or commas.
Example: He asked, “Can I come with you?”

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If direct speech comes after the information about who is speaking, comma is used to introduce the piece of speech,
placed before the first inverted comma.
Example: She shouted, “Stop talking!”
Example: “Thinking back,” she said, “he didn't expect to win.” (Comma is used to separate the two reported speech and
no capital letter to begin the second sentence).

Tip 10: Conversion of Indirect to Direct Speech

1. Use the reporting verb, "say" or "said to" in its correct tense.
2. Remove the conjunctions "that, to, if or whether etc" wherever necessary.
3. Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation and full stop, as per the mood of the sentence.
4. Put a comma before the statement.
5. Write the first word of the statement with capital letter.
6. Change the past tense into present tense wherever the reporting verb is in the past tense.
7. Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present perfect as found necessary.
Example
a) Indirect: He asked whether he is coming.
b) Direct: He said to him, “Are you coming?”

Conditional Sentences

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would
happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used
in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a
past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of
constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause.
In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

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THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible.
The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.
In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers
to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main
clause is in the simple future.

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TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences
are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type
2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts
they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition
and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses
the perfect conditional.

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MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present.
The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal
past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past
perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

The present participle of most verbs has the form base + ing. It is used in many different ways.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS PART OF THE CONTINUOUS FORM OF A VERB

EXAMPLES

▪ I am working.
▪ He was singing.
▪ They have been walking.
▪ We will be staying.
▪ She would have been expecting me.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AFTER VERBS OF MOVEMENT & POSITION

This construction is particularly useful with the verb to go.

EXAMPLES

▪ She went shopping.

▪ I go running every morning.
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▪ He lay looking up at the clouds.

▪ She came running towards me.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION

The pattern for this usage is verb + object + present participle. There is a difference in meaning when such a sentence
contains a zero infinitive rather than a participle. The infinitive refers to a complete action while the present participle refers
to an ongoing action.

EXAMPLES

▪ I heard someone singing.

▪ He saw his friend walking along the road.
▪ I can smell something burning!
▪ I watched the birds flying away.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE

EXAMPLES

▪ It was an amazing film.

▪ Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm.
▪ He was trapped inside the burning house.
▪ Many of his paintings show the setting sun.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH THE VERBS SPEND AND WASTE

The pattern with these verbs is verb + time/money expression + present participle.

EXAMPLES

▪ My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.

▪ Don't waste time playing computer games!
▪ They've spent the whole day shopping.
▪ I wasted money buying this game.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH THE VERBS CATCH AND FIND

The pattern with these verbs is verb + object + present participle. With catch, the participle always refers to an action which
causes annoyance or anger. This is not the case with find, which is unemotional.

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EXAMPLES

▪ If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble!

▪ Don't let him catch you reading his letters.
▪ I caught him going through my bag.
▪ We found some money lying on the ground.
▪ They found their mother sitting in the garden.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FOR TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to
describe one of them. When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express
the first action with a present participle.

EXAMPLES

▪ Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he walked down the road.
▪ They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into the snow.
▪ Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
▪ Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE TO EXPLAIN A REASON

The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since, or because. In this usage the participial phrase
explains the cause or reason for an action.

EXAMPLES

▪ Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
▪ Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
▪ Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
▪ He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.

Past Participles

What Are Past Participles?

Past participles are formed from verbs. Past participles (just like present participles) can be used as adjectives or used to
form verb tenses.

Let's look at the verb to whisper:

Here's the past participle: whispered

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• Here it is used as an adjective: The whispered word

• Here it is used to form a verb tense: The message was whispered.
There are two types of participles:

• The Past Participle

(Past participles usually end with -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n.)

• The Present Participle

(Present participles end with -ing.)

Past and present participles are classified as verbals. (A verbal is a verb form that functions either as an adjective or a noun.)

Examples of Past Participles Being Used As Adjectives

Here are some examples of past participles being used as adjectives:

The Verb The Past Participle

To swell swollen eyes

To break broken plate

To ruin ruined cake

Past Participles in Participle Phrases

Past participles can often be found in participle phrases. A participle phrase acts like an adjective. In the examples below,
the participle phrases are shaded and the past participles are in bold:

• The boy taken to hospital has recovered.

(The participle phrase taken to hospital describes the boy.)

• I have a heart wracked with sorrow.

(The participle phrase wracked with sorrow describes a heart.)

• Battered by the wind, John fell to his knees.

(The participle phrase "Battered by the wind describes john.)

• Finally broken , Lee lowered his gloves.

(The participle phrase Finally broken describes Lee.)

Read more about participle phrases.

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More Examples of Past Participles Used as Adjectives

Here are some examples of past participles (shaded) being used as adjectives:

• Here is a laminated copy to replace your torn one.

• Stuffed deer heads on walls are bad enough, but it's worse when they have streamers in their antlers because
then you know they were enjoying themselves when they were shot. (Ellen DeGeneres)
• A torn jacket is soon mended, but hard words bruise the heart of a child. (Henry Longfellow)
• Scandal is gossip made tedious by morality. (Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900)
• The enemy is anybody who's going to get you killed, no matter which side he's on. (Joseph Heller, 1923- 1999)

Past Participles Used in Verb Tenses

As well as being used as adjectives, past participles are also used to form verb tenses. Here are the verb tenses (past
participles shaded):

The 4 Past Tenses Example

simple past tense I broke

past progressive tense I was breaking

past perfect tense I had broken

past perfect progressive tense I had been breaking

The 4 Present Tenses Example

simple present tense I break

present progressive tense I am breaking

present perfect tense I have broken

present perfect progressive tense I have been breaking

The 4 Future Tenses Example

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simple future tense I will break

future progressive tense I will be breaking

future perfect tense I will have broken

future perfect progressive tense I will have been breaking

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Gerunds and Infinitives

What is a gerund?

1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use
a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

• Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence

• Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
• I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

• He enjoys not working.

• The best thing for your health is not smoking.

What is an infinitive?

2. An infinitive is the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as
the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

• To learn is important. subject of sentence

• The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence
• He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

• I decided not to go.

• The most important thing is not to give up.

Use a gerund or an infinitive?

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3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or
complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the
following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize
the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that
90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.

Examples:

• Learning is important. normal subject

• To learn is important. abstract subject - less common
• The most important thing is learning. normal complement
• The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common

4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds
and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a
gerund or an infinitive.

Examples:

• He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.

• He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.

5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects.

Examples:

• She suggested going to a movie.

• Mary keeps talking about her problems.

6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives.

Examples:

• She wants to go to a movie.

• Mary needs to talk about her problems.

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Active and Passive Voice

A transitive verb has two forms or two voices. These are the Active and passive.

Active Voice – Here, the subject performs the action. He/she is the doer of the action. It is a pretty straightforward relationship
between the subject and the verb. So, we can say that a verb is in the active voice when the subject is the doer of the action
that is expressed by the verb.

The sentences in Active Voice are simple and easy to understand.

Look at the following examples:

• I am drinking tea.

• He played cricket.

• They will help you.

Passive Voice – Here, the subject receives the action that is expressed by the verb. Therefore, we can say that the verb is in
passive when the subject of the verb is acted upon.

It is generally used to show the action, which means that the focus is on the action and not the subject who does the action.
Sentences in Passive Voice are not simple, as more importance is given to the action rather than the subject.

Take a look at the following examples:

• Tea is being drunk by me.

• Cricket was played by him.

• You will be helped by them.

Changing the voice from Active to Passive

When a verb changes from Active Voice to Passive, the subject and object change places with each other. The past participle
form of the verb is used as the main verb in passive voice.

Look at the following table:

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Tense Active Passive

Simple present keep is kept

Present continuous is keeping is being kept

Simple past kept was kept

Past continuous was keeping was being kept

Present perfect have kept have been kept

Past perfect had kept had been kept

Simple Future will keep will be kept

Conditional Present would keep would be kept

Conditional Past would have kept would have been kept

Present Infinitive to keep to be kept

Perfect Infinitive to have kept to have been kept

Present Participle keeping being kept

Perfect Participle having kept having been kept

Change the sentences from Active Voice to Passive Voice

1. Active Voice – She does not cook food.

Passive Voice – The food is not cooked by her.

2. Active Voice – Peter gave me flowers on my birthday.

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Passive Voice – I was given flowers by Peter on my birthday.

3. Active Voice – You are waiting for your friend.

Passive Voice – Your friend is being waited for by you.

4. Active Voice – The children have broken the window pane.

Passive Voice – The window pane has been broken by the children.

5. Active Voice – I shall have my car sold.

Passive Voice – My car will have been sold by me.

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Phrases

A phrase is one or more words that form a meaningful grammatical unit within a clause. There are five main types of
phrase in English, as below.

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase (NP) can be a single noun or a group of words built around a single noun, for example:

• Animals need water.

• Who ate the last sandwich?
• All passengers with tickets can board now.
Verb Phrase

A verb phrase (VP, also called a "verb group") consists of a main verb and its auxiliary verbs (including modals), for
example:

• We have been working since 9am.

• I will be going to France next week.
• It may have been being repaired.
Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase can be a single adjective or a group of words built around a single adjective, for example:

• He has clever ideas.

• It was a very big meal.
• The students were really bored with the film.
Adverb Phrase

An adverb phrase can be a single adverb or a group of words built around a single adverb, for example:

• Please do it now.
• He spoke very softly.
• They did it as fast as possible.
Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by its object (usually a noun phrase), for example:

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• They were arguing about money.

• The window was behind a large brown sofa.
• They resumed after an unusually large meal.

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Clauses

Clause (with Examples)

A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. A clause can be distinguished from a phrase, which does
not contain a subject and a verb (e.g., in the afternoon, drinking from the bowl).

An independent clause can express a complete thought (and can be a standalone sentence). A dependent clause is
usually a supporting part of a sentence, and it cannot stand by itself as a meaningful proposition (idea).

Examples of Independent Clauses

Here are some examples of independent clauses (shaded):
• Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(Tara ate a cheese roll is an independent clause. It works as a standalone sentence.)
• Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving test six times.
• A computer once beat me at chess but was no match for me at kick boxing. (Louis Hector Berlioz)

Examples of Dependent Clauses

Here are the same examples with the dependent clauses shaded:
• Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(The clause after she watched the news is a dependent clause. It does not work as a standalone sentence.)
• Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving test six times.
• A computer once beat me at chess but was no match for me at kick boxing.
These three dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses as they're also called) could have been independent clauses.
However, the opening word(s) (in these examples after, Even though, and but) turned them into dependent clauses. The
opening words are known as dependent words, the main type of which is subordinating conjunctions.

How Are Clauses Used in Sentences?

Clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A clause can act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Noun Clauses
• I cannot remember what I said last night.
(In this example, the clause acts like a noun.)
Compare the example above to this:
• I cannot remember my speech.
(speech = noun)

Adjective Clauses
• My dog, who usually refuses to go near the water, dived in the canal to chase a water vole.
(In this example, the clause acts like an adjective.)
Compare the example above to this:
• My water-shy dog dived in the canal to chase a water vole.
(water-shy = adjective)

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If an adjective clause could be removed without wrecking the sentence (i.e., it just adds additional information), then it
should be offset with commas. (You could equally use brackets or dashes.) A clause which can be safely removed is called
a non-restrictive clause. A restrictive clause, on the other hand, is one which cannot be removed because it's essential to
the sentence. Restrictive clauses are not offset with commas. For example:
• The man who lives next door is getting ruder.
(This is an example of a restrictive clause. You cannot remove it. There are no commas.)
• Councillor Simon Smith, who lives next door, is getting ruder.
(This is an example of a non-restrictive clause. You can remove it. It's just additional information. That's why
there are commas around it.)

Adverbial Clauses
• He lost his double chin after he gave up beer.
(In this example, the clause acts like an adverb.)
Compare the example above to this:
• He lost his double chin recently.
(recently = adverb)

Table of Verb Tenses in English Grammar

Verb tenses show us when an action takes place: in the present, past or future. Each of the three main tenses has
a progressive, perfect and perfect progressive aspect which give us more information about the time, progression or
completion of an action.

This table of tenses in English grammar provides an overview of the 12 different verb tenses with examples in
the positive, negative and interrogative or question form. You will also find tips on the usage of each tense and common
signal words to help you recognize the tenses. For a detailed lesson including exercises, click on the name of the tense.

Tense Positive/Negative/Question Usage Signal words

always, every …,
▪ repeated/regular action in the
never, normally,
present
• P: He speaks. often, seldom,
Simple Present ▪ general validity
• N: He does not sometimes,
▪ actions happening one after the
speak. usually if-
Present other
• Q: Does he speak? clause type I (If I
▪ confirmed future actions (time
table, schedule) talk, …)

Present • P: He is speaking.
▪ action currently taking place
Progressive • N: He is not at the moment,
▪ action limited to a particular
speaking. just, just now,
timeframe
Present Continuous • Q: Is he speaking?
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▪ already planned or agreed-upon Listen!, Look!,

future action now, right now

▪ a single or repeated action in the yesterday, 2

past minutes ago, in
Simple Past P: He spoke.
▪ actions happening one after the 1990, the other
N: He did not speak. other in the past day, last Friday
Preterite Q: Did he speak? ▪ a new action that interrupts an if-clause type II (If
action that was already taking I talked, …)
place
▪ emphasis on the process of an
Past Progressive action taking place in the past
P: He was speaking. ▪ multiple actions taking place at
Preterite N: He was not speaking. the same time while, as long as
Continuous Q: Was he speaking? ▪ an action that was taking place
Past Continuous when interrupted by a new
action
▪ the result is emphasised
▪ action that lasts to the present
moment
▪ action that has just been already, ever, just,
Present Perfect P: He has spoken.
completed never, not yet, so
N: He has not spoken. ▪ completed action with influence far, till now, up to
Perfect Q: Has he spoken? on the present now
▪ an action that has
never/once/more than once
taken place up to the time of
speaking
▪ the action is emphasised (not the
Present Perfect P: He has been speaking. all day, for 4 years,
result)
Progressive N: He has not been ▪ action that has lasted until the since 1993, how
speaking. present time long?, the whole
Perfect Continuous Q: Has he been speaking? ▪ completed action with influence week
on the present
▪ action taking place before a already, just,
certain time in the past never, not yet,
Past Perfect P: He had spoken. ▪ sometimes interchangeable once, until that
N: He had not spoken. with past perfect progressive
Pluperfect day
Q: Had he spoken? ▪ emphasises only the fact that
Past Anterior if-clause type III (If
something took place before a I had talked, …)
certain point in the past

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Past Perfect
▪ action before a certain point in
Progressive P: He had been speaking.
the past
N: He had not been ▪ sometimes interchangeable for, since, the
Pluperfect speaking. with past perfect simple whole day, all day
Continuous Q: Had he been speaking? ▪ emphasises the action or length
Past Anterior of the action
Continuous
in a year, next …,
tomorrow
if-clause type I (If
P: He will speak. ▪ events in the future that cannot
be influenced you ask her, she
Future (will) N: He will not speak.
▪ spontaneous decision will help you.)
Q: Will he speak?
▪ suppositions about the future supposition: I
think, probably,
perhaps

P: He is going to speak. ▪ pre-existing intention regarding

the future in one year, next
Future (going to) N: He is not going to speak.
▪ logical conclusion regarding the week, tomorrow
Q: Is he going to speak?
future

Future Progressive P: He will be speaking.

▪ action that will be taking place at in one year, next
N: He will not be speaking. a certain point in the future week, tomorrow
Future Continuous Q: Will he be speaking? ▪ certain or obvious events

P: He will have spoken.

▪ action that will have been by Monday, in a
Future Perfect N: He will not have spoken.
completed by a future time week
Q: Will he have spoken?

P: He will have been

Future Perfect speaking.
▪ action that will have been for …, the last
Progressive N: He will not have been completed by a future time couple of hours,
speaking. ▪ emphasises the length of the
Future all day long
Q: Will he have been action
Perfect Continuous speaking?

Conditional I
P: He would speak. if-clause type II
N: He would not speak. ▪ action that could possibly take (If I were you, I
Subjunctive II
Q: Would he speak? place would go home.)
Present
Form of Possibility

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Conditional I
Progressive
P: He would be speaking.
▪ action that could possibly take
N: He would not be place
Subjunctive II ▪
Continuous speaking. ▪ emphasises the action or the
(Present) Q: Would he be speaking? length of the action
Continuous Form
of Possibility
Conditional II
P: He would have spoken. if-clause type III
N: He would not have ▪ action that otherwise might have (If I had seen that,
Subjunctive II
(Past) spoken. taken place in the past I would have
Perfect Form of Q: Would he have spoken? helped.)
Possibility
Conditional II P: He would have been
Progressive speaking.
▪ action that otherwise might have
N: He would not have been taken place in the past
Subjunctive II speaking. ▪ emphasises the action or length
Continuous (Past) Q: Would he have been of the action
Continuous Perfect speaking?
Form of Possibility

Important Paragraphs & Essays

Importance of Education

Education in its widest sense means the unfolding and development of the powers that lie in an inactive state in man. In
this sense it embraces intellectual education or the formation of character by the development of such moral qualities
as truthfulness, honesty and the like, and physical education or the culture of physical strength. Education in the narrow
sense of literary education, that is to say, studying in schools and colleges and passing university examinations, is not
education proper; it is at best only an imperfect education. Education which includes within its scope all the above three
classes is real education.

The aim and standard of education vary considerably with time, place and circumstances. The ancient Greeks looked
upon military training as the best form of education, the Romans regarded education to mean the training which was
imparted to them to teach the duties of a citizen, while with the ancient Pakistani education meant the creation of a
hand of selfless men of strong character, who would spread knowledge among the ignorant and elevate human life to a
lofty plane.

In unhappy contrast with this is the aim and standard of education in Pakistan at the present day. It is nothing more than
the securing of university degrees with the object of fitting oneself out for holding clerical posts under the Government
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or elsewhere. True education will always be the all-round development of the intellect, the morals and the body.
Education which aims at developing only one side will be but imperfect education.

The aim of education is to impart culture and secure progress for man. This means that education widens the mind,
develops the intellectual faculties and builds the character, for, without these, a man cannot be said to have attained any
culture; and if education imparts culture it must necessarily confer these qualities too. It is education which brings success
to a man in this world by arming him with knowledge and with the qualities of honesty, truthfulness. Patience and
perseverance. All these, being essential to man for achieving success.

Unless one has the power to grasp things quickly, unless one can read the characters of those with whom one has to
come in contact, unless one can distinguish between rights and wrong, one can never hope to be successful in this world.
It is education which bestows upon him these powers. Education does not, as is commonly understood, give man merely
bookish knowledge. Storing up the mind with information received from books, without either understanding it or trying
to utilize it for one’s own benefit or for that of others, is absolutely useless.

Education teaches us how to assimilate the knowledge that is gained from books and how to turn this knowledge into
good account. Further, to keep pace with the rapid progress that the world is making. Education is absolutely necessary.
It is education which, by opening the gates of knowledge, hastens progress. Want of education means literary inactivity,
and this inactivity means ignorance and ignorance is as good as death. The value of education is beautifully summed up
in the Oriental proverb which says,

Ignorance is the curse of God, education, the wing wherewith we fly to Heaven.
Importance of Hobbies

There are many ways of passing one’s time when one has done one’s duties in the day’s job. Everyone has some job or
other to do in his life. These jobs are directed to earn money for our maintenance. They are all very serious jobs, requiring
effort and concentration of energy, mental or physical, or both. They are certain to tire us. When we have finished our
quota of our day’s work, we feel tired. We want rest and entertainment. The things that we do at such times of rest and
entertainment are called our hobbies. They are things which help us pass time delightfully. They are, therefore, described
as pastimes. They are done in order to give pleasure, not money or fame or any such things. They are labors of love. They
are not means to some ends. They are therefore distinguished from jobs and professions which we are duty-bound to
perform. They are not mean to bring any profit as such. They are done to bring pleasure. They are in the nature of games
or plays but they are not mean to be done regularly. Even games are played for exercise for breaking records or winning
prizes. But hobbies are endless games. They have no end or aim. The essence of a hobby is its aimlessness. It is a pastime
pure and unmixed. It is a favorite pursuit chosen by us. It is not a job imposed by anyone. It is a job of our choice, and
freedom of choice is its most distinguishing feature.

There are many hobbies in the world. They are as numerous as there are men and women with varying tastes and
preferences. Hobbies are matters of wholly individual taste. Some of the more common forms of these are gardening,
stamp collecting, photography, novel-reading, collecting autographs, long walks, mountaineering, learning of languages,
travelling, collecting first editions, rare manuscripts, sporting, fishing, acting, singing, dancing etc., etc. Every one of these
has its own special attractions. Each offers the minimum of pleasure to those who pursue these several favorite pastimes.
They are the most absorbing of all pursuits. The pleasure derived from them is pure and unmixed. Some people get
disappointed even in the pursuit of hobbies. For example, if a collector of autographs is unable to procure the signature
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of some great person he is wrong. The essence of a hobby is undiluted pleasure. There may be trouble in collecting
different things, but the trouble is more than compensated by the sheer delight of possession.

Technical Education

It was Macaulay’s idea to impart education to Indian boys and to produce clerks, required for the Government Officers.
In spite of the remarkable political awakening amongst Indians, the Indian Universities have unfortunately continued to
be very faithful to the original idea of Macaulay and they continue to pour out’ an ever increasing supply of clerks even
now. Fortunately we have come to realize that the academic, clerical or literary education given in our schools and
colleges is not the only kind of education. The evil is much deeper. Our universities not only produce clerks, but also fill
these clerks with a contempt for any kind of manual or technical work. They proudly feel that those who have brains
need not use their hands. As a result of this, Pakistani industry is starved and we find Pakistani markets flooded with all
sorts of cheap foreign goods.

They remedy for this is to impress upon the minds of young boys and girls a love for manual work and secondly to give
them the necessary training for it. They should be trained for doing all technical works as weaving, spinning, mechanical
or civil engineering, agriculture, etc. For this purpose, separate schools and colleges should be opened, wherein after a
little theoretical knowledge, students may have ample training in practical work and experiments.

The present age is an age of machines. Science has made rapid progress. The impossible of yesterday is made possible
to-day. Each only it tries to meet its own requirements but also tries to exploit foreign markets. Under the circumstances,
the cry of industrializing. Pakistan deserves immediate attention. If Pakistan is to be turned into an industrial country,
technical education is absolutely necessary.

If students are given technical education, they would get employment in any industry. Some may be employed in mills,
some in any industry. Some may be employed in missal, some in farms and some in factories. Thus technical education
would solve the problem of unemployment, and save many unemployed young men from the mouth of death.

Above all, the industries of the country would advance and national wealth would stop flowing into foreign countries.
Pakistan has got plenty of men and materials. It is only the training that is required. Without this training in practical arts
and sciences, there is no salvation for the country.

My Aim in Life

The aim is very important in life because it brings all our energies to one point. Robert Browning says: “The aim, it reached
or not makes great the life.” It provides direction for our attempts. Our aim is like a guiding star. What makes life dreary
is the want of motive. When a man does not know what harbor he is making for, no wind is the right wind. There are as
many aims as men. Some want to be doctors, others to be an engineer and civil and military officers. Some want to be
poets, others to the novelists. Aim that suits the nature of a man is the best for him.

As is the case with others. So is with me. l desire to be a Professor of English. Teaching is not à paying profession. Professor
and Teachers all over the world are low-paid people. There are some reasons for my choice. First, teaching is a noble
profession. The best people in the world are those who teach others. To me this profession is the only profession in which
a man can serve his nation in the best possible manner. Engineers may build grand buildings metaled roads, massive
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dams; doctors may treat the patients and may put life into the dead: civil and military officers may boast of their services
to the nation. But are they not what their Professors and Teachers have made them? A teacher is like a ladder which
remains at its place but helps others to go higher and higher. So, instead of being an engineer, a doctor or an officer, it is
better to be an engineer-maker, a doctor-maker, an officer-maker. It is only the men that glorify a nation, and these men
are made in the teaching institutions. Secondly, I am suited to this profession. I take pleasure in solving problems and
explaining them to others. I am fond of reading and teaching. By adopting this profession. I will be able to lead the life of
learning. Thirdly, inquisitive natures may ask if I want to be Professor Why a Professor of English. The answer is that
English Literature is my favorite subject. A man can serve his nation well only when he is performing.

Realization of such a noble ambition is possible only when a man devotes all his time to studies. Keeping this in view I
work hard and keep making an intensive study of English literature. In the future, I hope to produce such men as would
be of great service to the coming generations. By being a professor I can do much for my country in another way. It is by
writing good and original books. Books also have a hand in making or marring a nation. If useless, bad and objectionable
literature is produced, the minds of the young men are bound to be spoiled.

Whatever others think of my aim, I am satisfied that this aim is according to my taste and nature. Going against it would
result in nothing but harm and confusion of mind. Wordsworth has said:

“A noble aim. Faithfully kept. Is as a noble deed. In whose pure sight all virtue succeed.”

Duties of Students

The first and foremost duty of a student is to acquire knowledge, and for this he must gladly submit to the rules of
discipline and the methods of teaching which his teachers may adopt. As a bee gathers honey, as a student should
assiduously gather knowledge and wisdom from every source. He must not waste his time in idle pursuits but must utilize
every minute to self-advancement.

He must form regular habits, and take great care of his character. He must obey his parents and teachers, and follow
their directions, as they are his best well-wishers. A wayward child, who does not care for the advice of his elders, suffers
in the end.

A student must take good care of his health. His aim should be to have a sound mind in a sound body. He must take
regular exercise, and develop his body. Without health and strength of body, he will not be able to go on with his studies.
Games play an important part in the development of character, and every young man should take part in the games and
activities of the school. Let it be remembered that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, and all play and no work
makes Jack a mere toy. Students should select their companions with great care. They should not associate at all with
men of lower character, and those who do not enjoy a good reputation. Their companions and friends should be chosen
from among good boys.

They should not sit inattentive in the class, nor copy or use unfair means in the examination, nor depend upon others.
They must develop habits of self-reliance. They must also be truthful, self-respecting, Cheerful and frank.

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They should be neat in everything. Their dress should not be slovenly or carelessly worn. These are minute points on
character. Students should not neglect their daily prayer. While they seek to strengthen their bodies and minds, they
must, also, strengthen their souls.

Value of Books

A man is known, they say, by the company he keeps. We may as well say that a person is also known by the books he
reads. In both cases it is the community of interest that decides the choice. Friends and books are alike selected on the
ground that they are congenial to us, comfort us and guide us. We choose books that appeal to our minds, in them we
find a world in which we like to live. They are the precious life-blood of master spirits, and so much they inspire us with
their vision of life. We expand ourselves in the sunshine of their wisdom; we develop ourselves away from our little selves
and become fit to see things in the right way. Our sorrows are forgotten, our joys increase when we open a book and
enter into the kingdom of imagination.

Books, therefore, are a boon and a blessing. They are our friend, philosopher and guide, giving us wisdom and light. But
books to-day have become a problem because there are millions of books and we have to pick and choose from among
these. There was no such problem of choice of books in the good old days. Books before printing were few and rare and
they were always good ones. They were really the precious life-blood of master spirits. They were written by men who
cared not for money or fame. They were written because there was an urge to write. They were therefore invariably
valuable.

They were the embodiments of the great thoughts and visions which inspired their authors. They were not written, as
they now mostly are, for fetching money. With the advent of printing, however, book writing has become a trade and a
profession. There is an over-population in the world of books. They are of all sorts, good, bad and indifferent, but mostly
bad and indifferent. There is neither wisdom or light, nor experience nor charm, nor even meaning in very many books
that come out of the press today. The publishers, reviewers and critics push up the sale of books, as agents push up the
sales of any commodity. There is just one motive in the trade of book-making, and that is the aim of making money.

In addition, the number of writers has increased in modern days. This is natural because education is spreading in widely.
Education has become democratic, and so the writers of books, too, have multiplied.

This state of affairs brings in the problem of the choice of books. When the market is flooded with books, the buyers of
books have the problem of choosing. Now choosing books is none too easy. Choosing any commodity is easy because
one knows whether the commodity is good or bad. But book-choosing requires a special insight and talent. Some lucky
people have the gift of skipping over a few lines here and there and then being able to decide whether the book in
question is good or bad. But the common man, anxious to satisfy his desire for reading, finds himself at a loss to decide
which book is good and worth his money and time.

Fortunately, there are a few good firms of publishers which help us in the choice of books. They publish timely reports of
good books, judged by competent critics and reviewers. The perusal of such journals and catalogues will help us to make
our choice. Newspapers, 100, devote a column or so for reviewing books. We can choose our books from the list of these.
But the best way to choose a good book is to go to the classics. That is to say, we can never be wrong in our choice if we
go in for books that have been tested by time and become classics. Time is the wisest and most incorruptible critic of
books. A book, for example, that is three hundred years old, may be taken as a book worth reading and buying and

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possessing. If a book has delighted and enlightened generations of people all over the world, we may be certain that it.
Contains something which is worth reading. This is probably one reason why someone said that when a new book was
announced he chose an old one.

As we read such classics we begin to cultivate a sound taste and judgment. With the guidance of such a taste we can
easily pick and choose from among the thousands that come out from the press. The choice of books becomes easy with
our acquaintance with the best books. By such a choice of books our reading of them becomes fruitful.

The habit of reading should be cultivated easily. It is a habit which helps us to shape our character. But we must not be
addicted to reading and turn out to be bookworms. Life is greater than books, and we must not exchange the one for the
other. This does not mean that we would become book-haters. We must read good books very often. They are the best
means of occupying our leisure time.

Of making books there is no end. And it is true. There is no end to the writing of books. And in our mechanical civilization,
the number of books is maddening. When we visit a good book-shop, we become lost in the sea of books. We are
sometimes afraid of these heaps of books. But we must develop a critical mind which picks the best of books. Having
thus chosen, we must read and understand them. The best books are those which would be digested, as. Bacon tells us.
For books are food for our minds and souls. As we feed so we grow. If we feed our minds on good books, we will develop
a sound and healthy outlook on life. If not, we might become either dull or rebellious or cynics. It is, therefore, important
that we should develop a critical taste which guides us in the choice of books. And this taste could be easily developed if
we begin with the time-tested classics of the world.

Town Life and Country Life

Villagers have advantages which we cannot have in towns. Fresh air, simple living, and beautiful natural surroundings
make country life very attractive. Everything is so fresh. There is no smoke, no dust, no overcrowding, and suffocating. It
is true that Pakistani villages are not mostly clean, as they ought to be, and the houses also are not so well-built, but the
villagers spend most of their time in the open air, in the fields, and under the trees. The well with the cool shade of the
Neem trees and the music of the wheel is an ideal place for a poet.

The villagers have no temptations. They have the freshest and best, though simple, thing to eat, and that is why they are
so healthy, and seldom require the services of a doctor. They are strong and sturdy, and their red faces show that they
have plenty of blood in their bodies. Their joys are also simple, and they are more frank and straightforward, and more
sympathetic and hospitable than the city people. Their amusements are also simple. A marked improvement is now
visible in the dwellings in the villages, and there is more cleanliness, also.

But, on account of their isolation, the village people are. Mostly ignorant. They do not know what is going on in the
outside world. Their life is stationary, and they are very conservative in their habits. In these days, the village people are
becoming very fond of litigation, and they squander away large sums of money in frivolous cases. TIKS RSS In towns, of
course, the advantages of educational facilities are very great. Schools. Colleges and libraries help in the mental
development of the people. The numerous good and beautiful things in the town enrich life, and make it more enjoyable:
it is no doubt that there are a great many temptations, also which leads a man astray, and which only a strong man can
resist. And this is the greatest drawback in large towns.

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The health of the citizens is not good. They live in small houses, and the streets are narrow and over-crowded. In Lahore,
there are houses where the rays of the sun never reach, and there are rooms where even at midday you cannot see
anything without the help of a light. The majority of the people are, therefore, sickly, and have pale faces; and then, there
is the smoke nuisance, besides the want of fresh air. People are overcrowded in shops and factories. Foodstuffs can never
he had in a pure state. The noise and hustle of cars and carriages and machines is so great that no peaceful contemplation
is possible.

However, in these days, cities are being improved with a view to removing all these defects. Parks and gardens are made,
and the sanitary condition is being greatly improved. Houses are also better built, bazars and streets are being widened,
and congestion is being relieved as much as possible. Better lighting arrangements now exist, and the water supply has
also been greatly improved. Scientific drainage keeps the air free from pollution. Measures such as these have made
Lahore a much better place to live in than it used to be twenty or thirty years ago.

Choice of a Profession

Every young man has to face this question, ‘What profession shall I choose? Few young men are in a position to determine
this for themselves. They must be guided in this matter by those superior to them in wisdom and experience, their parents
and teachers. They know their powers, and have studied their natural inclinations. They are interested in their welfare,
and they are, therefore better able to tell them what to do, a grown up young man, of course, can study his own
inclinations and aptitudes, and explain his own views to others. This would help them decide the question to his benefit.

Different professions require different qualities, and unless a man possesses the requisite qualifications for a professions
it would be worse than useless for him to enter it. The sight in these days is not uncommon of round balls in square holes.
Educated young men find it hard to choose a suitable profession by which to earn a decent living. They are attracted by
lucrative professions, and join one or the other without thinking whether it would suit them or not, and the result is
failure.

A lawyer must be astute, must have great argumentative powers, courage, self-command, and industry. A shopkeeper
must be active, tactful, wide awake, have strong commonsense, be a bit be-lihaz and calculating. A doctor should possess
presence of mind, and practical skill and sympathy. A teacher, of course, must have brains and patience, but should on
no account show any weakness for money, for filthy lucre. A Government servant must be obedient and regular like a
machine. A man of shy and retiring disposition can never succeed in a business in which energy is required, and a man of
restless disposition will have no chance in an occupation in which patient application and close study are needed. A man
of easy-going temper should not enter a profession, in which there is competition and struggle.

Choice of a profession has become a very difficult matter for young men in Pakistan. The choice is very much limited, and
the Pakistanis attach imaginary dignity to certain professions. They forget that all professions are noble. They dislike
manual labor and mechanical pursuits. Government service has great attractions of them, as they think it carries a certain
dignity and prestige along with it. Young men with bright University careers, who could become great scholars and
scientists, have been known, partly through circumstances, and partly through wrong choice, to enter Government
service as mere clerks. The struggle is so great that graduates are forced to undertake any work, which comes handy,
without have any time to consider whether they are fit for it or not. The result is that there is chaos everywhere. There

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are teachers who ought to be contractors, there are lawyers who ought to be traders, and there are doctors who ought
to be grocers.

In Pakistan, great care is needed to train young men from the very beginning for the professions they are fit for. Different
men possess different faculties, and none of these faculties is without use. Everyone in society can be useful, and his
energies should be early, directed to the work suited to him. The great fault of Pakistani parents is that, unless a boy
qualifies for a clerkship, or for an overseer ship, or becomes a doctor, he is considered worthless. If he can become a
musician, a mechanic, a gymnast, a sailor, or a soldier, why not train him for one of these professions for which he is fit?
But, perhaps, the parents and boys are not entirely to blame in this matter. There are no openings in these lines.

Evils of Idleness

Of all the evils that a man suffers from, idleness is the greatest. The opportunity for getting work and uncongenial
atmosphere are altogether different things but under normal circumstances work must be done. IT is a natural law. Even
animals and plants are involved in the continuous activity. Work means life and absence of work or activity means death,
decay and degeneration. It is, therefore, not natural and healthy that men should be idle. Idleness means lack of desire
to do work or to be irregular in the work undertaken. Waste of time and energy is harmful to be happiness and prosperity
of the individual. One may be interested in sports or games, gossiping or sightseeing but none of these should be such
as to overwhelm a man’s tendency and desire to work. Idleness of the mind and the body leads men to evils, degeneration
and demoralization.

One of the main evils of idleness is that it spoils the health and happiness of man. A body which remains useless starts
decaying. Likewise a man who does no physical labor rots and allows his body to become unhealthy and weak and if the
slightest burden is put on him and the need arises the man find himself incapable to do those things. An idle man will
hate doing work and will be inactive and inefficient. He cannot make good progress and his happiness and the happiness
of those who depend on him will be affected. If the breadwinner of the family is an idle man and does not take interest
in this work, all chances of promotion and progress are finished and his wife and children become unhappy and miserable.
The health of the children is all neglected. Men who are idle in some cases also tend to become vicious. It is often said
that an idle mind is the devil’s workshop. The saying is most true, for an idle mind is not usefully occupied and harbors
evil and destructive ideas. A man may start doing bad things which may harm others or to break the monotony of his
own existence he may become addicted to drugs and narcotics. One finds examples of such ruined men in the form of
thieves, drunkards and opium-eaters. Idleness gives birth to a vicious circle.

First the man feels unhappy, then for relieving the dullness of life and inactivity he wants to do things to recreate himself
and is always led on ruinous path. For his recreation he will need money and his wants will make him cheat and rob
people and in the end he will be caught and punished. Another evil of idleness is greater than all these. Some unfortunate
talented people ruin their lives by being idle while men who are possessed of lesser intelligence but are persevering and
hardworking will be more successful, happy and prosperous. It is often said that in the scheme of things talent is but one
percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Even intelligence becomes a waste if the possessor of it is not
industrious and hardworking.

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If the prosperity and happiness of the individual and the welfare of the society and the state have to be looked after then
we must discourage idleness at all costs and by all means. Proper division of work and recreation just be observed but
no quarter or encouragement should be given to either idleness or idlers.

Is knowledge really power?

Knowledge is power. This is true, whether the power which knowledge gives be used for good or for evil. By this medical
knowledge, the doctor can cure disease and save his patient’s life. But the blackmailer, by his knowledge of some guilty
secret, can bleed his victim white under the threat of disclosure. In general, the man who knows has an advantage over
the man who does not know. In this way the educated classes have always been able to rule over the ignorant.

During the middle Ages in Europe, the only educated men were the priests. Great barons, brave knights, kings and ruling
princes very often could not even read and write. Kings had to appoint priests as their ministers. Unless the king was a
man of very strong character, the power, nominally his, was in the hands of learned and clever priests. The soldier, the
man of the sword, thought he was the master, but he was really in the hands of the priest, the man of the pen. The pen
was mightier than the sword.

In the same way, and for the same reason, civilized nations can dominate ignorant savage races. A handful of Europeans
in Africa can control millions of African natives. It is their superior knowledge, and the weapons, organization and
character which that knowledge has given them, that give the white races power over these races which are physically
their equals.

In Europe and America today, education is so widespread that even the working classes are educated people. As they
have advanced in knowledge, the common people have advanced in power. So in the great democracies the people now
rule themselves, and are no longer under the domination of priests and kings.

Physically, man is a comparatively weak animal. He cannot naturally run like the horse, nor fly like the birds. He is no
match in strength for the elephant, the lion or the bear. He has no natural weapons of defense like the tiger’s fangs and
claws. Yet he conquers all these strong and fierce beasts, and forces some of them to be his servants. It is his superior
knowledge and intelligence that make him the master of creatures’ superior to him in physical strength.

Corruption

At present everything is fast and making progress, with this fast advancement, corruptions has become a world problem.
It is, in fact, a universal problem, having existed in all ages. It has clung to mankind like an incurable disease. In view of its
general prevalence, scholars have devoted a good deal of thought and attention to this vice. The true reason for
corruption is a desire to get rich by any means. In a free and competitive society, investment of capital can yield only
reasonable returns in the long run. But corruption or acceptance of bribes promises a rapid change in financial conditions.
Originally the Police and P.W.D. were notorious for corruption but now the evil has spread to almost every Department
of Government. Even courts of justice and education are no exceptions. They have also become an arena of corruption.

Widespread of corruption has created disappointment and discontent among the community. The machinery of
government gets rusted and ceases to work in the intended manner. Corruption decreases respect for law and sense of
allegiance to the government. In a society governed by corrupt officials, the whole system of moral, ethical and religious
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values is impaired. The distinction between right and wrong disappears. Revolutions and military takeovers become
common. Every student of history knows that one of the main causes of the downfall of nations has been corruption.

Some important factors that contribute to the prevalence of corruption differ from country to country. Those that are
common to most countries including Pakistan are seven. First, general economic condition of the country is poor and
everyone tries to feather his nest. Secondly, the rates of remuneration of public functionaries are low, and they are
tempted to accept bribes.

Thirdly, the general price level and the standard of living are very high, honest means of a person fail him. Fourthly, social
conditions and customs demand lavish expenditure of money. Fifth, there exists no strong opinion against corruption; it
has been accepted as a common thing. Sixthly, laws confer on the public servants vast: powers and discretions: they take
undue advantage of that. Lastly, there are no adequate means to prevent corruption or punish the law breakers.

To remove corruption from the society, a complete change of the political, social and economic system is necessary. No!
Revision of pay scales, however liberal, can reduce corruption. The reason is that the wealth targets aimed at by corrupt
officials are very high. Similarly a mere change in government is quite ineffective. The new government has to rely on
permanent services for its day to day administration. Unless the motive or inducement for corruption is removed,
corruption will continue. Four steps, however, may be of some use. First, wide discretionary powers should be taken
away from individual officials. Secondly, Anticorruption Department should be made more effective. Thirdly, the minds
of the people should be changed, by the prevalence of moral values. Lastly, the law-breakers should be punished severely
and dealt with iron-hand.

A Good Citizen

A good citizen is one who knows his rights and duties as a citizen. He asserts his rights and performs his duties with
equal zest. His rights in fact imply his duties. In all democracies, an individual enjoys political as well as civic rights.
Political rights consist of right to vote, right to freedom of expression and faith, right to movement etc. Civic rights are
of as vital importance as the political rights. These enable an individual to live in a civilized manner. These may not be
laid down strictly but they are very important.

A good citizen defends his political and civic rights very: zealously. The State helps him in that through law and justice.
Violation of these rights is often punishable by law. There is, however a tendency to emphasize the rights of citizenship
a bit too much: We must know that rights and duties are correlative. One’s right implies another’s duty and vice versa.
This correlation is never lost sight of by a good citizen.

For instance, a citizen is free to organize his life as he likes. Technically the position may be all right. But in actual
practice there are many checks on one’s freedom. I cannot build a house anywhere I like. I cannot build it the way I like.
I must conform to the municipal bye-laws. These laws have been framed in accordance with certain common
considerations. I cannot throw the refuse of my house anywhere I like. I cannot walk in the middle of the road. I cannot
blow a trumpet at midnight. If I have the right to do it, my neighbors have the right to sleep peacefully. It is therefore
my duty to see that their sleep is not disturbed by me.

In other words, there is no such thing as the ultimate freedom. Let us take another instance. I am free to do anything
legally. I can express any opinion. I can criticize the government. But this freedom is not unlimited either. There are

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checks provided by the government. Some of these checks are necessary. Otherwise I am likely to abuse my freedom of
speech. I may talk irresponsibly. I may indulge in criticism that is destructive. Who is to decide upon the limits that I
should put on my freedom of speech? It is a difficult question. The State can curb all independent thinking under the
guise of necessary limits. But if I am a good citizen, I will impose some discipline on myself. Just as in private
conversation I impose some check upon the expression of my opinions, I will see that I do not violate the law.

Very often people belonging to opposition parties forget this consideration, or they ignore it. They have a tendency to
put their party interests above national interests. The opposition is always on the offensive in a democracy. Even the
most just actions of the party in power are criticized. A good citizen knows how to keep a balance between his party
and his country.

We must emphasize the role of a good citizen in the nonpolitical sphere. He is not a political being altogether. He is a
social being too. As a member of society he has certain obligations. He must see that he fulfils those obligations. He
must pay proper attention to the social problems and contribute his bit, for their Solution. Illiteracy, poverty,
superstition, disease and a host of other problems demand the attention of a good citizen. He has to think about these
and their evils. He must give his best to the society. He must not let his energies and talents go waste. It will be a social
loss. A good citizen thus knows the social implications of his actions. He knows that the consequences of his actions go
far beyond his personal life.

Unfortunately, our people do not have a good training in – citizenship. Aş yet they have a tendency to abuse their
rights. Sometimes they do not know the rights they have. This is due to ignorance. As the facilities for education expand
this ignorance will disappear.

After independence, we see a common tendency among people to flout authority. This is perhaps a natural reaction
against centuries of foreign rule. As years go by and people get used to redeem, this abuse of freedom will also
disappear. A good citizen, normally speaking, respects law. We have already mentioned the exceptional circumstances
in which even a good citizen may defy law. In normal conditions he obeys the law. If he is liable to be taxed he pays it.
He does not evade taxes because it is a... Crime as well as a sin. He knows that his own good is linked with the good of
others. He does not therefore indulge in dishonest practices. He does not hoard. He does not try to influence the
government officials for his private ends. He does not offer bribes.

In this way we can give a long list of do’s and don’ts for a good citizen. But the heart of the matter lies in the well-
known ancient proverb:

“Do not do unto others what you would not have others do unto you.”

This is the basis of law and justice. This is also the basis of good citizenship. Once this is recognized all other things
will follow. Finally, as hinted above, an ignorant or a selfish man can never be a good citizen. If he is ignorant, he
does not know which rights to defend and which duties to perform. If he is timid, he lacks the moral fiber to
defend and encroachment on his rights. If he is selfish, be lacks the generosity to respect other’s convenience and
comfort.

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Drug Addiction

The fire of intoxicating drugs has burnt so many homes and ruined so many families and still the masses have no
adequate and effective protection against the attacks of these dragons. Thousands of youngsters fall victim to these
drugs every year and eventually become an awful nuisance to society. The drugs include opium, morphine, heroin,
cocaine, hashish, cannabis, brown sugar, marijuana and all the alcoholic drinks that serve as intoxicants for the people
who are addicts. Mental worries, failure in love, psychological problems, inferiority complex, family problems,
joblessness, painful illness, financial hardships, bad company and sexual luxury are normally the major causes of drug
addiction.

“Better sleep with a sober cannibal than a drunken Christian.” Herman, Moby-Dick

The production of drugs, their addiction, and trafficking have become terrible threats to the whole world. In the near
past, it was the malady of the developed countries only, but with the progression of time, it has beset the developing
countries as well.

Today we have millions of drug addicts whom people call Jahaz. These addicts lack courage and cannot face the bitter
realities of life. So, they exploit drugs from unpleasant situations, but soon fall prey to drugs and start using them
regularly.
Side Effects of Drug Addiction
How use doth breed a habit in a man. Shakespeare

Later on, this use of drugs becomes an addiction and refuses o leave the sufferer. The paralyzing impact of intoxication
renders the addicts powerless to do any work or earn their livelihood. As a result, they become desperate and start selling
their household possessions or property. After this, they get involved in theft, robbery or even murder in order to buy
drugs. Some of them start selling their blood and the majority of them become beggars.

They bring disgrace and humiliation not only on themselves but also on their families. Their physical and mental
capabilities degenerated sharply reducing them to totally invalid and worthless citizens of the country. Towards the
closing days of their lives, they are condemned to take refuge either in the shrines or graveyards. And one morning, they
are found dead somewhere on the road or in the gutter or on the heap of rubbish. Thus, these drugs are slow poisons
which ultimately claim the lives of their addicts.

Habit is either the best of servants or the worst of master. Emmon

Drug Producing Countries
“What is evil? Whatever springs from weakness?” Nietzsche

Thailand, Burma, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran are the main countries which produce these drugs abundantly. The
government of Pakistan has introduced strict measures to check the production of drugs, but so far has failed to
achieve the desired results. The cultivation of poppy crops is still going on though on a limited scale. Our enemies can
exploit the drugs in order to defeat us. If our enemies succeed in making our young generation fall into drug addiction,

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they will not have to fight a war against us. The same strategy was used by the Western people against China. They first
made the Chinese opium addicts and then ruled over them for a long period of time.

Drug traffickers also wield big influence in the politics of the country. They become extremely rich by this evil business.
Their great wealth helps them extend their influence as far as provincial or national assembly. They provide large funds
to the politicians to contest the election and so get their business protected in return. Sometimes drug barons virtually
take part in the elections and reach the assemblies or even become ministers. The extremely big mass of black money
is admittedly the major cause of inflation in the country.

“Abad habit is first a caller, then a guest, and finally a master.” Drydon

If we want to combat this monstrous evil, we will have to launch a countrywide campaign to inform the children and
youngsters, from the very early age, about the exceedingly dangerous effects of drug addiction. Poppy cultivation
should be effectively banned. The areas under poppy cultivation should be positively brought under crops of nutritional
value. Drug addicts should be provided with the facility of free medical treatment.

A solution of Drug Addicted Person

The problem of unemployment should be solved on emergency grounds. The drug mafia should not be allowed to
penetrate into our social and political fibers. The government should keep a close watch on the politicians and police
officers who have secret relations with the drug-traffickers. The people who are involved in this nasty business must be
awarded capital punishment and their assets should also be frozen or confiscated without fail. We can surely eradicate
this evil from our society by creating a strong public opinion against it.

The greatest griefs are those we cause ourselves. Sophocles, Oedipus Rex

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Senior English Lecturer, Wah College of Accountancy, P.O.F. Welfare Computer Center, Wah Cantt.
Contact: 0333-5136646, 0313511999 Social # abdulrehmanbinzia83@yahoo.com

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(79) Prepared By: Abdul Rehman Bin Xia (M.A. English, M.B.A Marketing, B.Ed. Sky Line University, Sharjah, and U.A.E.)
Senior English Lecturer, Wah College of Accountancy, P.O.F. Welfare Computer Center, Wah Cantt.
Contact: 0333-5136646, 0313511999 Social # abdulrehmanbinzia83@yahoo.com

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