LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

NAME OF THE PAGE CO PO

S.NO NO
EXPERIMENT

1 To determine whirling speed of shaft

theoretically and experimentally.
2 To determine the position of sleeve
against controlling force and speed of
a Hartnell governor and to plot the
characteristic curve of radius of
rotation.
3 To analyse the motion of a motorized
gyroscope when the couple is applied
along its spin axis
4 To determine the frequency of
undamped free vibration of an
equivalent spring mass system.
5 To determine the frequency of
damped force vibration of a spring
mass system
6 To study the static and dynamic
balancing using rigid blocks.
7 To find the moment of inertia of a
flywheel
To plot follower displacement vs cam
8
rotation for various Cam Follower
systems.
To plot slider displacement, velocity
9 and acceleration against crank
rotation for single slider crank
mechanism/Four bar mechanism
10 To find coefficient of friction
between belt and pulley.
To study simple and compound
11 screw jack and determine the
mechanical advantage, velocity ratio
and efficiency
To study various types of gears-
12
Spur, Helical, Worm and Bevel
Gears
Date:……… Experiment No:- 1

TO DETERMINE WHIRLING SPEED OF SHAFT THEORETICALLY AND

EXPERIMENTALLY.
Learning objectives:-

1. To determine the whirling speed of the shaftpractically.

2. To determine the whirling speed of the shaft theoretically.
Aim:
To determine critical speed or whirling speed of a rotating shaft and to verify the value theoretically.
Apparatus:
1. Shafts
2.Variable
3. speed motor
Theory:
Whirling speed is also called as Critical speed of a shaft. It is defined as the speed at which a rotating
shaft will tend to vibrate violently in the transverse direction if theshaftrotates in horizontal direction. In
other words, thewhirlingor critical speed is the speed at which resonance occurs. At certain speed, a
rotating shaft has been found to exhibit excessive lateral Vibrations (transverse vibrations). The angular
velocity of the shaft at which this occurs is called a critical speed or whirling speed or whipping speed.
The frame will support motor, sliding block and shafts. When the gears or pulleys are mounted on a shaft
the center of gravity of the mounted element does not coincide with the center line of the bearing (or)
axis of the shaft. Due to this the shaft is subjected to a centrifugal force. This further increases the
distance of center gravity from the axis of rotation and hence the centrifugal force increase this effect is
cumulative and ultimately the shaft fails. At critical speed the shaft deflection becomes excessive and
may cause permanent deformation or structural damage. Hence a machine should not be operated close
the critical speed. To determine critical speed of a shaft which may be subjected to point loads. UDL or a
combination of both, since the frequency oftransverse vibration is equal to critical speed in rpms,
calculates the frequency of transverse vibration.
This apparatus is designed for study of whirl phenomenon of shaft for different end
conditions. The apparatus of a frame to support driving motor, end fixing blocks, sliding
blocks etc. variable speed motor with speed control unit. The unit will be supplied with the
following shafts –
1. 4 mm dia. Of length900 mm
2. 6 mm dia.Of length900 mm.
3. 8 mm dia.of length900mm
Procedure:
All the necessary instrumentations along with its accessories are readily connected. It is just enough to
follow the instructions below:
1. Fix the shaft properly at both ends
2. Check the whole apparatus for tightening the screw etc.
3. First increase the voltage slowly for maximum level and then start slowing down step by step
4. Observe the Nodes appearing on the shaft and note down the number of Nodes and the speed at which
they are appearing
5. Slowly bring the shaft to rest and switch of the supply.
6. Repeat the same procedure for different shafts
7.Repeat the experiment with different End Fixing Conditions.
1. Supported end condition – Make use of end block with single self-aligning bearing.
2. Fixed end condition - Make use of end block with double bearing.
SPECIFICATIONS:

Length of shaft, L = 0.9m

Diameter of the shaft, D = 6.4 mm
Young's modulus, E = 2.06 ×1010 kg/m2
Moment of inertia of the shaft, I = 79.91 ×1012m4
Weight of the shaft, W= 0.28 kg/m

OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Support end condition Length of shaft Whirling speed

Three various values for k are given below

End Condition Value of k
1stmode 2nd mode
Supported, Supported 1.57 6.28
Fixed, supported 2.45 9.8
Fixed, fixed 3.56 14.24

Data:-

Shaft Dia. I = m4 W = Kg/m

4 mm 1.25 x 10-110.25
6mm 6.25x 10-110.375
8mm 2.01 x 10-100.543

CALCULATIONS:
The frequency of vibration for the various mode is given by the equation.
𝑬×𝑰×𝑫
𝑭=𝑲× RPS (Revolutions Per Second) or Hz
𝑾×𝑳𝟒
CONCLUSION:
1. The theoretical speed for the 1st mode is rps or Hz
2. The experimental speed for the 1st mode is rps or Hz
3. The above two are quite close to each other.
4. The theoretical speed for the 2nd mode is rps or Hz
5. The speed of the 2nd mode could not be determined experimentally, as it is very high and beyond the
speed limit/range of motor of the apparatus especially for Fixed Fixed Condition.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The speed of the shaft should be increased gradually.
2. If the speed of the shaft increased large it may lead to violent instability.
Whirling of Shaft Apparatus 1. drive motor, 2. inductive speed sensor, 3. elastic coupling, 4. self-aligning
bearings, 5. rotor shaft, 6. catch bearings, 7 .rotor mass disc, 8 .base frame made of aluminium profile.

Analysis:-

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VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:-
1) What do you mean by Mechanical Vibrations? What are the three types of Free Vibrations
generally observed?
2) What are the different end fixity conditions observed generally for observed generally for
rotating shaft?
3) What is whirling of rotation for a shaft?
4) Why does the whirling of shaft occur?
5) How to prevent Whirling of shaft in Operation?
Date:……… Experiment No:-

TO FIND THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A FLYWHEEL

Learning objectives:-

1) To find the moment of inertia of a flywheel.

Aim: -To find the moment of inertia of a flywheel

Apparatus: -Flywheel Experimentation Setup, Stop Watch, Dead Weight.

Theory:-
A heavy wheel attached to a rotating shaft, a flywheel smooths out delivery of power from a motor to
a machine. The inertia of the flywheel moderates fluctuations in the speed of the engine and stores the
excess energy for intermittent use. In automobile engines, the flywheel smooths out the pulses of
energy provided by combustion in the cylinders, and provides energy for the compression stroke of
the pistons. In power presses, the punching, shearing, and forming are done in a fraction of the
operating cycle. During the rest of the cycle, the speed of the flywheel is built up by a comparatively
low-powered motor, and most of the required energy for the cycle is provided by the flywheel.

As we know, a flywheel is a spinning wheel or disc with a fixed axle so that rotation is only about one
axis. Energy is stored in the rotor as kinetic energy, or more specifically, rotational energy. And the
kinetic energy of a rotating object is analogous to linear kinetic energy and can be expressed in terms
of the moment of inertia and angular velocity. Hence so as demonstrate this very simple / fundamental
concept we developed this ‘Energy of Flywheel’ Set Up.

Here a well sized Flywheel made out of M. S. Material, which is mounted on a shaft, in such a way
that Center of Flywheel & the through Shaft remains same. Ends of this Flywheel carrying shaft are
held with Bearing Blocks so as to minimize the rotational friction. This total assembly is mounted on
a base plate in such a way that, entire Set Up could be placed in a wall mounted fashion. This always
helps user to conduct the experiment in min. space. Enough long rope is provided along with Weights
& Weight Hanger to apply required angular velocity to Flywheel under consideration. Here Flywheel
peripheral side is provided with a Strip Mark & correlative pointer. This helps user to count number
of Flywheel revolutions during experiment w.r.t. provided Stop Clock. (Refer the view below)

The Moment of inertia of a body is defined as the Measure of Object’s Resistance to the changes of
its rotation.
Formulas used:

I = (N/n+N) m(2gh/ω2 – r2)

I = (gr / 4π) KC

Where m = Mass of hanger with weights.

n1=n=Number of turns thread string wrapped on

n2=n=Number of Revolutions done by the flywheel immediately after weights falls down.

ω = Angular velocity of flywheel = 4πN/t

t = time taken for ‘N’ no. of revolutions done by flywheel.

g = gravitational force

r = radius of flywheel axis

h = height of hanger above the ground.

K = m/(1+ n2/n1) ; C = t2/n2

Procedure: -

1. Measure the diameter of the axle with Vernier calipers at different points and find the mean
2. Attach the mass with string
3. Wrap the string or thread axle of fly wheel for allotted number of turns (n=n1=?)
4. Allow the mass to fall and after mass falls down note the no of revolutions done by fly wheel
(N=n1) (N=n2=?) and take corresponding time “t” taken for “N=n2”).

Observation:

For different masses “m” take moment of inertia “I” value and calculate the mean value of “I”.

Precautions:

1. Do not stand too close to the setup when it is releasing the weights.
2. The turns of the string must not overlap with each other.
3. Stop watch must be handled with care to avoid any errors in readings.
4. The mass should be wound up to the same height in all trails.

Result:

The moment of inertia can be calculated with the following formulas i.e.

I = (gr / 4π) KC or

I = (N/n+N) m(2gh/ω2 – r2)

Analysis:-

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Date:……… Experiment No:-

To plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration against crank rotation for
single slider crank mechanism

Learning objectives:-
1. To plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration against crank rotation for single slider
crank mechanism
2. Working of Single slider crank mechanism.
Aim: To plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration against crank rotation for single slider
crank mechanism
Apparatus: Single slider crank mechanism.

Theory: A single slider crank chain is a modification of the basic four bar chain. It consists of one
sliding pair and three turning pairs. It is usually, found in reciprocating steam engine mechanism. This
type of mechanism converse rotary motion into reciprocating motion and vice versa.

Procedure:
1. Bring the wheel & the slider to the respective reference marks.
2. For a given angle of rotation of the crank, note down the displacement of the slides.
3. Plot a graph between slider displacement & the crank rotation.
4. Assume that the crank is rotating with a uniform angular speed of one rad/sec.
5. Convert the crank rotation angle into time & plot the slider displacement versus time.
6. By graphical differentiation, determine the velocity time graph.
7. By graphical differentiation twice, determine the acceleration time graph.
8. Calculate the values of velocity & acceleration.
Table:
S.No Crank Time Slider Slider Slider Acceleration
Rotation(θ) (sec) Displacement (m) Velocity(m/sec) (m/sec2)

Precautions:-
1. Displacement of slider should be measured at equal intervals of crank angle rotation.
2. Smooth curves should be drawn while plotting.
Viva-questions:
1. What do you mean by I.C.R.?(Instantaneous Centre Representation)
2. What are the formulae for calculating I.C.R for all mechanisms?
3. How will you find I.C.R. of velocity for 4 bar chain mechanisms and single slider crank
mechanism?
4. How will you find graphically & analytically the methods of velocity & acc. Analysis of 4-bar
chain mechanism and single slider crank mechanism??

Analysis:-

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Date:……… Experiment No:-

To determine the position of sleeve against controlling force and speed of a

Hartnell governor and to plot the characteristic curve of radius of rotation.

Learning objectives:-
1. To perform experiment on Hartnell Governor.
2. To Prepare Performance Characteristic Curves
Aim: To determine the position of sleeve against controlling force and speed of a Hartnell Governor
and to plot the characteristic curve of radius of rotation.
Apparatus: Hartnell Governor setup.

Theory: Hartnell Governor is a Spring Controlled Centrifugal Governor in which a spring controls
the movement of the balls and hence sleeves. The diagram shows the governor apparatus it consists of
a frame/casing in which a pre compressed helical spring is housed.
The casing and spring can rotate around the spindle axis. The spring applies the down wards force
through an adjustable collar. The spring force can be adjusted by a nut provided. Two bell crank
levers are pivoted at O, O1 to the frame each carrying a ball at one end and a roller at another end.
The roller fits into the grooves of the sleeve.
The sleeve moves up & down on the governor speed. When the speed of the governor /engine
increases the ball tends to fly outward from the axis of the governor, but balls movement is
constrained. The bell crank lever moves on the pivot roller end of the lever moves upwards against
spring force the movement transferred to the throttle valve through the suitable mechanism, the result
is low fuel supply and decreasing speed. When the speed decreases the sleeve move downwards, and
the throttle valve open to more fuel supply which results in increasing the speed.

Experimental Procedure:
The Governor mechanism under rest is fitted with the chosen weights and spring, where applicable,
and inserted into the drive unit. The following simple procedure may then be followed.
The control unit is switched on and the speed control slowly rotated, increase governor speed until the
center sleeve lifts. The sleeve lift and speed are then recorded. Speed may be recorded using digital
tacho meter. The governor speed increased in steps to give suitable sleeve moments,
The result may be plotted as curves of speed against sleeve position. Further tests are carried out
changing the value of one variable at a time to produce a family of curves.

Procedure:
1. To draw graphs as mentioned above following instructions may be followed.
2. Arrange the setup as a Hartnell/Proel/Porter as shown in the diagram. This can be achieved by
removing the upper sleeve on the vertical spindle of the governor and using proper linkages
provided.
3. Make Proper connections of the motor.
4. Increase the motor speed slowly and gradually.
5. Note the speed by using Digital Tacho-meter.
6. And, Note down the sleeve lift displacement from Scale provided.
7. Plot the graph for Speed V/S Sleeve displacement for Hartnell Governor.
8. Plot the Graphs for Controlling Force VS Radius of Rotation.

Definitions:

Controlling Force: When the governor is running each ball of the governor subjected to inward pull.
Consider a governor running at a steady speed, and then the inward force acting on the rotating
governor ball is known as Controlling force. Controlling force of the governor is equal and opposite
of the centrifugal reaction. Fc=mrω2.In Spring Controlled Governors like Hartnell governor
controlling force provided by the spring and weights.

Controlling Force diagram:

Controlling force diagram is obtained by indicating Controlling force as Ordinate and Radius of
rotation of balls as abscissa. The Controlling force diagram shows how the inward force varies with
the radius of rotation and the effect of friction. This also enables the examination of stability and
sensitiveness of the governor.

For spring controlled governors, controlling force diagram is a straight line.

Controlling force diagram for spring controlled governors For Different Conditions.
 For isochoric governors, the curve will be straight line passing the through the origin.
Fc=mrω2 or Fc=ar
 For Stable governor, the equation of the governor is Fc=ar-b, here “a” and “b” are constants.
In spring controlled governors, stability can be obtained by increasing spring stiffness.
  For Un-Stable governor, the equation of the governor is Fc=ar+b,(this type of governor is
impractical).

Data of governor:

1. Stiffness of springs - 7007 N/m.

2. Length of vertical arm of bell crank lever, a = 0.080 m
3. Length of horizontal arm of bell crank lever, b = 0.130 m
4. Initial radius of rotation, ri = 0.165 m
5. Mass of sleeve assembly, M = 3.2 Kg
6. Total mass of balls, m = 0.5 Kg.
∴ Total weight of balls, w = 4.9 N.
7. Compression of spring, Ci= 3mm.

Table :
S.No SPEED in rpm SLEEVE DISPLACEMENT RADIUS OF CONTROLLING
ROTATION FORCE (Fc)

Calculations:
Let spring stiffness be S and initial compression of spring be Ci in meters.
Radius of rotation at speed N1 -
r1 = 0.17 + d1 or r1 = ro + (a/b) x
Where, d1 = x1. (a/b)
Fc = m. ω2. r1 Newton.
(Where, m = 0.5 Kg)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not keep mains ‘ON’ when the trail is complete.
2. Increase the speed gradually.
3. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady.
4. See that at higher speeds the loads on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.
5. While closing the test bring the dimmer set to zero and then switch off the motor.

Result: Using Tabulated values Characteristic Curves of Hartnell Governor are plotted.

Viva – Questions:
1. What is stability of a governor?
2. Define sensitiveness of a governor?
3. Define governor?
4. How does it differ from the Flywheel?
5. What is the difference between centrifugal and inertia type governors?
6. Which of the governor is used to drive a gramophone?
7. The power of a governor is equal to
Date:……… Experiment No:-

To analyze the motion of a motorized gyroscope when the couple is applied along
its spin axis
Learning objectives:-
1. Gyroscope is a spatial mechanism as shown in diagram and generally employed for the control
of angular motion of a body

2. Gyroscopes works on the principle of angular momentum. Main Learning objective is to know
how Precisely Gyroscopes works using Small Gyroscopic Experimentation setup.

Aim: To analyze the motion of a motorized gyroscope when the couple is applied along its spin axis

Apparatus: Gyroscope Experimentation Setup. The apparatus consists of a rotor disc, mounted in
bearings. The disc is driven by a variable speed FHP motor, so that disc can be rotated at a required
speed. The disc bracket rests over knife-edges. The knife-edge base blocks are clamped to a yoke.
The yoke can rotate about vertical axis in the bearings fitted in the round base. Thus, the motions
about the entire three axes are possible. On the opposite side of the motor, a balance weight is
provided to balance the motor. A stud is provided over the balance weight, onto which the required
weights can be placed to apply the required torque. An angular scale with pointer is provided which
enables us to measure the angular motion about the vertical axis.

Theory: Gyroscope is an interesting instrument, used for control of airplanes, guided missiles etc. It
basically consists of a spinning rotor, rotating about a horizontal axis called the ‘axis of spin’. The
rotor is mounted in such a way that the axis of spin of the rotor can rotate in a horizontal plane about a
vertical axis called the ‘axis of precession’ and another horizontal axis called the ‘axis of gyroscopic
couple.’ When torque is applied to spinning rotor, the rotor turns about the ‘axis of precession’ as
well as, it also bends about the axis of gyroscopic couple. This is caused by a couple generated due to
spinning of the rotor, called gyroscopic couple.

When a body moves along a curved path with a uniform linear velocity, a force in the direction of
centripetal acceleration (known as centripetal force) has to be applied externally over the body, so that
it moves along the required curved path. This external force applied is known as active force. When a
body, itself, is moving with uniform linear velocity along a circular path, it is subjected to the
centrifugal force radially outwards. This centrifugal force is called reactive force.

The change in angular momentum is known as active gyroscopic couple (I.ω.ωp). When the axis of
spin itself moves with angular velocity ωp, the disc is subjected to reactive couple whose magnitude is
same (i.e. I.ω.ωp) but opposite in direction to that of active couple.
1) Velocity of Spin - The angular velocity of rotor is called velocity of spin. It is denoted by ‘ω ‘. It
is measured in rad/sec.

2) Velocity of precession - Angular velocity of rotation of the rotor axis is called velocity of
precession. This rotation is about the vertical axis. It is denoted by ωp . It is also measured in rad/sec.

3) Gyroscopic couple - The couple generated due to change of direction of angular velocity of rotor, is
called Gyroscopic couple.

4) Applied Torque - The torque applied to change the direction of angular velocity of rotor is applied
torque. Numerically, it is the product of weight placed in the weight stud and its distance from center
of the disc.

5) Moment of Inertia of rotor -

I = m . k2
where, I = Moment of inertia, kg. m2
m = Mass of disc = 4.790 kg.
k = Radius of gyration = r/√ 2 , r = Radius of rotor = 0.125 m
∴ K = 0.08837 m.
The Gyroscopic Relation
Tact=I x ω x ωp
Where, I= M.I. of disc kg.m2
ω = Angular velocity of disc in rad/sec
ω = (2 x π x N)/60 rad/sec
Where,
N= Speed of disc (RPM)
ωp =Angular velocity of precession of yoke.

Experimental procedure:
1) Check the rotor for vertical position. Adjust the balance weight slightly, if required.
2) Keep the dimmer at zero position & put ‘ON’ the supply.
3) Start the motor by applying the voltage of around 170 volts & then reduce.
4) Adjust the rotor speed as required.
5) Note down the rotor speed with the help of tachometer. (Not supplied with the unit ) Speed is to be
noted when it becomes steady; it takes around 5 minutes to stabilize.
6) Put the required weight in the weight stud & at the same instant, start the stop watch. Note down
the time required for 450 precessions.
7) Repeat the procedure for different weights and rotor speeds and for different angle of rotations.

Table :

S.No Rotor Speed ‘N’ rpm Weight ‘kgs or gms’ Time for 450
Precession‘t’ sec
CALCULATIONS :

1) Velocity of Spin:
∴ ω = 2 π x N/60 rad / sec.
Where, N = Rotor speed ( rpm )

2) Velocity of precession:
Let time for 450 Precession be t, sec.
450 = π/4 rad

∴ ωp = π/4 X 1/4 rad / sec.

Where, t = Time for 45o precession

3) Moment of inertia:
Mass of the disc is = 4.790 Kg.

∴ Moment of inertia, I = m. k2

I = 4.790 x (0.08837)2

I = 0.03740 Kg – m2

4) Applied Torque:
Let distance of weight stud from centre of disc be ‘L’ mtrs.
i ) Applied torque,
Tact = (weight) . ( L ) --------------- (where, L = 0.216___ m )

ii ) Now, as derived earlier theoretical torque,

Tth = I . ω. ωp

Conclusion:

1) When torque is applied to spinning rotor, rotating about horizontal axis, precession takes place
about vertical axis.
2) The applied torque equals to rate of change of angular momentum of rotor.

Precautions:
1) Check all the fastenings to be tight before start.
2) Check balance of the rotor before start.
3) Lubricate the bearings periodically.
4) Keep the base over a leveled platform

Result: Using Gyroscopic Experimental Setup We can determine precise angles and its moments
Date:……… Experiment No:-

To determine the frequency of undamped free vibration of an equivalent spring

mass system.

Learning objectives:-
1. To determine the frequency of undamped free vibration of an equivalent spring mass system.
2. To study Different Vibrations using Spring mass system.

Aim: To determine the frequency of undamped free vibration of an equivalent spring mass system.

Apparatus: undamped free vibration experiment setup, Weights, Stop-watch , scale

Theory:

Free Vibration: A system is left to vibrate on its own after an initial disturbance and no external
force acts on the system. E.g. simple pendulum

Forced Vibration: A system that is subjected to a repeating external force. E.g. oscillation arises
from diesel engines.
If the external force is removed after giving the initial displacement to the system, such vibrations are
known as free vibrations, if there is no external resistance(damping) to the vibrations then such
vibrations are known as Undamped free vibrations. When frequency of external exciting force is
equal to natural frequency of vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large.
Such state is known as Resonance. Resonance is dangerous and it may lead to the failure of part. Free
vibration means that no time varying external forces act on the system.

Resonance:
It occurs when the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the
system
Undamped Vibration: When no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during
oscillations
Damped Vibration: When any energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during
oscillations
Linear Vibration: When all basic components of a vibratory system, i.e. the spring, the mass and the
damper behave linearly
Nonlinear Vibration: If any of the components behave nonlinearly
Deterministic Vibration: If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion) acting on a
vibratory system is known at any given time
Nondeterministic or random Vibration: When the value of the excitation at a given time cannot be
predicted
Undamped vibration

Procedure:

1. Disengage the damper from the Experimentation set up.

2. Measure the distance of the beam.
3. Attach the weights hanger at the free end of the spring.
4. Allow system to Vibrate.
5. Place different weights on the weights pan.
6. Apply some external force initially to give Oscillations.
7. Now, measure Number of oscillations for specific time or 5 secs.
8. Using theoretical values calculate theoretical frequency and then calculate practical frequency
using practical values.
9. We have to measure time taken for 10 oscillations i.e. Practical frequency.
10. Repeat the experiment by using varying weights (W).

Table:

S.No Weights (W) Oscillations Frequency Time taken Frequency

(kg’s) for Specific Theoretical for 10 - Practical
Time (5secs) Ftheo (Hertz) Oscillations Fpract (Hertz)
1 2
2 4

Formulas Used:
𝑾
Stiffness of spring K = “Here, Value of Deflection 𝛅 of spring is pre-determines i.e. for 1 kg it
𝛅
𝒎 𝟏
will deflect 0.01m.” And Weight W = , for 1 kg W = = 9.81N
𝒈 𝟗.𝟖𝟏

𝟏 𝑲
For free vibrations (Ftheo)= √ Hertz , m = (mass of weight pan + load applied)
𝟐𝛑 𝒎
 𝟏
Frequency Actual (Fact) = Hertz, (Where T= Time/ossc.)
𝑻

Precautions:
1. Check all the connections and switch on the power supply.
2. Set Dimmer start to Zero after Completion of Experiment.
3. Place Weights carefully on to the Weighing Pan.
4. Disengage the Damper properly.

Result: Using Undamped Free Vibration Experimentation set up. Calculate Theoretical and Practical
Frequencies are Determined.
Date:……… Experiment No:-

To determine the frequency of Damped forced vibration of an equivalent spring

mass system.

Learning objectives: To determine the frequency of damped force vibration of a spring mass system
Apparatus: Damped forced vibration experiment setup, Stop-watch, scale.

Theory:

Free Vibration: A system is left to vibrate on its own after an initial disturbance and no external
force acts on the system. E.g. simple pendulum

Forced Vibration: A system that is subjected to a repeating external force. E.g. oscillation arises
from diesel engines.
If the external force is removed after giving the initial displacement to the system, such vibrations are
known as free vibrations, if there is no external resistance(damping) to the vibrations then such
vibrations are known as Undamped free vibrations. When frequency of external exciting force is
equal to natural frequency of vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large.
Such state is known as Resonance. Resonance is dangerous and it may lead to the failure of part. Free
vibration means that no time varying external forces act on the system.

Resonance:
It occurs when the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the
system
Undamped Vibration: When no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during
oscillations
Damped Vibration: When any energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during
oscillations
Linear Vibration: When all basic components of a vibratory system, i.e. the spring, the mass and the
damper behave linearly
Nonlinear Vibration: If any of the components behave nonlinearly
Deterministic Vibration: If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion) acting on a
vibratory system is known at any given time
Nondeterministic or random Vibration: When the value of the excitation at a given time cannot be
predicted

Formulas Used:

𝟏 𝑲
(Ftheo)= √ Hertz, m = (mass of exciter+ mass of beam = 11.8 kg) , k = spring Stiffness
𝟐𝛑 𝒎
(4725 N/m).

𝟏
Frequency Actual (Fact) = Hertz, (Where T= Time Taken for 10 Oscillations.)
𝑻
Procedure:
 1. Engage the damper to the experimentation setup.
2. Start the motor and then gradually increase the r.p.m of the motor.
3. When r.p.m reaches the required level then, stabilize r.p.m.(speed).
4. Before, switch on the strip chart check all connections properly i.e sketch pen should be in
contact with strip chart paper.
5. Switch on strip chart.
6. Take Oscillations for 5 secs and at stabilized the r.p.m and then calculate time taken for 10
Oscillations using normal calculation methods.
7. Repeat the same, for different R.P.M’s and calculate practical frequencies using theoretical
values calculate Theoretical Frequency

Precautions :

1. Check all the connections and switch on the power supply.

2. Set Dimmer start to Zero after Completion of Experiment.
3. Reduce R.P.M gradually and then set to zero.
4. Engage the Damper properly.

Result: Using Damped Forced Vibration Experimentation set up. Calculate Theoretical and Practical
Frequencies.
Date:……… Experiment No:-10

To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.

Learning objectives:-
1. To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.
2. To determine Belt Tensions for different angle of wraps.

Aim: To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.

Apparatus: Pulley-Belt Drive Experimentation Setup, Weights , Stop Watch.

Theory:
Belt drive, in machinery, a pair of pulleys attached to usually parallel shafts and connected by an
flexible belt that can serve to transmit and modify rotary motion from one shaft to the other. Most belt
drives consist of flat leather, rubber, or fabric belts running on cylindrical pulleys or of belts with a V-
shaped cross section running on grooved pulleys. To create an effective frictional grip on the pulleys,
belts must be installed with a substantial tension. Because of the wedging action of the belts in the
grooves, V- belts require less tension than do flat belts and are particularly suitable for connecting
shafts that are close together. Flat and V belts slip when overloaded, and in some applications this
condition may be more desirable than a rigid drive because it limits the transmitted torque and may
prevent breakage of parts.
When flat belts are used to connect nonparallel shafts, the pulleys are located in such a way that the
belt does not run off the pulleys; in some cases it may be necessary to use additional, or idler, pulleys
to guide the belt. With an open flat belt, both shafts rotate in the same direction; with a crossed belt
they rotate in opposite directions.

Another type of belt used on some internal-combustion engines for connecting the crankshaft and
camshafts is the toothed, or timing, belt. This is a flat belt with evenly spaced transverse teeth that fit
in matching grooves on the periphery of the pulley. The positive drive these belts provide has many
advantages but lacks overload protection

“All power transmission belts are either friction drive or positive drive. Friction drive belts rely on the
friction between the belt and pulley to transmit power. They require tension to maintain the right
amount of friction. Flat belts are the purest form of friction drive while V-belts have a friction
multiplying effect because of wedging action on the pulley.

Positive drive or synchronous belts rely on the engagement of teeth on the belt with grooves on the
pulley. There is no slip with this belt except for ratcheting or tooth jumping.”

Belt
Material Pulley Material
 Cast Iron Wood Compressed Leather Rubber
Paper Face Face
Dry Wet Greasy
Leather 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.3 0.33 0.38 0.4
Canvass 0.2 0.15 0.12 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.3
Cotton 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.3
Woven
Rubber 0.3 0.18 0.32 0.35 0.4 0.42
Balata 0.32 0.2 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.42

Procedures:

1. Ensure that the two springs balances record zero before they are in use.
2. Set up the equipment.(Use the flat belt).
3. Hook the Slack side (P2).
4. Put available weights into the weights pan and measure the tenion caused by the belt because
of friction.
5. Read and record tensions on the tight side (𝑃1 ) and Slack side(𝑃2 ).
6. Repeat the Experiment Using Different Weights and note down different Tension values.
7. We can Increase the Tension on the Tight Side and then take different Tension values for the
same weight.
8. By varying weights note down Tension Readings.
9. Here we are measuring Belt Tensions with respect to weights.

Formulas Used:

𝐓𝟏
= eµθ
𝐓𝟐
T1=Tension in Tight Side
T2=Tension in Slack Side
µ=Co-efficient of friction
𝜫
θ=Total angle of wrap for flat belt drive is and the angle of groove is 900
𝟐
Date:……… Experiment No:-11

To study simple and compound screw jack and determine the mechanical
advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency

Learning objectives:-
1. To study simple and compound screw jack
2. To determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency.
Aim: To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.
Apparatus: Simple and compound screw jack Experimentation Setup, Weights, Stop Watch, Venire
caliper
Theory:
Screw Jack : It is a device used for lifting heavy loads which are usually centrally loaded by applying
smaller effort. It works on the principle of inclined plane. The device consists of a nut and screw. The
load is carried by screw head. The body consisting of a nut is fixed and screw is rotated by means of a
lever. The axial distance moved by the screw when it makes one complete revolution is known as the
Lead of the screw. The distance between two consecutive threads is called Pitch of the screw.
For single threaded screw Lead = Pitch, and
for double threaded screw L = 2p
𝑾
Mechanical Advantage: It is the ratio of weight lifted to effort applied. (MA = )
𝑷

Velocity ratio (V.R.): It is the ratio of the distance (y) moved by the effort to the distance (x) moved
by the load.

V.R = y/x

Input of a machine: It is the work done on the machine. In a lifting machine, it is measured by the
product of effort and the distance through which it has moved (i.e., P.y).

Output of a machine: It is the actual work done by the machine. In a lifting machine it is measured
by the product of the weight lifted and the distance through which it has been lifted i.e., (W.x).

Efficiency of a machine (η): It is the ratio of output to the input of a machine.

η = Output/Input

Ideal machine: A machine is said to be ideal if its efficiency is 100%. In this case, output is equal to
input.
Whereas:
W= Load lifted by the machine;
P = Effort required to lift the load;
y = Distance moved by the effort, in lifting the load;
x = Distance moved by the load;
η = Efficiency of the machine.
SIMPLE SCREW JACK : It is a device employed for lifting heavy loads which are usually centrally
loaded upon it. Horizontal power is applied with the lever (or handle).
Formula Used
 Let L = Length of lever (or power arm)
 P = The effort applied
 W= The load lifted
 p = Pitch of the screw
 Suppose, screw has taken one full revolution,
 Distance moved by the load = p
 Distance moved by the effort = 2πL
 V.R. = (Distance moved by P) / (Distance moved by W) = 2πL / p
 If the screw is double threaded then for one revolution of power arm the load will be lifted up
through twice the pitch.
 Hence, V.R. for double threaded screw, V.R = 2πL / 2p = πL / p
 M.A = W / P
 η = M.A / V.R
Table:
S.NO LOAD (W) in Kg Effort (P) Kg

Precautions:

1. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.

2. Trapping should be done after adding the weight in the effort hanger.
3. Overlapping of string should not be there.

Result: The efficiency of the simple screw jack is

COMPOUND SCREW JACK:

Compound Screw Jack In one complete revolution of the effort wheel, the distance moved by the
effort, y=π(D+d)
But since it is a compound screw jack, Therefore for the load to be lifted through a distance p,
the no. of revolutions required by the effort wheel = No. of teeth on the gear, N.
Therefore for p distance moved by the load, the distance moved by the effort = π ( D + d )N
Therefore, Velocity ratio = π ( D + d )N / p
𝑴.𝑨
Mechanical Efficiency = 𝑽.𝑹

𝑾𝒑
= 𝑷𝜫(𝑫+𝒅)𝑵
Date:……… Experiment No:-6

To study the static and dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.

Learning objectives:-
1. To Study the static balancing and
2. To Study dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.
Aim: To Study the static and dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.
Apparatus: Weights, Stop Watch, Allen Key, Bearing Balls, Static and Dynamic Balancing
Experimentation Setup.

Theory:
Balancing of Rotating Bodies: The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration.
Dynamic and Static Balancing in Heavy Industrial machinery such as Turbo Equipment , Land
Movers etc can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. To help with balancing, it
involves simply moving the centre of gravity to the centre of rotation. For systems to be completely
balanced both the force and couple polygons should be closed.
Static Balancing:
Static balance occurs when the centre of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. This allows the
object to remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force.
Static balance has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.

Dynamic Balancing:
Dynamic balancing is when the rotation does not produce any resultant centrifugal force or couple.
The system will rotate without needing the application of any external force or couple, other than that
required to support its weight. When a system or machine is unbalanced, to avoid stress being put
upon the bearings, a counterbalancing weight is added. Dynamic balancing is a way to balance out
machines by rotating parts quickly and then measuring the imbalance using electronic equipment. The
imbalance calculated can then be added or subtracted from the weight until the vibration of the parts
is reduced.

Difference between Static and Dynamic Balancing:

Static balance refers to the ability of a stationary on object to its balance. This happens when the
objects centre of gravity is on the axis of rotation. Whereas dynamic balance is the ability of an object
to balance whilst in motion or when switching between positions.

For any form of balance to happen, the centre of gravity must be aligned over the objects support
base. The centre of gravity refers to the part which is the centre of an object weight. Balancing plays a
very important part in machines. Balancing in machines helps to rotating bodies to avoid vibrations;
vibration in machines can lead to failure. Common failure occurs in generators and heavy machinery,
so undertaking in balancing can help to avoid machines from breaking down.

Balancing can also involves shifting the centre of gravity towards the centre of rotation. Dynamic
balancing is when the rotating system doesn’t yield any other force or couple. Other than the force
that is needed the system will rotate without the need for any additional external force or pressure to
be applied.

Static balancing definition refers to the ability of a stationary object to its balance. The occurs when a
parts centre of gravity is on the axis of rotation. However, the dynamic balance definition is the ability
of an object to balance whilst in motion or when switching between positions.
Undertaking in balancing whether it is static or dynamic can help to extend the service life, quality
and accuracy of your machinery. Unbalanced parts can lead to your machine breaking down or worst
of all catastrophic failure.

Rotating Masses

Procedure:
1. First Complete static balancing using Bearing balls and slotted weights.
2. Place each slotted weight Parallel to Angle pointer and tighten the Slotted weight using Allen
key.
3. Now, slowly add balls to Left or Right Weight Pans. If we want to add balls in Left Pan then
wait for the deflection (±300)
4. And, if we want Deflection in Right Pan then add bearing balls in Right Pan (±100).
5. After, required deflection achieved. Calculate Number of balls added.
6. Repeat the experiment for all slotted weights and note down quantity of balls.
7. Tabulate all the readings and Draw Force Polygon, Couple Polygon and Space diagram.
8. For Force polygon, using F = mrω2 (F1 =m1rω2, F2 = m2rω2, F3 = m3rω2, F4 = m4rω2,
F5 = m5rω2)
9. For couple polygon take equal interval lengths and take forces in terms of quantity of balls.
10. Using Space diagram angles, now for doing Dynamic balancing place each slotted weight
according to angles obtained.
11. And, Start Motor to check dynamic balancing
12. And also check dynamic unbalancing.