PROJECT REPORT ON EXECUTION OF 2BHK HOUSING

IN GHMC (G+3)

(From 15th May 2019 to 30th June 2019)

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in Civil Engineering

Department of Civil engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University Of Knowledge Technologies

Basar, Nirmal (Dist.)-504107, Telangana (State)

2019
 LARSEN & TOUBRO METRO RAIL (HYDERABAD) LIMITED

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students of Rajiv Gandhi University of

Knowledge Technologies have completed their Industrial orientation
Internship entitled EXECUTION OF 2BHK GHMC (G+3) under the
guidance and supervision of Ashok Kumar. P, L&T Metro Rail (Hyderabad)
Limited.

B141096 (Gaddi Shiva)

B141137 (Kasha Shivani)
B141437 (Donthi Nirmala)
B141726 (Md Sarfaraz Ahmed)
B141867 (Ravula Sri Vidya)
B142002 (V Krupakar)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Ms. Santhi Jagadeeshwari, Head of Civil Engineering
department for her support and guidance for doing the project.

We express our deep gratitude to Mr. Ashok Kumar.P, L&T Metro Rail (Hyderabad)
Limited, for his valuable suggestions and guidance rendered in giving shape and coherence to
this endeavor. We are also thankful to his team members for their support and guidance
throughout the period of project.
 ABSTRACT
Hyderabad is a highly developed city. Nowadays most of the people are migrating towards this
city to do their respective works. The people who are from the poor backgrounds don't have
minimum requirements such as shelter, food and other facilities due to this slum area's are
forming in the city. So the Telangana Government has taken a step to make the state slum-free
through 2 bed room housing program in a phased manner.
Table of Contents Page No:

Aim of the Project………………………………………………………1

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Company Overview……………………………………..2
1.2 Study Area…………………………………………....2
1.3 Safety Induction ……………………………………..3
CHAPTER-2 CONSTRUCTION STEPS OF BUILDING
2.1 Surveying and Layout………………………………..6
2.2 Excavation………………………………………….6-7
2.3 Laying of PCC………………………………………..8
2.4 Foundation……………………………………….11-12
2.5 Plinth Beam………………………………………….13
2.6 Formwork and Shuttering………………………..14-15
2.7 Concreting………………………………………..15-16
2.8 Columns………………………………………….16-20
2.9 Beams…………………………………………….20-25
2.10 Slab Construction………………………………...26-27
2.11 Staircases…………………………………………28-30
2.12 Wall construction………………………………...31-33
2.13 Chajja………………………………………………..34
2.14 Plastering and Flooring…………………………..34-38

CHAPTER-3 SCHEDULE OF OPENINGS…………………………...39

CHAPTER-4 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

4.1 Materials used at Site…………………………….40-42
4.2 Equipments used…………………………………43-44

CHAPTER-5 QUALITY CONTROL

5.1 Quality Control in Concrete Works…………………45
5.2 Quality Control in Reinforcement…………………..46

CHAPTER-6 PLAN AND OTHER IMAGES…………………….47-49

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to plan and design the framed structure of a 2BHK Housing in GHMC
and to execute all the components genuinely Which are specified by the designing department
and Indian standard codes.

1
CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

Larsen & Toubro originated from a company founded in 1936 in Mumbai by two Danish
engineers, Henning Holck-Larsen and Soren Kristian Toubro.
Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T Limited is an Indian multinational
conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The company has
business interests in heavy engineering, construction, realty, manufacturing of capital goods,
information technology, and financial services. As at March 31, 2018, L&T Group
comprises 93 subsidiaries, 8 associates, 34 joint-venture and 33 joint operations companies.

1.2 STUDY AREA

Our proposed site is located at Mahalakshmi Nirman buildings, Old Maredpally, Hyderabad. The
main road which is near to site leads to Patny. It is very nearer to the SBI bank and opposite to
the Police station of Old Maredpally. The total proposed development area of the site is about
16970.55sq m(4.19 Acres). Each Flat in the residential building consists of two Bed Rooms,
Hall, Kitchen and two toilets(bath-cum-wc).

2
3
ROUTE MAP

4
1.3 SAFETY INDUCTION

A construction site induction is a safety briefing given to workers at the start of the project. It
tells them about the safety rules and controls in place, the hazards they might be exposed to, and
how to work safely on the site. Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures or
adopting proper working procedures.
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
 ISO 14001-2004
 OHSAS 18001-2007
Precautions at site for safety:-

 Wear protective equipment.

 Do not drink or take drugs while working.
 Pay attention to personal hygiene.
 Do not play in the workplace.
 Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

Equipments used for safety at construction site:-

Helmet Shoes

Gloves

5
CHAPTER-2 CONSTRUCTION STEPS OF BUILDING

2.1 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance survey of the
site.

• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plots over the entire area.
• No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.
• The ground is soft.
• Labor available nearby the site.
• Houses are located near by the site.

Detailed survey: The detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the required
areas of the site with the help of Total station.

Site investigation

Site investigation includes:

• Susceptibility of ground water levels and flow.
• Underlying geology, and ground and hydro-geological properties.
• Determining an appropriate design.
• Providing soil parameters for design and construction.

2.2 EXCAVATION

Work procedure for excavation at construction site involves understanding of centre line and
excavation drawings, setting out of plan on ground, excavation of soil and removal of excess
soil. Quality checks such as recording ground level and marking of reference points should be
done.

Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or
explosives. It also includes trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and underground. It is the
preliminary activity of the construction project.

Drawings Required for Excavation

1. Centerline Drawing or Gridline Drawing
Gridline drawings represent the grids marked in numbers and alphabets whose measurements are
shown for site marking out reference. These grid lines are so aligned that the line falls on the
excavation and footing.

6
2. Excavation Drawing

Excavation drawing represents the length, width and depth of the excavation. Excavation line is
marked in dotted line.
The major works done before, while and after excavation are as follows
• Setting out of corner benchmarks.
• Survey for ground levels.
• Survey for top levels.
• Excavation to approved depth.
• Dressing of loose soil.
• Making up to cut off level.
• Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
• Marking boundaries of the building.
• Constructing protection bunds and drains.

Working Procedure of Excavation

• The first and primary step involved in the excavation is to find out the extent of soil and
Clearing of construction site is of unwanted bushes, weeds and plants.
• Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and
centre lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started.
• Maximum of 4 and minimum of 2 benchmarks are marked in the corner for the
measurement of level. These benchmarks are marked on permanent structures like, plinth,
road or tree.
• The tracing is marked by lime powder.
• With the reference of drawing and benchmarks the depth of the excavation is fixed.
• Excavation is done by manual or machine means depending on the availability.
• The excavated soil is to either removed out the site or stocked around the excavation pit.
Minimum of 1m distance is maintained between the stocking of excess soil and pit, so
that due to rain or other forces the soil should not sweep into the pits.
• Dressing of excavated pits is to be done as specified in the drawings.
• All the sides of the building are sealed for the safety propose.

7
2.3 LAYING OF PCC

The term PCC stands for “plain cement concrete”

concrete”.. The mixture of cement, fine aggregate (sand)
and coarse aggregate are generally called plain cement concrete (PCC). Before starting any
Reinforced cement concrete masonry work directly on the excavated soil. PCC is done to form a
leveled surface ant to avoid
void laying concrete on soil directly so as to avoid mixing with soil and
also to prevent soil extracting water from PCC thereby weakening it.

PCC

8
2.4 FOUNDATION

Foundation is an important part of structure which transfers the load of the structure to the
foundation soil. The foundation distributes the load over a large area.

Functions of Foundation:

1. Distribution of loads

2. Stability against sliding and overturning

3. Minimize differential settlement

4. Safe against undermining

5. Provide level surface

6. Minimize distress against soil

Depending on soil bearing capacity of a location different types of footings are selected and
constructed.

Types of foundations:

1. Shallow foundation: If depth of footing is less than its width it is called as shallow
foundation. These foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength within a short depth
below the ground level.

E g: Isolated, Strap, combined and raft footings.

2. Deep Foundation: If depth of footing is greater than or equal to its width it is called as deep
foundation. These foundations are used when the soil bearing capacity is less and super
structural loads are more.

E g: Pile, Caissons, pier and well.

Depending upon the soil conditions, soil bearing capacity and super structural loads, the type of
foundation adopted in this construction is Shallow Foundation.

Types of shallow foundation:

1. Isolated footing

2. Combined footing

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3. Strap footing

4. Mat or Raft footing

The type of footing adopted here is Isolated footing. They are usually Square, Rectangular and
circular in Section. Isolated footings are provided where the soil bearing capacity is generally
high and it comprises of a thick slab which may be flat or stepped or sloped.

Material Details:

Grade of concrete: M25

Clear Cover: 50mm

Reinforcement: TMT Bars of Fe500

Diameter of bars: 12mm

Simple Isolated Footing

10
PLAN

11
Pedestal:

A pedestal
tal transfers the load from the column to the footing, which is below the ground surface
such that the metal of the column i.e, reinforcement does not come in direct contact with the
footing to transfer loads smoothly in the soil and prevent buckling of co
column by providing lateral
resistance.

12
2.5 PLINTH BEAM

Plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its foundation.
Plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks from the foundation
foun
into the wall above when the foundation suffers from settlement. Plinth beam distributes the load
of the wall over the foundation evenly.

PLAN

FRONT VIEW

13
2.6 FORMWORK AND SHUTTERING

'Temporary Supporting Structures' are those structures, which are temporarily required in
building construction either for supporting the layout of concrete till it gets matured, such has
formwork or shuttering. As fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is placed for construction
purposes, so it becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support
the concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. The temporary structure is known
as Formwork or Shuttering.

Formwork and shuttering provided at the site

Requirement of Formwork:
Good forms for concrete structure should satisfy the following requirements:

1. It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh concrete and the
super imposed loads due to equipment, men etc.

2. It should rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.

3. It must be made or constructed so light that it does not allow the cement paste to leak through
the joints.

4. The entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing the least
injury to the surface or edges of the concrete.

5. It should be economical.

14
Removal of the Formwork:

The period for which forms should be left in place depends upon the temperature of air , the
shape and position of structural member.

Particulars of the structural period of member removing of formwork:

a) Vertical slides of slabs, beams 24 to 48 hours

b) Bottom of slabs Up to 4.5m - span of 7 days

Above 4.5m - span of 14 days

c) Bottom of beams - span of 21 days

2.7 CONCRETING

After shuttering and formwork concreting should be done.

During concreting following equipment's are used:

• Concrete mixer

• Concrete Vibrators

During concrete work following instructions should be followed:

• There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

• There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

• There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

Concrete Vibrator Concrete Mixer

15
READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC)
Ready mix concrete is a type of concrete which is manufactured in a cement factory, or
specifically known as the batching plant, according to given set of proportions, and then
delivered to a work site, by a truck mounted with mixers. This results in a precise mixture,
allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented in construction sites.

1) Ready mix concrete allows speedy construction through programmed delivery at site,
mechanized operation with consequent economy.
2) RMC reduces the labor cost and site supervising cost.
3) RMC comes with consistency in quality through accurate and computerized control of
sand aggregates and water as per mix designs.
4) Production of RMC helps in minimizing cement wastes due to bulk handling.
5) Production of RMC is relatively pollution free.

2.8 COLUMNS

Columns are vertical structural elements that transfer the load from the beams to the foundations.
They are classified as short (or stocky) columns or long (or slender) columns.

Classification of columns

1. Based on Shape

2. Based on a type of reinforcement

3. Based on slenderness ratio

4. Based on eccentricity of the load

1. Based on Shape
Square or Rectangular Column

They are generally used in the construction of buildings, which are common in practice; these
types of column are provided only if the shape of the room is a square or rectangular shape. It is
way much easier to construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones. This is
primarily for the ease of working with the shuttering and to support it from it collapsing due to
pressure while the concrete is still in flow able form. The square and rectangular ones are better
and less costlier to cast.

16
Circular column
These are specially designed columns. They are mostly used in piling and elevation of the
buildings. Circular shapes are attractive in open spaces. Squa
Square
re and circular shapes are also
preferable in high earthquake zones

L- Type Column

These are generally used in the corners of the boundary wall and has same features of a
rectangular or square column. These kinds of columns are very less used.

Triangular Column

These are highly preferable in construction but practically not possible to construct.

2. Based on type of reinforcement

Tied Column

When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined wit within
hin closely spaced lateral ties, it
is called as tied column, main purpose of tie bars is to confine the longitudinal bars from its
position.

Spiral Column

When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed with in closely spaced and
continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as a spiral column, It is also known as
helical reinforcement, Spiral columns will have 5% more strength then tied columns.

17
Composite Column

When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with or
without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.

3. Based on Slenderness Ratio

Short Column

Slenderness ratio less than 12 is known as short column, short columns are failed due to
crushing.

Long Columns
Slenderness ratio greater then 12 is known as long column, long columns are failed by buckling.
4. Based on eccentricity of load
Axial Column

A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of resultant
thrust of loads supported by column is coincided with the line of C.G of column in longitudinal
direction.

As per IS 456:2000, for axially columns minimum eccentricity should be less than 0.05D.

Uni-axial Column
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of resultant
thrust of loads supported by column is not coincided in anyone direction with the line of C.G of
column in longitudinal direction.

Bi-axial Column

A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of resultant
thrust of loads supported by column is coincided in any two directions with the line of C.G of
column in longitudinal direction.

Mostly Axial columns will be at center of slab.

Bi-axial columns will be at corner of slab.

Uni-axial columns will be at sides of the slab.

18
Column details:

Column Reinforcement

19
STARTER:

Starter is a small piece of column which is cast before the main column is cast.

The advantages of having a starter are:

1) It is easier to establish
lish and verify the centerline of the starter then of that of the column.
2) It is sturdier to fix the column shuttering if the starter is already in place.
3) The chances of column formwork becoming skew are eliminated.

2.9 BEAMS

A beam
am is a structural member used for bearing loads. It is typically used for resisting vertical
loads, shear forces and bending moments
moments.

TYPES OF BEAMS:

Beams
eams can be classified into many types based on three main criteria.

They are as follows:

• Based on geometry
1) Straight beam-Beam
Beam with straight profile

2) Curved beam-Beam
Beam with curved profile

3) Tapered beam-Beam
Beam with tapered cross section

20
4) Based on shape of cross section:

• I-Beam
• T-Beam
• Based on equilibrium conditions
1) Statically determinate beam-Equilibrium conditions alone can be used to solve reactions.

2) Statically indeterminate beam-Equilibrium conditions are not enough to solve reactions.

Additional deflections are needed to solve reactions.

• Based on the support

1) Simply supported beam

2) Cantilever beam

3) Over hanging beam

4) Continuous beam

21
 5) Fixed beam

In this construction rectangular beams are adopted due to the below mentioned advantages
• Easy to construct, formwork is cheap and easy to erect.
• Rectangular shape forms a good bond at junction (Beam-Beam, Column-Column).
• Surface area available to be monolithically with slab is effective.
• Good in aesthetics and symmetrical.
• A rectangular beam can carry a greater load with a narrower width than a square beam.

HIDDEN BEAMS:
Hidden beams can be defined as the beams whose depth is equal to the thickness of the slab.
Hidden beams also known as concealed beam.
Hidden beams have the same depth as the slab, but it is reinforced separately from the slab,
having stirrups and longitudinal bars just as a normal beam. Hence they can't be seen after
fulfilling it with concrete. They are hidden in the slab.

Advantages of hidden beams:

• It saves floor height clearance.
• It allows if a brick work needs to be constructed over the slab.
• It is economical as it saves cost of material, formwork, and labor.
• It gives better aesthetic interior appearance.

STIRRUPS:
The stirrups used are usually made out of a rectangular steel piece which is wrapped around top
and bottom bars of the beams. Stirrups help to hold in place the primary reinforcement bars. The
use of stirrups is needed to prevent the beams from buckling.
Stirrups are sometimes placed diagonally and often vertically as well. This is done to prevent
shear failure which is usually diagonal in case of cracks in beams.

22
Details of beams
Grade of concrete-M25
Grade of steel-Fe500(Thermo mechanically treated bars)
Clear cover-25mm
Stirrups diameter-8mm
Spacing of stirrups for beams:
-(L/4) distance either side 100mm
-center (L/2) distance 200mm
Spacing of stirrups for concealed beams:
-150mm

Spacing of Stirrups

23
24
Reinforcement Details

Beam Size (mm) Stirrups Top straight Bottom Top extra

bars straight bars bars
B1 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y 2-16Y
@150/200/150
c/c
B2 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y 2-16Y
@150/200/150
c/c
B3 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y 2-16Y
@150/200/150
c/c
B4 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 1-12Y 2-16Y
@100/200/100
c/c
B5 230*330 2L-8Y@150 c/c 2-12Y 2-12Y 1-16Y

B6 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 1-12Y 2-16Y

@100/200/100
c/c
B7 230*400 2L-8Y@150 c/c 2-12Y 2-16Y -

B8 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y 2-16Y

@150/200/150
c/c
B9 150*330 2L-8Y@200 c/c 2-12Y 2-12Y -

TB1 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y -

@150/200/150
c/c
TB2 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y -
@150/200/150
c/c
TB3 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y -
@150/200/150
c/c
TB4 230*400 2L-8Y 2-12Y 3-12Y -
@100/200/100
c/c
TB5 230*400 2L-8Y @150 c/c 2-12Y 2-16Y -

TB6 150*330 2L-8Y @200 c/c 2-12Y 2-12Y -

25
2.10 SLAB CONSTRUCTION

Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors, roofs,
bridges, and other types of structures.
The depth of a slab is usually very small compared to its span.
Reinforced concrete slabs are constructed in one of the following ways.
• One way slabs
• Two way slabs
One way slab:
Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction only is
called one way slab.
The slabs having ratio of longer length to its shorter length(Ly/Lx) greater than 2 is called
one way slab.
One way slabs are usually made to span in the shorter direction since the corresponding
bending moments and shear forces are least. The main reinforcements are provided in span
direction. Steel is also provided in the transverse direction, to distribute any unevenness that
may occur in loading and for temperature and shrinkage effects in that direction. This steel is
called distribution steel or secondary reinforcement.
Example: all cantilever slabs (footings, retaining walls) and waist slab of stair case.

One way slab

Two way slab:

The two-way slab is a slab which is generally supported on all four sides of walls or beams and
the loads are carried by the supports along both directions. The ratio of longer length to its
shorter length less than 2 is called as two way slab.In two way slab, the slabs are likely to bend
along the two spans in this load is transferred in both the directions to the four supporting edges
and hence design reinforcement is provided in both the directions.

26
REINFORCEMENT
CEMENT DETAILS OF TWO WAY SLAB:

Torsion reinforcement:
In two way slab the corners may be held down by restraints or may be allowed to lift up.
Additional torsion reinforcement is required at corners when it is restrained against uplifting. It
is provided
ided in grid form in a two layers.
Torsion reinforcement = 0.75*Ast

27
Minimum area of steel:
0.12% for HYSD bars
0.15%for Fe 250 bar
Details of slab:

Grade of concrete – M25

Grade of steel – Fe500

Diameter of steel – 8mm

Spacing – 175mm c/c

Clear cover – 20mm

Cranking of bars:

1) Maximum 50% of total bars of the slab are allowed to crank.

2) Cranking of bars should be done at L/4 distance.

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2.11 STAIRCASES

A Stair is a system of steps by which people and objects may pass from one level of a building to
another.

Components of staircase:
1. Waist: The thickness of structural slab in case of R.C.C. stair is known as a waist.
2. Step: It is the portion of the stair which permits ascent and descent. It is comprised of a tread
and riser.
3. Tread: It is the upper horizontal portion of a step upon which the feet placed while ascending
or descending.
4. Rise: It is the vertical distance between two successive tread faces.
5. Flight: A series of steps without any platform, break or landing in their direction.
6. Landing: It is the level platform at the top or bottom of a flight between the floors.
7. Run: It is the total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings.
Types of staircases:
1. Circular: A circular stairs is a type of stairway that occupies a circular volume and layers stair
treads in a spiral pattern about a central support post.

29
2. Straight: A straight staircase
case can be defined as one having a single, straight flight
fligh of stairs
that connects two levels or floors in a building.
3. Spiral: A staircase that as it rises, turns constantly around a cent
central axis (which may be a solid
axis or an open centre).
4. L-Shaped: They are basically a straight staircase with a turn, either
ither in the middle or closer to
one or the other. L-shaped stairs are appealing for a variety of reasons, primarily because they
are more visually appealing.
5. U-Shaped: U-shaped
shaped generally of two flights of stairs that go in opposite directions with a
landing at the switchback.
6. Dog legged: Dog legged staircase
staircases one of the simplest form of staircase
ircase in which a flight of
stairs ascends to a half-landing
landing before turning 180 degrees and continuing upwards.
In this construction doglegged stai
staircases are adopted
ed due to below mentioned advantages:
1. To allow an arrangement that occupies a shorter, though wider, floor area a straight flight, and
so is more compact .Even though the landings consume total floor space, there is no large single
dimensions
2. The upper floor is not directlyy visible from the bottom of the stairs, thereby providing
prov more
privacy.
PLAN OF STAIRCASE

30
FIRST FLIGHT:

SECOND FLIGHT:

DETAILS:
First
st flight: 09 Steps (Height 1.50m)
Second flight: 09 Steps(Height:
t: 1.50m)
Rise: 150mm
Tread: 300mm
31
2.12 WALL CONSTRUCTION

The primary function of wall is to enclosure or divide the space. Basically wall is an essential
component of the building. These walls may be built of different materials such as solid brick or
stone masonry, plain monolithic concrete, reinforced masonry, hollow concrete blocks etc.

Building walls can primarily be of two types, such as

 Load bearing wall

 Non load bearing wall

Whatever the case may be, the building wall should satisfy the following requirements.

Functional Requirements of Building Walls:

A wall of a building should satisfy the following requirements, in design and construction, to
perform its basic function and to have an enhanced life period.

1. Strength

A wall should be strong enough to take up the loads safely due to its own weight, super imposed
loads and lateral pressure such as wind.

2. Stability

It should be stable against overturning by lateral forces (due to wind load) and buckling caused
by excessive slenderness.

3. Weather Resistance

All the external walls, whether of load bearing or panel construction, should provide adequate
resistance to rain, sun and wind penetration.

4. Fire Resistance

The walls should offer sufficient resistance to fire, as they behave as vertical barriers for spread
of fire in the horizontal direction. So the walls should be made of such a material which neither
ignite nor allow the spread of the fire through them.

5. Heat Insulation

It should be possible for walls to attain insulation against heat. For this, the walls are made either
thicker, or cavity wall construction is employed. Heat insulating materials are also used in
construction of walls.

32
6. Sound Insulation

The walls, both load bearing and non-load bearing, should be made of such materials and by
such techniques, viz., cavity wall construction, so as to insulate building against indoor and
outdoor noises.

7. Privacy & Security

The walls, particularly external walls, should also provide sufficient privacy and afford security
against burglary.

In the design and construction of walls, a balance between two primary considerations, namely
strength and insulation against elements (such as heat, fire & weather), should be exercised.

Generally hollow concrete blocks or perforated bricks are used now days for construction of
building walls, as it satisfies most of the requirements.

Brick Masonry Construction Preparations

1. Checked the level of the ground using level and theodolite.

2. The layout of the structure has been set.

Setting out layout of masonry structure

3. Traced out the building axis and wall alignment using gypsum powder and marked the
trenches for foundation.
4. After that, installed foundation wall, cured foundation for minimum two days before
beginning of brick masonry construction.
5. Distributed bricks in several stacks along project site to cut time and effort later.
6. Bricks were soaked with water few hours prior to the work. Not only does this avoid
absorbing too much water from mortar but also improves adherence of bricks and mortar.

33
Brick Masonry Construction Procedure

1. Initially, mixed the mortar with water in the ratio of 1:6 and blended it until a smooth and
plastic mortar is produced.
2. After that, placed the mortar on foundation line evenly using trowel (25mm thickness and
one brick wide is recommended for laid mortar).
3. Then, laid the first course of stretcher bricks in the mortar. Started with second brick,
applied mortar to the head joint end of each brick. After that shoved the bricks into place
firmly so that the mortar is squeezed out of all side of the joints.
4. Utilized a level to examine the course for correct height. Ensured that bricks are plumb
and level.
5. Placed another mortar line alongside the first course, then began laying the second
course.
6. Used the two half bricks to begin the second to ensure that the first two courses are
staggered for structural purposes.
7. To finish the second course of the lead, laid three header bricks and made sure that they
are plumb and level.
8. Lastly, this pattern of brick laying is used till the target height is reached.

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2.13 CHAJJA

It is an overhang in architecture used for storage purpose. It is provided at the height of about
1.8m from bottom of the floor. The chajja above the windows provides protection for lower
levels.

Details of Chajja:

Thickness: 50mm

Width: 500mm

Length of the chajja varies from room to room. It is provided as the inner to inner length of the
respective room.

2.14 PLASTERING AND FLOORING

PLASTERING

Plaster is a thin layer of mortar applied over the masonry surface and it acts as a damp-proof coat
over the brick masonry work. Plastering also provides a finished surface over the masonry that is
firm and smooth hence it enhances the appearance of the building.

The primary objectives of plastering are to protect the surface from atmospheric influences, to
cover the defective workmanship in masonry, to conceal porous materials, and to provide a
suitable surface for painting.

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTER

1. It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all climatic
changes.
2. It should be cheap and economical.

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 3. It should be inert and should not chemically react with reinforcement or other decorative
finishing or floorings.
4. It should be hard and durable.
5. It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions.
6. It should effectively check the entry or penetration of moisture from the surfaces.
7. It should possess good workability.

OBJECTIVE OF PLASTERING

1. To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface with improved
appearance.
2. To conceal defective workmanship.
3. To preserve and protect the surface.
4. To provide a base for the decorative finish.
5. To cover up the use of inferior quality and porous materials of the masonry work.

PROCEDURE OF PLASTERING WORK

1. Preparation of Surface for Plastering

1. Keep all the mortar joints of wall rough, so as to give a good bonding to hold plaster.
2. Roughen the entire wall to be plastered.
3. Clean all the joints and surfaces of the wall with a wire brush, there should be no oil or
grease etc. left on wall surface.
4. If there exist any cavities or holes on the surface, then fill it in advance with appropriate
material.
5. If the surface is smooth or the wall to be plastered is old one, then rake out the mortar
joint to a depth of at least 12 mm to give a better bonding to the plaster.
6. Wash the mortar joints and entire wall to be plastered, and keep it wet for at least 6 hours
before applying cement plaster.
7. If the projection on the wall surface is more than 12 mm, then knock it off, so as to obtain
a uniform surface of wall. This will reduce the consumption of plaster.

2. Applying Under Coat or Base Coat

1. In case of brick masonry the thickness of first coat plaster is 8mm.

2. The ratio of cement and sand for first coat plaster is 1:4.
3. Apply the first coat of plaster between the spaces formed by the screeds on the wall
surface. This is done by means of trowel.
4. Level the surface by means of flat wooden floats and wooden straight edges.
5. After leveling, left the first coat to set but not to dry and then roughen it with a scratching
tool to form a key to the second coat of plaster.

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 Base coat

3. Applying Finishing Coat

1. The thickness of second coat or ffinishing coat is 4mm.

2. The ratio of cement and sand for second coat plplaster is 1:6.
3. Before applying the second coat, damp the first coat evenly.
4. Apply the finishing coat with wooden floats to a true even surface and using a steel
trowel, give it a finishing touch.
5. As far as possible, the finishing coat should be applied starting from top towards bottom
and completed in one operation to eliminate joining marks.

Finishing Coat

4. Curing of plastering works

1. After completion of the plastering work

work,, it is kept wet by sprinkling water for at least 7
days in order to develop strength and hardness.
2. Use of gunny bags or other materials is used to keep the plastering works wet in external
works.
3. Improper curing may lead to cracks formation or efflorescen
efflorescence
ce in plaster work.

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Care be taken after Completion of Plaster Work

 Cleaning of doors or frame and floor area is necessary at the completion of work.
 Curing should be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently and must be
cured for at least 7 days.
 Curing shall commence, 24 hours after the plaster is laid.

FLOORING
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing
such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generally describe any finish material applied
over a floor to provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering
refers more to loose-laid materials.
Components of floor:
Sub floor: The lower portion of floor structure consisting of beams, slabs, rammed earth etc.
prepared to provide necessary support to the floor covering.
Floor covering/Paving: The upper portion of floor structure consisting of base, under layer and
topping.
Base course: Base is the prepared surface on which floor topping or under layer is laid. The
layer of material provided for this purpose is known as Base course.
Under layer: Layer of material provided in between the base and floor topping.
Topping: Topmost layer of floor provided over the under layer/base course, in the absence of
under layer.
Functional requirements of floor in building:
1. Strength and stability.
2. Resistance to weather and ground moisture.
3. Durability and free from maintenance.
4. Fire resistance.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.
6. Resistance to passage of sound.
Types of flooring in building construction:
1. Brick floor: The floor whose topping is of brick. These are easy to construct and repair. But
the surface resulting from these is not smooth and is rough, hence, absorbs and retains moisture
which may cause dampness in the building.
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2. Cement concrete floor: The floors whose topping consists of cement concrete is called
cement concrete floor or conglomerate floor. These floors consists of 2.5 cm to 5cm think
concrete layer laid over 10 cm thick base concrete and 10cm thick clean sand over ground whose
compaction and consolidation is done. These floors are commonly used these days.
3. Tile floor: The floor whose topping is of tiles is called tile floor. The tiles used may be of any
desired quality, color, shape or thickness.
4. Terrazzo floor: Terrazzo is composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for
floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips marbles quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable
material, poured with a cement binder.

In this construction Granolithic concrete flooring is adopted due to below mentioned advantages:
1. They are hard and durable.
2. Provide a smooth and non absorbent surface.
3. They are provide more fire resistant.
4. They provide more sanitary surface as they can be cleaned and washed easily.
5. They are economical as they require negligible maintenance cost.
6. They can be finished with a pleasing appearance.
DETAILS:
Ground floor: Granolithic concrete flooring 20 mm thick with (1:1:2), using 6mm to 12mm size
hard granite machine crushed metal laid over cement concrete bed.
First, Second and Third floors: Flooring plastering with cement mortar (1:4) 15mm thick along
with 1kg water proofing compound per bag of cement..
Curing process for concrete flooring:
1. Allow proper time to water cure. After concrete is placed, the concrete increases in strength
very quickly for a period of 3-7 days. Concrete which is moist cured for 7 days is about 50%
stronger than uncured concrete.
2. Curing is maintaining of adequate moisture content and temperature in concrete at early ages
so that it can develop properties the mixture was designed to achieve.
3. Curing begins immediately after placement and finishing so that the concrete may develop the
desired strength and durability.

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CHAPTER-3 SCHEDULE OF OPENINGS PER DU

Components Size Number of

(meters) components
Main Door 1.05x2.10 1
Door 1(D1) 0.90x2.10 2
Door 2(D2) 0.75x2.10 3
Window 1(W1) 1.50x1.20 1
Window 2(W2) 1.20x1.20 2
Window 3(W3) 0.90x0.90 1
Ventilator(V) 0.6x0.6 2

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CHAPTER-4 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS USED
4.1
.1 MATERIALS USED AT SITE
At the construction site following
llowing materials were being used.

 Cement

The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets
i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the
cement and water. On n setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone
like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water
water-tighten
tighten to the concrete. Quality of
cement is based on grade of cement. The grades of cement are as as-
 33 Grades
 43 Grades
 53 Grades
 At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.
 The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)
 The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.

 Aggregate

Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregu

irregular size and shapes.
Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and
become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work.
Therefore cement is mixed with some inert sstrong & durable hard materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.

Types of aggregates:

 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate

Fine aggregate (sand):

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. ssieve
ieve and entirely retain on 75 micron
(.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

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Coarse aggregate:
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is
known as coarse aggregates.
 Reinforcement
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is called
reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion and
compression.

Function of reinforcement-

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and

week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the site
contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of
diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design.

At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement bars were being
used.
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars.

The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal expansion of
steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value.

 AAC Bricks (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete)

AAC bricks were first produced in mid-1920s by the Swedish architect and inventor john Axel
Eriksson. They also known as Autoclaved Cellular Concrete (ACC) or Autoclaved Lightweight
Concrete (ALC).These bricks are eco friendly. These blocks will absorb moisture and release
humidity.

AAC blocks are about 50% lighter than clay bricks of same size. This translates into less dead
weight of a building and allows entire structure to be lighter due this the amount of steel and
concrete used in structural components like beams, columns and roof/floor slabs.

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Autoclaved aerated concrete has an allowable shear stress of 8 to 22 psi (Pounds per square inch)
and a compressive strength of 300 to 900 psi.

Size of the bricks used :- For Outer Walls : 12x5.5x6 inches

For Inner Walls: 12x5.5x4 inches

4.2
.2 EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS USED AT SITE
1) Plumb bob:
It is used to check the verticality of walls.

43
2) Spirit level:
It is used to check the horizontality and verticality of the surfaces.

3) Water level:
It is used to transfer and check level.

4) Gunia Scale:
It is used to check the right angles.

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5) Wheel Barrow:
It is used to transport bulk weights ooff materials like cement, sand, concrete mix etc.

6) Crane (bricks lifting equipment):

It is used to lift the bricks and concrete to upper floors.

7) Sieve (2.36mm)
It is used to sieve the sand.

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CHAPTER-5 QUALITY CONTROL
5.1 QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS
Inspection of concreting works is an important step to achieve greater strength and durability of
the structure. Although it is easy to remember number of checks during inspection of concrete
member, a checklist is always required for record of the placement of concrete and quality
control measures taken at site.

Stages of Inspection of Concrete Works

Inspection of concrete is done in 3 stages,

1) Pre-placement
2) During placement
3) Post-placement.

Type of inspection of concrete depends on type of concrete, i.e. PCC or RCC, type of elements
to be casted, such as RCC slab, columns, footing, beams, walls etc. It is both beneficial to
contractor as well as engineer to maintain the record of checks, so that they can produce it in
case of any discrepancy.

It also allows becomes a proof of quantity of concrete work done by the contractor, so that no
discrepancy arises during billing.

Following points should be kept in mind while concreting:

 There should be proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void reduce the
strength of concrete by 20%.
 There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7 to 10 days because it helps
in gaining the strength.
 Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab.
 We must test the properties of concrete like slump, initial setting time etc.
 There should be proper portioning.

5.2 QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFORCEMENT

1) FOR BEAMS

 All Reinforcement bars of grade as per drawings.

 25mm cover blocks are provided in bottom and sides of beams
 Top and bottom bars of beam are hooked by' L' at end of beam.
 All laps with adequate length at appropriate location are provided as per standard
structural drawing.

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2) FOR SLABS

 The diameter and spacing of both straight and bent-up bars are as per the structural
drawing.
 Distance of the bent-up bars from the face of the beam is as per as per the standard
structural drawing.
 20mm cover to be provided for slab main bars.
 All laps with adequate length at appropriate location are provided as per standard
structural drawing.

3) FOR COLUMNS

 Main bars are lapped at mid height of floors and as per standard drawing.
 Minimum 3 links are provided at beam column junction.
 All stirrups details and spacing is as per structural schedule and standard structural

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CHAPTER-66 PLAN AND OTHER IMAGES

48
 Column Shuttering Formwork and Shuttering

Reinforcement in Slab Clear Cover In slab

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CONCLUSION:
The construction site is a place where an engineer can acquire knowledge about a building
project. The construction processes of column, beam, slab and stair have been learned. Making
good communication with people like client, Labors etc. have been learned also. During the
project work unexpected problems were occurring and how to overcome that problem in that
situation have been learned. By applying theoretical knowledge in construction site, the real
engineering experiences have been acquired.

REFERENCES

 SP 52-103-2007. Reinforced concrete monolithic buildings structures.

 SP 63.13330.2012. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Basic provisions.

 GOST 52085-2003. Formwork.

 Telichenko V.I. Erection technology of buildings and structures (2004) high school,
pp.3-25.

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